离子渗氮层的组织形貌和γ′－ε界面结构SCIEI

使用电子显微镜研究了５５０℃，６ｈ离子渗氮的３５ＣｒＭｏ钢渗层的组织形貌和界面结构．结果表明，渗层外层为分层相间分布的ε＋γ′条带状组织。在化合物内层的γ′相中有空位盘、位错、层错四面体和孪晶．ε相和γ′相之间的界面光滑且平直．除了观察到一个原子层结构台阶，也发现多个原子层高度的结构台阶．大量晶体缺陷的存在是加速离子渗氮过程的主要原因。     

MORPHOLOGY OF ION-NITRIDED LAYER AND STRUCTURE OF γ'/ε INTERFACES

使用电子显微镜研究了５５０℃，６ｈ离子渗氮的３５ＣｒＭｏ钢渗层的组织形貌和界面结构．结果表明，渗层外层为分层相间分布的ε＋γ′条带状组织。在化合物内层的γ′相中有空位盘、位错、层错四面体和孪晶．ε相和γ′相之间的界面光滑且平直．除了观察到一个原子层结构台阶，也发现多个原子层高度的结构台阶．大量晶体缺陷的存在是加速离子渗氮过程的主要原因。     

离子渗氮层的组织形貌和γ′－ε界面结构

使用电子显微镜研究了５５０℃，６ｈ离子渗氮的３５ＣｒＭｏ钢渗层的组织形貌和界面结构．结果表明，渗层外层为分层相间分布的ε＋γ′条带状组织。在化合物内层的γ′相中有空位盘、位错、层错四面体和孪晶．ε相和γ′相之间的界面光滑且平直．除了观察到一个原子层结构台阶，也发现多个原子层高度的结构台阶．大量晶体缺陷的存在是加速离子渗氮过程的主要原因。     

氮化时间对W9Mo3Cr4V钢离子氮化层显微组织和性能的影响

对W9Mo3Cr4V钢在520℃下进行不同氮化时间的离子氮化处理,并采用金相分析、显微硬度测试和X射线衍射分析等方法,研究了氮化时间对离子氮化层显微组织(氮化层相组成和氮化层厚度)和性能(硬度、硬度梯度分布等)的影响。结果表明:氮化层主要由ε相(Fe_3N)和γ'相(Fe_4N)组成。随离子氮化时间的延长,ε相(Fe_3N)衍射强度逐渐降低,而γ'相(Fe_4N)的衍射强度呈逐渐升高的趋势,且氮化层的厚度、显微硬度不断增加。氮化层均呈理想的硬度梯度分布。     

离子氮化时间对DC53钢显微组织和性能的影响

采用金相分析、X射线衍射分析、显微硬度测量研究了离子氮化时间对DC53钢显微组织和性能的影响,得出了制备高硬度耐磨氮化层的合适离子氮化时间。结果表明:在离子氮化处理的DC53钢表层获得由ε相(Fe_3N)、γ'相(Fe_4N)和少量α-Fe相组成的均匀的氮化层。随离子氮化时间延长,ε相(Fe_3N)的衍射峰逐渐降低,而γ'相(Fe_4N)衍射峰呈逐渐升高的趋势,α-Fe相衍射峰逐渐降低。氮化层厚度的平方值随离子氮化时间的延长呈线性增加,且氮化层硬度不断升高。从表面到基体深度的增加,氮化层呈理想的硬度梯度分布,离子氮化在DC53钢表面形成的均匀氮化层使DC53钢硬度显著提高。     

稀土催渗离子渗氮层中晶体缺陷的研究

用透射电镜研究了稀土催渗离子渗氮层中的晶体缺陷。结果表明,稀土催渗使γ'-Fe_4N晶粒显著细化,晶界面缺陷的增加有利于氮原子的扩散。在γ'-Fe_4N晶粒内有许多尺寸较小的空位型Frank位错环及其蜷线位错和堆垛层错等晶体缺陷;扩散层铁素体中存在高密度位错及位错环。大量空位的存在,以及位错吸引空位运动,是加速渗氮的主要原因。     

渗氮问题的讨论

正1关于化合物层(白亮层)疏松孔洞碳钢存在渗碳体,渗氮时可以形成含氮渗碳体Fe_3(C、N),转变为γ'-Fe_4(C、N),γ'-Fe_(2-3)(C、N),同时有γ'-Fe_4N,ε-Fe_((2-3))N。合金钢中一部分合金元素会置换铁形成γ'-(Fe、Me)4N,ε-(Fe、Me)_(2-3)N等。形成化合物的厚度与氮浓度及时间有关,开始先形成γ'-Fe_4N,逐渐出现ε-Fe_(2-3)N,并不断增厚。随着层深增加,ε-Fe_(2-3)N晶粒粗化,疏松、微裂纹和孔洞不断发展。     

稀土催渗离了渗氮层中晶体缺陷的研究

用透射电镜研究了稀土催渗渗离子渗氮层中的晶体缺陷。结果表明,稀土催渗使γ′－Ｆｅ４Ｎ晶粒显著细化,晶界面缺陷的增加有利于氮原子的扩散。在γ′－Ｆｅ４Ｎ晶粒内有许多尺寸较小的空位型Ｆｒａｎｋ位错环及其蜷线位错和堆垛层错等晶体缺陷;扩散层铁素体中存在的高密度位错及位错环。大量空位的存在,以及位错吸引空位运动,是加速渗氮的主要原因。     

离子渗氮化合物层物相调控对耐磨性的影响

目的探索化合物层物相与耐磨性的关系,并实现其有效调控,从而满足不同零部件的服役性能要求。方法选用常用渗氮钢38Cr Mo Al进行不同氮气比(15%、20%、25%)离子渗氮研究,渗氮温度为510℃,保温4 h。采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计和摩擦磨损试验机对渗氮后的显微组织、物相组成、截面硬度、耐磨性进行了测试和分析。结果在相同的渗氮温度下,调节氮气比可获得不同物相组成的化合物层。在渗氮温度510℃下,氮气比为20%时满足形成γ'相的临界氮势,从而得到γ'单相化合物层。氮气比达到25%时,满足形成ε相的临界氮势,渗氮层中γ'相形成,并动态转变成ε相,使ε相逐渐增多,形成ε+γ双相化合物层。结论 38CrMoAl经不同氮气比离子渗氮后形成了ε+γ'双相化合物层,在较小磨损载荷(200 g)下,具有更优的耐磨性。但在较大磨损载荷(400 g)下,氮气比20%获得的γ'单相化合物层试样磨痕较窄,摩擦系数较小,即在较大磨损载荷下,γ'单相化合物层比ε+γ'双相化合物层表现出更加优异的耐磨性能。该研究可为不同磨损服役条件的零部件离子渗氮工艺设计提供参考。     

离子渗氮层中γ′-Fe_4N相内位错环和层错类型的研究

用透射电镜衍衬方法测定了稀土催渗离子渗氮层中γ'-Fe_4N相内位错环及层错的类型。结果表明,位错环为b=1/3[111]空位型,其形成原因是:在离子渗氮过程中,高能离子的持续轰击导致大量空位点缺陷的产生,随后空位聚集成空位片,最终崩塌形成位错环;而层错类型为抽出型,其两边的不全位错是1/6(112)型Shockley不全位错,它们是由全位错1/2[110]=1/6[121] 1/6[211]反应分解形成的。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.