超稳Y分子筛改性的研究进展

本文从超稳Y分子筛的制备与改性两个方面综述了超稳Y分子筛(USY分子筛)的研究进展,对改性的超稳Y分子筛的二次孔体积、比表面积、水热稳定性、酸量和酸强度等方面进行总结,并对USY分子筛改性研究的重点及发展方向进行了展望.     

USY分子筛的改性及应用进展

USY分子筛由于其突出的物化性质在石油化工领域得到广泛应用,并表现出优异的催化裂化性能。随着技术的进步,对USY分子筛改性以及拓宽USY分子筛的应用范围成为研究热点。介绍USY分子筛的改性及应用进展,在改性方面,总结对USY分子筛的酸碱改性、金属改性以及多种方法混合改性等改性方式;在应用领域,讨论USY分子筛在有机物的合成、生物质降解与环保、无机物的选择性催化以及在电化学方面的应用。     

有机酸改性对USY分子筛晶体结构的影响

采用有机酸作为脱铝改性剂,对工业水热超稳Y型分子筛USY进行了化学改性.考察了酸的加入量、反应温度和反应时间对分子筛晶体结构的影响.结果表明,该有机酸可以起到脱除USY非骨架铝的作用,改性后分子筛的结晶度明显提升.     

酸洗改性对USY分子筛结构及煤催化热解性能的影响

煤热解获得轻质芳烃(如苯、甲苯、二甲苯等)对煤化工洁净高效生产具有重要意义。以商业USY分子筛为母体，考察酸种类、酸浓度对USY分子筛结构及煤催化热解性能的影响，通过X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、氮气吸脱附等表征手段分析改性USY分子筛的织构、形貌，研究了酸处理对USY分子筛结构的影响；利用Py-GC/MS探讨了改性USY分子筛对神府煤催化热解产物的影响。结果表明：USY分子筛的结晶度随酸浓度的增加而降低，在保证USY分子筛晶体结构良好的条件下，盐酸的最大浸渍浓度为0.4 mol/L,硫酸和磷酸浓度为0.2 mol/L。盐酸改性可提高USY分子筛的平均孔径和介孔孔容。酸洗改性USY分子筛有利于煤催化热解轻芳烃的生成，尤其是对萘系生成具有较好的选择性。HCl-USY-0.4催化效果最好，催化热解产物中苯系、甲苯、二甲苯、萘系相对含量分别为11.39%、9.36%、11.68%、31.27%。     

负载型超稳Y分子筛催化剂的研究进展

超稳Y分子筛(USY)与Y型分子筛相比,具有更高的硅铝比、更加稳定的结构、对水和热具有稳定性等特点,因此,利用USY为载体制备的负载型催化剂,在催化裂化、烷烃异构化、加氢-脱氢等石油化工方面具有很高的应用价值。本文对USY分子筛用不同种类酸改性的现状进行了总结,并且综述了负载型USY分子筛催化剂的研究现状,对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

超稳Y分子筛脱铝改性的研究进展

超稳Y分子筛(USY)在石油化工催化领域应用广泛,尤其是作为加氢裂化和异构化反应的催化剂。随着工业化的发展,超稳Y分子筛逐渐满足不了催化剂的要求,达不到生产目的,而脱铝的超稳Y分子筛(DUSY)作为催化剂载体或活性组分的效果比母体USY分子筛要好,因此对脱铝改性的USY分子筛的研究引起关注。综述超稳Y分子筛的制备与脱铝改性方法的研究进展,改性方法包括水热法、化学法和水热-化学法,重点介绍化学脱铝改性对超稳Y分子筛的性质影响,展望超稳Y分子筛脱铝改性的发展方向。     

硼掺杂Y分子筛的合成、改性及烯烃脱除性能研究

采用水热合成法制备了硼掺杂Y分子筛(B-Y分子筛),并对其进行铵交换和水热处理,得到了改性B-Y分子筛(B-USY分子筛)。利用多种表征技术对B-Y分子筛及B-USY分子筛的组成、孔道结构、酸性质进行了表征,并将改性后的B-USY分子筛应用于重整生成油脱烯烃反应。结果表明：引入硼以后,Y分子筛的晶胞参数减小、相对结晶度降低、骨架稳定性下降;硼的引入促使改性过程中脱铝深度增加,并且形成连通介孔。相比于未掺杂硼的Y分子筛改性后的USY分子筛,B-USY分子筛具有丰富的连通介孔和良好的孔道扩散性能,并且保留了更多弱的B酸位点。以重整C₇⁺芳烃为原料,在反应温度为170℃、反应压力为1.2 MPa、空速(LHSV)为10 h^-1条件下,B-USY分子筛催化剂的单程寿命较USY分子筛催化剂提升30%。     

USY分子筛扩孔改性及表征

采用氟化铵、氟化氢以及氟化铵和氟化氢混和溶液作为脱铝改性剂,对USY分子筛催化剂载体进行改性,并通过XRD,BET等方法对改性催化剂载体进行表征。同时探索各种酸的加入量与焙烧温度对USY分子筛结构的影响。结果表明,所采用的改性剂对USY载体具有一定的扩孔作用。     

磷改性USY分子筛催化剂上四氢萘选择性开环反应性能

通过P改性对USY分子筛酸量进行调节,考察酸量对四氢萘选择性开环反应的影响。结果表明,P改性后USY分子筛弱酸量增加,中强酸略增,强酸基本不变,P_(0.5)-USY分子筛弱酸量增加有利于四氢萘生成不饱和开环产物。负载贵金属Pt后,Pt_(0.4)/P_(0.5)-USY催化剂上四氢萘转化率99.37%,开环选择性40.79%,贵金属Pt的引入对结焦前驱体的生成有抑制作用。     

钛改性USY及对加氢改质催化剂性能的影响

以硫酸钛为钛源,采用等体积浸渍法和水溶液交换法制备了两种钛负载的USY分子筛。考察钛的引入对USY分子筛性能的影响,以及对加氢改质催化剂NiW/USY+Al2O3性能的影响。研究表明钛改性后的催化剂的比表面积和酸量也都低于改性前催化剂。评价显示:交换法钛改性USY制备的催化剂加氢改质效果高于等体积浸渍法钛改性USY制备的催化剂。     

气相低浓度甲苯在超稳Y分子筛的吸附-脱附性能

为提高Y分子筛对可挥发性有机废气的选择性吸附能力,采用高温水热处理技术对NaY分子筛进行骨架脱铝制备超稳Y分子筛(USY),并在固定床反应器中考察了USY在水汽存在下动态吸附低浓度甲苯的性能。结果表明,随着USY分子筛骨架Si/Al比的增加,虽然其微孔孔体积和比表面积发生了下降,但形成了较多的中孔结构。并且骨架硅含量增加后,USY对非极性的甲苯分子选择性吸附能力明显增加,当Si/Al为22左右,在相对湿度50%下,单位面积甲苯吸附量要比水吸附量大5.6倍。热重脱附研究表明,经过改性后,甲苯脱附温度可从NaY的300℃下降到超稳Y分子筛的160℃,具有优良的热再生性能。     

Selective preparation of light aromatic hydrocarbons from catalytic fast pyrolysis vapors of coal tar asphaltene over transition metal ion modified zeolites

The catalytic cracking of coal tar asphaltene (CTA) pyrolysis vapors was carried out over transition met-alion modified zeolites to promote the generation of light aromatic hydrocarbons (L-ArHs) in a pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) micro-reactor system.The effects of ultra stable Y(USY),Co/USY and Mo/USY on the selectivity and yield of L-ArHs products and the extent of deoxygena-tion (Edeoxygenation),lightweight (Elightweight) from CTA pyrolysis volatiles were investigated.Results showed that the yields of L-ArHs are mainly controlled by the acid sites and specific surface area of the catalysts,while the deoxygenation effect is determined by theirs pore size.The Elightweight of CTA pyrolysis volatiles over USY is 9.65％,while the Edeoxygenation of CTA pyrolysis volatiles over Mo/USY reaches 20.85％.Additionally,the modified zeolites (Mo/USY and Co/USY) exhibit better performance than USY on L-ArHs production,owing to the synergistic effect of metal ions (Mo,Co) and acid sites of USY.Compared with the non-catalytic fast pyrolysis of CTA,the total yield of L-ArHs obtained over USY (4032 mg·kg-1),Co/USY (4363 mg·kg-1) and Mo/USY (4953 mg·kg-1) were increased by 27.03％,38.19％ and 54.78％,respectively.Furthermore,the possible catalytic conversion mechanism of transition metal ion (Co and Mo) modified zeolites was proposed based on the distribution of products and the characterizations of catalysts.     

Catalyst design and development for upgrading aromatic hydrocarbons

Background and strategy of catalyst development for upgrading aromatic hydrocarbons are intensively discussed. Originally prepared catalysts (hydrogenation and hydrocracking catalysts) were used for accelerated aging tests. Though each catalyst showed superior catalytic performance as compared to commercially available catalysts, a severe deactivation was observed on the hydrocracking (HC) catalysts. A new type of HC catalyst was designed and prepared, based on the understanding of catalyst deactivation. High silica NaY zeolites were synthesized using crown-ether. USY zeolites were then prepared by ion exchange, steaming and calcining. Surface properties and catalytic functions of well-crystallized USY zeolites were investigated to develop practical HC catalysts. The Ni–W catalyst prepared using the newly prepared USY zeolite showed a considerable improvement in the HC activity.     

超稳Y型分子筛的骨架硅铝比对甘油气相脱水反应的影响

以铵交换和高温水热处理法制备了不同硅铝比的超稳Y型分子筛（USY）,利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、氮气吸附脱附和吡啶红外等技术对USY进行了表征。以USY为催化剂,考察了USY的骨架硅铝比对气相甘油脱水制丙烯醛的影响。X射线衍射和扫描电镜结果表明,铵交换和高温水热处理只是提高USY的硅铝比,相对结晶度略有降低,而对Y型分子筛的结构和形貌没有影响。氮气吸附-脱附和吡啶红外结果表明,随USY骨架SiO₂/Al₂O₃比提高,总酸量和B酸酸量逐渐降低,L酸酸量有所增多,介孔孔体积和平均孔径有所增大。气相甘油脱水反应结果表明,催化剂织构性质对甘油转化率和丙烯醛选择性的影响大于酸性的影响,因而SiO₂/Al₂O₃比为29的USY催化剂的反应性能最好,甘油转化率和丙烯醛收率分别达到了84.5%和51.8%。     

Effects of steaming-made changes in physicochemical properties of Y-zeolite on cracking of bulky 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene and coke formation

The effects of acidic properties and structural changes of Y zeolite, produced by steaming, on the zeolite cracking activity, coking tendency and distribution of various products during catalytic conversion of bulky 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene (TIPB) are reported. NaY zeolite with framework Si/Al ratio of 2.4 was synthesized by a hydrothermal method and ammonium exchanged. The zeolite was dealuminated by a temperature-programmed steaming to form USY1 and USY2 zeolites with framework Si/Al ratio of 8.1 and 12.3 respectively. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, XRF, SEM, AAS, NH₃–TPD and N₂ adsorption–desorption techniques. The samples were in-situ activated at 748 K and evaluated by TIPB cracking at 623 K. The coke content of the catalyst beds was estimated by TPO using an FT-IR gas cell. The results of activity measurements reveal that the dealuminated zeolites lead to lower cracking activity initially; while, they exhibit higher activity at longer times. In addition, a slight modification of the window diameter of Y zeolite, as revealed by pore size distribution analyses, alters the diffusion limitation of the reactant and products through the pores of the zeolite and significantly affects the adsorbent–adsorbate interactions. TPO experiments show that compared to the precursor zeolite, lower amount of coke is formed on the dealuminated catalysts possessing lower density of acid sites. However, the coke formed on USY samples is heavier than that formed on its precursor Y zeolite. This may be attributed to the larger pores shaped in the dealuminated catalysts which in turn provide suitable places for coke formation and growth.     

Characterization of Pd catalysts supported on USY zeolites with different SiO2/Al2O3 ratios for the hydrogenation of naphthalene in the presence of benzothiophene

A series of ultra-stable Y-type (USY) zeolites with different SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratios in the range of 10–80 were used as supports for preparing Pd/USY at 2 wt% Pd loading. The FT-IR of hydroxyl groups of USY zeolites, the n-butylamine chemisorption and the temperature-programmed desorption were used in combination to characterize the zeolite acidity. TPR, H₂-TPD and chemisorption using H₂ were used to characterize the Pd reduction and dispersion. The hydrogenation of naphthalene was conducted at 200 °C in the presence of benzothiophene at different sulfur/metal ratios. The hydrogenation activity, selectivity, and the sulfur tolerance strongly depended on the SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio (thus the acidity) of the zeolites. The activity decreased with increasing SiO₂/Al₂O₃ in this range. The IR and n-butylamine TPD showed that both the amount and strength of Brönsted acidity decreased with the increase of the SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio. The good relationship between the acidity modification and catalytic performance suggests that the sulfur tolerance of Pd/USY zeolite might be due to the desired metal-support interaction, which resulted in larger amount of electron-deficient Pd. However, as shown in TGA and TPO-IR studies, the higher hydrogenation performance on more acidic zeolite also caused higher amount of carbonaceous species on the catalyst.     

改性Y分子筛加氢裂化催化剂耐氮性能的研究

采用水热处理法制备了两种改性Y型分子筛NTY和USY，并用含吡啶正庚烷和甲苯为模型化合物，对引入这两种分子筛制备的加氢裂化催化剂性能进行了考察，发现引入表面积大、二次孔多、结晶度高的NTY分子筛制备的加氢裂化催化剂，其耐氮性能明显优于USY分子筛制备的催化剂。