基于分段相关－视频积累方法的多驻留伪码捕获系统优化设计

针对载波多普勒下的伪码捕获问题,分析了基于分段相关-视频积累方法的多驻留伪码捕获系统的最优性能。推导了正交双通道检测器的检测概率和虚警概率表达式,给出了多驻留系统的捕获时间均值表达式;通过采用遗传算法对系统进行优化设计,增大了系统的多普勒容限,降低了捕获时间;分析了驻留级数、多普勒和载噪比等对捕获系统性能的影响。研究成果可用于指导扩频系统接收机伪码捕获模块的设计。     

Rapid Acquisition for Direct Sequence Spread-Spectrum Communications Using Parallel SAW Convolvers

In this paper, a technique is described which uses multiple surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices in parallel to reduce the acquisition time of a direct sequence spread-spectrum communication system. Analysis of system performance in both the search and lock modes is presented, and key quantities such as probability of false alarm, probability of correct detection, mean dwell time, and mean time to lose lock are derived.     

Acquisition time distribution for spread-spectrum receivers

Serial search spread-spectrum code acquisition is analyzed. A modified flow graph is presented. It permits the use of a generalized lock strategy and allows the false alarm time to be treated as a random variable. The distribution of acquisition time is obtained directly by using an extended generalization of Bernoulli trials. Compared to recent work which uses a fixed penalty false alarm time, the analysis is more general and requires fewer assumptions and approximations. The analysis is suitable for both single dwell and multidwell systems. Examples are presented to show the effect on the acquisition time distribution of sequence length and normalized detection threshold     

Robust noncoherent PN-code acquisition for CDMA communicationsystems

We are proposing a new noncoherent pseudonoise code acquisition method for code-division multiple-access (CDMA) mobile communication systems. The proposed method employs two digital matched filters, and the code acquisition is based on a double dwell process. Through serial cascading of the dual-matched filters, the proposed code acquisition method does not lose the track of the incoming sequence even after returning from the false alarm state. This unique feature imparts on our design much desired stability. Moreover, the use of two matched filters increases the acquisition speed, which is of prime importance. One important issue in CDMA acquisition is how to determine the threshold values for optimal performance, the measure of optimality being the minimum mean acquisition time. In our performance analysis, we have derived the probability of detection and false alarm as a function of threshold values, then determine the threshold values that achieve the minimum mean acquisition time. Our performance analysis shows that the mean acquisition time is 35 ms at -15 dB input chip signal-to-noise ratio, much faster than the conventional active correlation technique     

Detection and false alarm probability of PN code acquisition inDS-CDMA system

The authors present the performance of double dwell acquisition using a continuous integration detector. One performance measure in an acquisition system is the mean acquisition time, which depends on detection and false alarm probability. The detection and false alarm probability of double dwell acquisition using continuous integration detector is derived     

Generalized Analysis for the Evaluation of Search Strategy Effects on PN Acquisition Performance

Pseudonoise (PN) coding may be incorporated into the signal structure of a communication system for a variety of reasons. Once present, the PN code must be appropriately acquired before it can be tracked by the receiver. Toward this end various acquisition schemes have been proposed. These schemes include combinations of predetection/postdetection processing and code search strategies. With regard to the latter, a uniform search over the entire code uncertainty region would be undertaken in the absence of a priori epoch information. In the presence of such information a more sophisticated scheme, which may generally be termed an "expanding window search," would tend to reduce acquisition time. The present paper focuses on uniform and expanding window search strategies with the goal of analytically developing the PN acquisition time statistics as functions of salient system parameters such as predetection SNR, detection and false alarm probabilities, false alarm penalty time, and a priori information on epoch location. The significance of this analysis is its general applicability to arbitrary postdetection processing schemes-e.g., fixed dwell and sequential detection. Computed performance results account for the above salient parameters, wherein sequential detection is employed in conjunction with uniform and selected expanding window search strategies. Performance curves demonstrate the utility of the analysis and provide intuitive insight into performance sensitivity to search strategy.     

Effects of multiple threshold values for PN code acquisition inDS-CDMA systems

A decision method using multiple threshold value for PN code acquisition in DS-CDMA systems is describe. This technique is applied to a conventional hybrid search algorithm and analysis in terms of the probability of detection and false alarm. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the conventional scheme in terms of detection probability because multiple threshold values mitigate any possible decline in performance caused by the used of a single threshold     

Performance Analysis for the Expanding Search PN Acquisition Algorithm

An approach is presented for approximating the cumulative probability distribution of the acquisition time of the serial PN search algorithm. The results are applicable to variable as well as fixed dwell time systems. The theory is developed for the case where some a priori information on the PN code epoch is available (reacquisition problem or acquisition of very long codes). The special case of a search over the whole code is also treated. The accuracy of the approximation is demonstrated by comparing with published exact results for the fixed dwell time algorithm.     

On the threshold setting principles in code acquisition of DS-SSsignals

This paper compares the meaning of different threshold setting principles in the code acquisition process of a direct sequence (DS) spread spectrum (SS) receiver. The consideration is made mainly in one-path additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. A consideration to a fixed multipath channel is given to see its effect on the results. Also, a consideration for a certain type of fading is given in a case where the signal power is assumed to be considerably lower, i.e., faded, part of the time. For the possible performance measures of code acquisition, the main interest is in the mean acquisition time T_MA . The probability of the acquisition in a given observation interval P_acq is also considered to see if different measures have different demands. A matched filter (MF) acquisition is used with and without a verification mode using an active integration. In the comparisons, fixed thresholds, thresholds based on constant false alarm rate (CFAR) criteria, and optimal thresholds in the sense to give either the minimum T_MA or the maximum P_acq are used. The results, which are obtained by using a method of selecting the maximum value at the output of the MF, are compared to the threshold cases. The results can be summarized as follows: when the performance measure is T _MA, the best results are obtained by using CFAR-based threshold comparison. By a proper selection of the probability of a false alarm, the same performance is obtained as by using the optimal thresholds. When the performance measure is P_acq, the maximum-selection method is the best choice     

扩频通信系统中一种改进的快速编码捕捉方法

针对扩频通信系统中传统的滑动相关捕捉法对于较长的刚码序列编码捕捉时间较长的问题，提出了一种改进的编码捕捉方法，该方法采用三条相同支路同时搜索的方式来实现PN码的快速捕捉，不仅不受PN码长度限制，而且电路实现简单，可以有效的降低虚警概率。理论分析和仿真实验均表明：提出的改进方法大大缩短了系统的捕捉时间。     

Application of Adaptive Filtering to Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Code Acquisition

A novel hybrid scheme utilizing an adaptive FIR filter is proposed for acquisition of DS-SS signals. Timing information on the delay offset between the incoming DS-SS signal and the locally generated replica of the spreading code is extracted from the tap-weight vector of the acquisition adaptive filter. Expressions for the mean acquisition time, detection, and false alarm probabilities for a coherent, chip synchronous DS-SS system in AWGN are derived. The improvement in acquisition performance over serial search techniques is twice the length of the adaptive filter. This is similar to that gained by other hybrid schemes that search the same number of cells at a time. However, a significant reduction in hardware complexity is obtained. The proposed system is also compared to a system utilizing a partial matched filter structure. Moreover, the same hardware could be used for code tracking and, hence, eliminating the need for a separate tracking loop.     

Adaptive Hybrid Acquisition of PN Sequences Based on Automatic Multipath Cancellation in Frequency-Selective Rayleigh Fading Channels

A hybrid PN-code acquisition scheme is proposed and studied for direct sequence code division multiple access communications in frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels. The most important feature of the proposed system is its ability to dynamically estimate the number of multipath signals that may lie in the reference channel. The basic idea of the considered algorithm is to sort the partial correlations and carry out successive censoring tests by updating the noise estimation until the first path synchronization. Exact expressions for the probability of false alarm and the mean acquisition time are derived. The performances of the proposed system are then studied and compared with those of the adaptive hybrid acquisition processor (AHAP) and the ordered statistic hybrid acquisition processor (OSHAP). The effects of various channel parameters on the acquisition performance, namely the number of resolvable paths, the multipath intensity profile and the signal-to-noise ratio are also investigated. Numerical results show that the proposed acquisition scheme outperforms the conventional ones which are based on AHAP and OSHAP algorithms.     

Modeling of the code acquisition process for RAKE receivers in CDMAwireless networks with multipath and transmitter diversity

We present models for the code acquisition process in RAKE receivers. These models include multipath diversity, multiple transmitter (base station or satellite) diversity, and multiple access interference generated by other users in the network. This results in a different probability of false alarm for each cell of the code delay uncertainty region. The analysis is based on signal flow graph theory. By using these models, we elaborate different strategies for RAKE receiver synchronization and derive exact closed-form results for the average acquisition time. These strategies differ in how they organize initial (first RAKE finger) and postinitial search algorithms. If the channel is known, the initial synchronization may organize a parallel search for all fingers simultaneously by a proper set up of the local correlators' mutual delays. If not, then a serial search of different segments (partitioned among the different fingers) can be organized. In the postinitial search, sequential or random initializations are possible. A set of approximations is also included for practical applications where a quick assessment of the system performance is needed     

Effects of multiple threshold values in double dwell DS-SS codeacquisition systems

We describe a decision method using multiple threshold values for direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DS-SS) code acquisition systems. We apply this technique to a conventional double dwell serial search algorithm and analyze it in terms of mean code acquisition time. Numerical results show that our proposed scheme outperforms the conventional one by 0.2-0.5 sec with respect to the mean code acquisition time because multiple threshold values mitigate the possible decline in search performance caused by the use of a single threshold     

动态环境下数字化DS/BPSK接收机捕获电路

提出了一种全数字化扩频序列捕获电路,建立了接收机动态环境下捕获电路的数学模型,分析了多普勒频移、伪码相位差和信号载噪比对电路捕获性能的影响.提出了一种提高电路捕获性能的改进方案.分析表明改进后的捕获电路具有检测概率高和虚警概率低的特点,可有效地缩短电路的平均捕获时间.     

Modeling of code acquisition process in CDMA networks-asynchronoussystems

In this paper, we discuss modeling of the serial code acquisition process in a code division multiple access (CDMA) network. Due to multiple access interference (MAI), the process is characterized by a different probability of signal detection P_D and probability of a false alarm P_FA in each cell of the code delay uncertainty region. We derive exact expressions for average code acquisition time and its variance. In addition to this, we also present several useful approximations, which enable easy engineering use of these results for practical applications in future Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) solutions. Numerical results based on this analysis are used for decision threshold optimization in code acquisition process for asynchronous CDMA networks     

低信噪比下超长PN码的快速捕获技术

直扩系统中,为了硬件实现上的简便,PN码的捕获一般都采用串行搜索的方法。但当PN码很长时,由于要搜索的相位点很多,串行搜索法将使捕获时间过长。并且当信噪比较低时,会有较高的虚警概率。这些都会使系统的捕获性能下降。文献[6]针对长码提出了分布采样的快速捕获方案(DSA)。本文就此提出了改进,利用积累使之能够适应低达-50dB的低信噪比环境。仿真结果表明,改进后的算法改善了原算法在极低信噪比下的性能,降低了平均捕获时间。     

Performance Analysis of DS Signal Code Acquisition Using the Matched Filter and the Median Filter

The theoretical analysis and simulation of the performance of a matched filter code acquisition structure with a median filter as the aiding device to cancel CW jamming in the AWGN channel is described. Both coherent and noncoherent structures are considered. As performance measures, the probability of detection and of a false alarm and mean acquisition times are used. Two kinds of analysis for coherent acquisition structure are presented. At first, the approximation for the pdf of the input signal to the comparator is used. Next, the probabilities are calculated directly. This is called the direct form. For the analysis of noncoherent acquisition, the pdf approximation of the coherent case is used. The performance of the median filter structure is compared to the performance of a simple linear interference cancellation method. The effect of CW jamming can be eliminated by both methods. Fixed thresholds of the comparator and the constant false alarm probability (CFAR) criteria are used. It is concluded that the median filter has a better performance, especially when fixed thresholds are used.     

On the asymptotic performance of threshold-based acquisition systems in multipath fading channels

The asymptotic performance of timing acquisition systems having fixed dwell time in multipath fading channels is investigated. The detrimental effect of the multipath channel fading on the acquisition performance is isolated by considering the asymptotic performance as the average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) increases. It is found that for any threshold such that the average probability of false alarm is less than a given tolerance, the channel fading results in a lower bound on the asymptotic average probability of miss which is nontrivial for a variety of fading scenarios. A threshold-based direct-sequence spread-spectrum signal acquisition system is considered and it is found that the detrimental effect of channel fading on asymptotic acquisition performance, albeit nontrivial, is not very significant. The asymptotic acquisition performance of two threshold-based acquisition schemes for ultra-wideband (UWB) signals with time-hopping (TH) spreading are also evaluated and compared. For both schemes, the detrimental effect of the channel fading on the asymptotic acquisition performance turns out to be significant.     

混沌扩频测控系统同步捕获性能分析

混沌序列在扩频测控系统中的应用引起了人们的广泛兴趣,混沌扩频测控系统的捕获性能和跟踪性能是学界关注的重点。由于数字化混沌序列相关函数旁瓣具有随机性,使得扩频系统的信号捕获过程,除了受加性噪声影响之外,又增加了一个影响因素。根据系统捕获原理与混沌码特性,借助于混沌码模糊函数的概念,提出了混沌码相关函数旁瓣随机性影响下检测概率、虚警概率以及捕获时间的计算方法,推导得到了相应的计算公式,探讨了混沌扩频测控系统的信号捕获性能。结果表明,混沌码相关函数随机性的存在使检测概率和虚警概率有所增大,并使捕获时间产生变化;与加性噪声相比,其影响通常较小甚至可以忽略。该结果可以为混沌序列在扩频测控系统中的应用提供理论支持与参考。