Egg yolk lipids and maternal diet in the nutrition of turkey embryo

Turkey hens were fed diets containing no added fat nor diets supplemented with soybean oil or neatsfoot oil. The composition of neutral and polar lipid fatty acids present in the unincubated turkey egg yolk was compared with that of those present in the yolk sac of the developing turkey embryo at different stages of development. Comparisons were made of the fatty acid fractions in the entire embryo homogenates, except liver and heart, which were analyzed separately. Changes in the relative amounts of the fatty acids are reported as affected by age of the embryo and by dietary lipids. The fatty acids from both the neutral and polar lipids which were utilized to the greatest extent for embryonic development were palmitoleic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic, regardless of the dietary supplements. Arachidonic, tetracosenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids also were metabolized by the embryo. Saturated fatty acids, used by the embryo as development progressed, were palmitic, stearic, and arachidic acids. Analyses of the liver fatty acids showed that the C16∶0 C16∶1, C18∶0, C18∶1, and C20∶4 acids in the neutral and polar lipids decreased with embryonic development and varied with the type of diet. The heart contained low levels of myristic, palmitic, stearic, arachidic, and arachidonic acids in the neutral lipids and palmitoleic and oleic acids in the polar lipids.     

Liver lipid alterations in rats fed arginine deficient diets

Arginine deficiency is associated with a marked increase in liver lipids in the rat. Triglyceride accumulation accounts for most of the fatty infiltration. Cholesterol concentration per gram of liver increased approximately 280% above control rats receiving dietary arginine. The percentage of phospholipids was significantly decreased in the arginine-deficient rat liver compared to controls. The fatty acid composition revealed a significant reduction in the percentage of palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, and linoleic acids. However, both stearic and arachidonic acids were increased approximately 250 and 160%, respectively, in arginine-deficient livers compared to controls. Arginine deficiency in the rat causes a marked alteration in lipid metabolism similar to that observed with orotic acid feeding. The similarities of arginine deficiency and orotic acid feeding are discussed.     

Composition of the lipids in cabbage

Cabbage leaves contain 0.16% total lipids of which 51.02% are neutral lipids, 40.78% glycolipids, and 8.18% phospholipids. The predominant fatty acids in the total lipid analysis are linolenic, linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Linolenic, palmitic, tridecanoic, and oleic are the principal components in the neutral lipid fraction while glycolipids are composed mainly of linolenic, palmitic, lauric, myristic, and tricosanoic acids. Phospholipids are high in palmitic, linolenic, and linoleic acids. Both glucose and galactose were observed in the glycolipid fraction.     

Effects on plasma lipids and fatty acid composition of very low fat diets enriched with fish or kangaroo meat

The effects of very low fat diets (<7% energy) enriched with different sources of long chain (C20 and C22) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on plasma lipid levels and plasma fatty acids (PUFA) on plasma lipid levels and plasma fatty acid composition were studied in 13 healthy volunteers. Three diets provided 500 g/day of tropical Australian fish (rich in arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid), southern Australian fish (rich in docosahexaenoic acid) or kangaroo meat (rich in linoleic and arachidonic acids). The fourth diet was vegetarian, similarly low in fat but containing no 20- and 22-carbon PUFA. Subjects ate their normal or usual diets on weeks 1 and 4 and the very low fat diets in weeks 2 and 3. Weighed food intake records were kept, and weeks 2, 3 and 4 were designed to be isoenergetic with week 1. Plasma cholesterol levels fell significantly on all diets within one week. There were reductions in both low density (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, with effects on HDL cholesterol being more consistent. There were no consistent or significant effects on total triglyceride levels despite the high carbohydrate content of the diets. On all diets the percentage of linoleic acid fell in the plasma phospholipid and cholesteryl ester fractions, while the percentage of palmitic acid in the phospholipids and cholesteryl esters and palmitoleic acid in the cholesteryl ester fraction rose on all diets. The percentage of arachidonic acid rose in the phospholipid and cholesteryl esters on the two diets that were good sources of this fatty acid (tropical fish and kangaroo meat). The percentage of docosahexaenoic acid also rose on the two diets that were the richest sources of this fatty acid (the fish diets), and the percentage of eicosapentaenoic acid rose in the phospholipid and cholesteryl esters in proportion to the dietary level of this fatty acid (southern fish > kangaroo > tropical fish). The changes in fatty acid composition were almost completely reversed within seven days of returning to the usual higher fat diets.     

The lipids of the common house cricket,Acheta domesticus L. I. Lipid classes and fatty acid distribution

The lipids of the common house cricket,Acheta domesticus L., have been examined with the following results. The fatty acids associated with the lipid extracts do not change significantly from the third through the eleventh week of the crickets' postembryonic life. The major fatty acids are linoleic (30–40%), oleic (23–27%), palmitic (24–30%), and stearic acids (7–11%). There are smaller amounts of palmitoleic (3–4%), myristic (∼1%), and linolenic acids (<1%). The fatty acid composition of the cricket lipids reflects but is not identical to the fatty acids of the dietary lipids: linoleic (53%), oleic (24%), palmitic (15%), stearic (3%), myristic (2%), and linolenic acid (2%). The amount of triglycerides present in the crickets increases steadily from the second through the seventh or eighth week of postembryonic life, then drops sharply. Other lipid classes, such as hydrocarbons, simple esters, diglycerides, monoglycerides, sterols, and free fatty acids remain about constant. The composition of the fatty acids associated with the tri-, di-, and monoglycerides and the free fatty acid fraction are all about the same. The fatty acids associated with the simple esters are high in stearic acid. Postdoctoral Research Associate, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 1965–1967.     

Lipid Composition of Garlic

Neutral, glyco- and phospholipids of garlic were resolved into their component fractions by thin layer chromatography. Neutral lipids contained considerable quantities of monoglycerides (18.5%), diglycerides (14.2%), sterols (16.3%) and triglycerides (41.5%) respectively. The phospholipid fraction was rich in phosphatidyl choline (23.5%), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (17.9%), lysophosphatidyl choline (11.8%) and lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine (8.2%). Digalactosyl diglyceride (10.1%), sterol glycoside (15.6%), cerebrosides (8.1%), acylsterol glycoside (38.6%) and monogalactosyl diglyceride (22.5%) were the major components of the glycolipids of garlic. Lauric, myristic, palmitic and linoleic acids constituted the major fatty acids of monoglycerides, diglycerides and free fatty acid fractions whereas palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids were the major fatty acids of triglycerides. Palmitic and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids of garlic phospholipids. Except the acylsterol glycoside fraction glycolipids were rich in lauric, palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids; palmitic acid was the only major fatty acid of acylsterol glycosides.     

Effects of age,sex, and diet upon carcass and liver fatty acid composition of pitman-moore miniature pigs

Fatty acid composition of carcass and liver and proximate analysis of liver were studied in 14–28 day old Pitman-Moore miniature pigs, 26 sow-reared and 30 fed a semisynthetic diet in which the fat was lard. With increasing age, fat of carcass, but not of liver, became significantly more unsaturated. The percentage of palmitic acid (16∶0) and total saturated fatty acids was significantly greater and the percentage of linoleic acid (18∶2) and total unsaturated fatty acids significantly less in carcasses of male than of female pigs. No sex-related differences in proximate or fatty acid composition of the liver were noted. Carcasses of sow-reared pigs contained significantly greater percentages of myristic (14∶0), palmitoleic (16∶1), and linoleic acids and significantly lesser percentages of stearic (18∶0) and oleic (18∶1) acids than did those of pigs fed the semisynthetic diet. Diet-related differences in fatty acid composition of liver closely paralleled those of carcass, although liver contained markedly greater percentages of stearic and arachidonic (20∶4) acids and lesser percentages of palmitoleic and oleic acids than did carcass. Diet-related differences in fatty acid composition of carcass and liver are discussed in relation to the fatty acid composition of dietary fat (sow milk and lard).     

Composition of Glycolipids and Phospholipids of Desilked Silkworm Pupae Oil (Bombyx mori L.)

The desilked silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori L.) collected from Kollegala, Malavalli and Ramanagaram belt of Karnataka State (South India) were extracted with chloroform : methanol = 2:1 (v/v). The oil was fractionated on activated silica gel column into neutral, glyco- and phospholipids. The fractions of glyco- and phospholipid;; were saponified seperately. The saponifiable fractions were analysed for fatty acids and un-saponifiable fractions for sterols. The glycolipid fraction contains mainly oleic, palmitic, stearic, palmitoleic, linolenic, linoleic, arachidic, myristic and lauric acids. Phospholipids had similar fatty acids, however their proportions were varying. Traces of cholesterol were observed in the unsaponifiables of glycolipids, which was absent in phospholipids.     

Fatty acid composition of rice lipids by gas-liquid chromatography

Gas-liquid Chromatographic analysis of the methyl ester of lipids of four rice varieties showed that bran lipids had significantly higher mean contents of linoleic and linolenic acids, but lower contents of myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, and stearic acids than milled rice lipids. Nine fatty acids were detected. The principal components were oleic, linoleic, and palmitic, which also was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography of the esters. Issued as I.R.R.I. Journal Series No. 12     

Fatty Acid Composition of Winged Bean Seed Oil (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)

Winged bean seeds (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) were shown to contain 14.4% of oil on a dry weight basis. Fractionation of this oil by silicic acid column chromatography showed 72.7% neutral lipids, 2.8% of glycolipids and 24.5% of phospholipids. Fatty acid composition of total lipid, neutral and glycolipid showed palmitic acid (12.2-14.0%), stearic acid (3.5-4.3%), oleic acid (36-39%) and linoleic acid (39-42%) as major fatty acids. The phospholipid fraction was slightly different from the rest in containing higher palmitic and lower oleic and linoleic acids.     

Varietal difference in lipid content and fatty acid composition of highbush blueberries

Lipids from five cultivars of highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) were extracted and fractionated into neutral lipids (60–66%), glycolipids (20–22%) and phospholipids (14–18%). The major fatty acids in all fractions were palmitic (16∶0), oleic (18∶1), linoleic (18∶2), and linolenic (18∶3) acids. All lipid classes had a large concentration of C₁₈ polyunsaturated acids (84–92%), indicating that blueberries are a rich source of linoleic and linolenic acids. Changes in the fatty acid composition of neutral lipids and phospholipids were not significantly different among the five cultivars, but significant differences were noted in the ratios of linoleic and linolenic acids in the glycolipids fraction.     

Fatty Acid and Sugar Composition of Acorus calamus Linn

The rhizomes of Acorus calamus Linn. (Araceae family) were examined for the content and composition of fatty acids and sugars. Composition of the mixed fatty acids, as indicated by gas chromatography of the corresponding methyl esters, were myristic (1.3%), palmitic (18.2%), palmitoleic (16.4%), stearic (7.3%), oleic (29.1%), linoleic (24.5%) and arachidic (3.2%). The nature of the sugars was defined by paper chromatography and confirmed by direct comparison with authentic samples. Composition of the sugars, as indicated by densitometer, were maltose (0.2%), glucose (20.7%) and fructose (79.1%).     

Chemical Composition and Characteristics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Commiphora wightii</Emphasis> (Arnott) Bhandari Seed Oil

The seeds of Commiphora wightii (Arnott) Bhandari contain 9.8 ± 0.7% oil. The fatty acid composition and chemical properties of the extracted oil were determined. Gas liquid chromatography of the methyl esters of the fatty acids shows the presence of 46.62% saturated fatty acids and 51.40% unsaturated fatty acids. The fatty acid composition is as follows: capric acid 3.50%, myristic acid 14.51%, palmitic acid 6.68%, stearic acid 4.70%, arachidic acid 3.18%, behenic acid 14.05%, myristoleic acid 1.34%, palmitoleic acid 12.07%, oleic acid 14.15%, eicosenoic acid 0.11%, linoleic acid 22.34% and alpha linoleic acid 1.37%.     

Site-specific differences in the fatty acid composition of human adipose tissue

The fatty acid composition of triacylglycerols from fifteen distinct adipose depots taken from each of seven adult male human subjects was compared. Oleic, palmitic, linoleic, stearic, myristic, palmitoleic and vaccenic acids accounted for more than 90% of the triacylglycerol fatty acids in all sites from all subjects; a number of other fatty acids were also identified and quantified. There were large differences in theaverage fatty acid composition between individual subjects. There were no site-specific differences in the proportions of myristic (3.8–4.7% of triacylglycerol fatty acids), palmitic (23–29%), linoleic (6.7–9.8%) or vaccenic (4.1–4.7%) acids or in the proportions of any of the less abundant fatty acids. There were some significant site-specific differences in the proportions of palmitoleic, oleic and stearic acids. The calf depot contained more palmitoleic acid (6.41±1.09%) than the trapezius (3.12±0.55%), perirenal (3.59±0.50%) and mesenteric (3.70±0.43%) depots, more oleic acid (42.13±1.27%) than the trapezius (36.03±2.18%), perirenal (36.50±1.56%) and breast (37.13±1.55%) depots and less stearic acid (5.18±0.89%) than the trapezius (8.57±0.97%), perirenal (8.49±0.75%), mesenteric (7.87±0.42%), breast (8.02±0.75%) and clavicular (8.34±0.78%) depots. The buttock depot contained less stearic acid (6.06±0.65%) than the perirenal, mesenteric and clavicular depots, while the anterior thigh depot contained less stearic acid (6.07±0.70%) than the perirenal depot. These findings indicate that, while most human adipose depots differ little in fatty acid composition, some sites, in particular the calf, perirenal, trapezius and mesenteric depots, have site-specific properties.     

Lipid Profile and Fatty Acid Composition of Moth Bean (Vigna aconitefolia) Seeds

The seeds of moth bean (Vigna aconitefolia) were found to contain 4.5 % of lipid. Fractionation of this lipid by silicic acid column chromatography yielded 44.5 % neutral lipids (NL), 23.4 % glycolipids (GL) and 32.1 % phospholipids (PL). Fatty acid composition of the total lipid and lipid fractions showed that palmitic acid (37.3-54.7 %), stearic acid (7.8-8.0%) oleic acid (6.8-13.9 %) linoleic acid (23.1-35.6 %) and linolenic acid (3.0-10.0%) are the major fatty acids. The phospholipid fraction was found to be different from the rest in containing higher palmitic acid (54.7%) and lower unsaturated fatty acids.     

A comparative study of the lipid composition of isolated rat sertoli and germinal cells

The lipid composition of enriched preparations of sertoli cells and of germinal cells, isolated from the testes of mature rats, has been investigated. Sertoli cells contained a much lower content of phospholipids (in particular, much less phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine) and a higher content of triacylglycerols than did germinal cells. In addition, the Sertoli cells had a higher ratio of esterified to unesterified cholesterol than did germinal cells. Total lipids of Sertoli cells contained considerably lower levels of palmitic and docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoic acids and higher levels of stearic and oleic acids than did the total lipids of germinal less palmitic and docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoic acids, more stearic and oleic acids and also more arachidonic acid than did the corresponding lipid classes of the germinal cells. Minor differences between cell types were also noted for the content of palmitoleic, linoleic, docosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoic, docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic and tetracosa-9,12,15,18-tetraenoic acids.     

Distribution of cholesteryl esters and other lipid in subcellular fractions of the adrenal gland of the pig

Total lipids from whole pig adrenal glands as well as from their mitochondria, microsomes, liposomes, and cell sap were extracted and fractionated first into neutral lipids and phospholipids. The highest percentage of neutral lipids was found in the cell sap, and the lowest in the microsomal fraction. Neutral lipids were subfractionated into cholesteryl esters, free cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty acids. Cholesteryl esters were distributed throughout the liposomes. Free fatty acids represented a substantial part of cell sap lipids, but were present also in the mitochondria, microsomes, and liposomes. Fatty acids of all fractions were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. Free fatty acids and cholesteryl ester fatty acids from all cellular fractions were similar in composition and were characterized by considerable quantities of linoleic and arachidonic acid. Triglycerides were characterized by an increased percentage of palmitic and a low content of arachidonic acid. Phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, diphosphatidyl glycerol, and sphingomyelin plus phosphatidyl inositol were isolated from the lipids by preparative thin layer chromatography, and their fatty acids analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. Phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine from mitochondria, microsomes, and cell sap were very similar in respect of their fatty acid composition. Sphingomyelin plus phosphatidyl inositol was characterized by a high content of C22:2omega6. Diphosphatidyl glycerol was present in mitochondria and in the cell sap.     

Sterols and Fatty Acids from the Neutral Lipids of Desilked Silkworm Pupae (Bombyx mori L.)

The desilked silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori L.) collected from Kollegala, Malavalli and Ramanagaram belt of Karnataka State (South India) were extracted with petroleum ether (60–80°C). The neutral lipids fraction was isolated and saponified. Saponifiable fraction was analysed for fatly acids and unsaponifiable fraction for sterols. The neutral lipids contain oleic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, linoleic, I auric, myristic, C_13:0-, linolenic and arachidic acids. Cholesterol, β-sitosterol and a trace of campesterol are found to be present in unsaponifiable fractions.     

A diet containing myristoleic plus palmitoleic acids elevates plasma cholesterol in young growing swine

The objective of this study was to test the effect of a novel fatty acid mixture, enriched with myristoleic and palmitoleic acids, on plasma lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Weanling pigs were assigned to one of six groups and each group received a diet differing in fatty acid composition. Diets were fed for 35 days and contained 10 g added cornstarch/100 g (to provide baseline data) or 10 g added fatty acids/100 g. For those diets containing added fatty acids, extracted lipids contained 36% myristoleic plus palmitoleic acid combined (14∶1/16∶1 diet), 52% palmitic acid (16∶0 diet), 51% stearic acid (18∶0 diet), 47% oleic acid (18∶1 diet), or 38% linoleic acid (18∶2 diet). Witht the exception of the cornstarch diet, all diets contained approximately 30% myristic acid. There were no significant differences in weight gain across treatment groups (P=0.22). All diets caused a significant increase in triglycerides and in total, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein, and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol. The increase in total plasma cholesterol from pretreatment values was greatest in pigs fed the 14∶1/16∶1 and 18∶1 diets. However, the increase in low density lipoprotein cholesterol from the pretreatment concentration was greatest in the 14∶1/16∶1-fed pigs. Increases in very low density lipoprotein cholesterol above pretreatment concentrations were lowest in 16∶0-fed pigs and greatest in 18∶1-fed pigs. Dietary fatty acids elicited changes in plasma fatty acids which generally were reflective of the diets, although the 18∶0 diet did not alter plasma fatty acid concentrations and the 16∶0 diet increased plasma 16∶0 only at the end of the study. These results demonstrated that the combination of myristoleic plus palmitoleic acids increased plasma cholesterol in young pigs, suggesting that fatty acid chain length, rather than degree of unsaturation, is primarily responsible for the effects of fatty acids on circulating lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations.     

Chemical investigation ofSolanum khasianum seed fat

The seeds ofSolanum khasianum contain 14.5% of a fatty oil. The component fatty acids were found by gas liquid chromatography analysis to be 0.2% myristic, 14.2% palmitic, 0.9% palmitoleic, 4.4% stearic, 15% oleic, and 62.6% linoleic acids.