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1.
The predictive validity and the reliability of a teacher-based ranking method of assessing popularity were compared with those of the traditional picture sociometric approach. In each of 2 studies, both popularity measures were administered in several day-care classrooms with a total of 187 Ss (aged 31–64 mo). Behavioral observations of social interaction and teacher ratings of social competence were also collected. Very high reliability estimates were obtained for the teacher popularity measure, with lower estimates obtained for the picture sociometric measure. When validated relative to the social competence ratings and behavioral observations, the teacher popularity measure was a more effective predictor. With age effects partialed out, teacher popularity entered the equation prior to sociometric popularity and was a significant predictor of social competence. The sociometric popularity measure did not significantly improve this prediction. Findings support the use of teacher rankings of popularity as a measure of social competence in the preschool. (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

2.
The process by which stimuli are assigned to categories has been traditionally conceptualized as bottom-up. Accordingly, stimulus features are supposed to be the fundamental units of analysis, and categorization to be accomplished on the basis of feature category correlations (cue validities). Alternatively, top-down processes are invoked, in which case one begins with a given categorization rule and then assigns stimuli to categories on that basis. Bottom-up and top-down views share a fundamental weakness, namely, they are unable to specify how features or rules, respectively, are acquired. This difficulty can be overcome if it is assumed that the process starts with neither features nor rules, but with stimuli. Then, as a result of experience with stimuli belonging to different categories, the cognitive system discovers and uses locally constructed features that maximally discriminate between the categories at hand. According to this view, the relationship between a target and a contrast category is the main factor affecting what subjects learn about each. Two experiments were conducted to explore this hypothesis. Both experiments support the notion that the relationship between the target and contrast category significantly determines which critical features are extracted as being defining of either category. In particular, it determines the level of generality of these features. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

3.
Cold storage of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers is known to cause accumulation of reducing sugars. Hexose accumulation has been shown to be cultivar-dependent and proposed to be the result of sucrose hydrolysis via invertase. To study whether hexose accumulation is indeed related to the amount of invertase activities, two different approaches were used: (i) neutral and acidic invertase activities as well as soluble sugars were measured in cold-stored tubers of 24 potato cultivars differing in the cold-induced accumulation of reducing sugars and (ii) antisense potato plants with reduced soluble acid invertase activities were created and the soluble sugar accumulation in cold-stored tubers was studied. The cold-induced hexose accumulation in tubers from the different potato cultivars varied strongly (up to eightfold). Large differences were also detected with respect to soluble acid (50-fold) and neutral (5-fold) invertase activities among the different cultivars. Although there was almost no correlation between the total amount of invertase activity and the accumulation of reducing sugars there was a striking correlation between the hexose/sucrose ratio and the extractable soluble invertase activity. To exclude the possibility that other cultivar-specific features could account for the obtained results, the antisense approach was used to decrease the amount of soluble acid invertase activity in a uniform genetic background. To this end the cDNA of a cold-inducible soluble acid invertase (EMBL nucleic-acid database accession no. X70368) was cloned from the cultivar Desirée, and transgenic potato plants were created expressing this cDNA in the antisense orientation under control of the constitutive 35S cauliflower mosaic virus promotor. Analysis of the harvested and cold-stored tubers showed that inhibition of the soluble acid invertase activity leads to a decreased hexose and an increased sucrose content compared with controls. As was already found for the different potato cultivars the hexose/sucrose ratio decreased with decreasing invertase activities but the total amount of soluble sugars did not significantly change. From these data we conclude that invertases do not control the total amount of soluble sugars in cold-stored potato tubers but are involved in the regulation of the ratio of hexose to sucrose.  相似文献   

4.
The present study used a go/no-go signal delay (GSD) to explore the role of response-related processes in task switching. A go/no-go signal was presented at either 100 ms or 1,500 ms after the stimulus. Participants were encouraged to use the GSD for response selection and preparation. The data indicate that the opportunity to select and prepare a response (i.e., long GSD) resulted in a substantial reduction of task-shift costs (Experiment 1) and n-2 task-repetition costs (i.e., backward inhibition; Experiment 2) in the current trial. These results suggest that interference from the preceding trial can be resolved during response selection and preparation. Furthermore, the shift costs and the n-2 repetition costs after no-go trials with long GSD (i.e., response selection but no execution) were markedly smaller than after go trials. These findings suggest that the interference that gives rise to shift costs and n-2 repetition costs is related not solely to response selection but also to response execution. Thus, the present study demonstrates dissociable contributions of response selection and response execution to interference effects in task switching. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

5.
Replies to the article by S. J. Bagnato and J. T. Neisworth (see record 1995-04117-001) discussing the use of intelligence tests (ITs) with infants and preschool children. Bagnato and Neisworth are seen as assuming that all ITs are the same and as ignoring the differences between testing infants and young children. They also overemphasize the importance of IT scores and overlook the observations of a competent tester. An ideal assessment would use both a curriculum-based approach and ITs, since they provide answers to different questions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

6.
Children’s sense of numbers before formal education is thought to rely on an approximate number system based on logarithmically compressed analog magnitudes that increases in resolution throughout childhood. School-age children performing a numerical estimation task have been shown to increasingly rely on a formally appropriate, linear representation and decrease their use of an intuitive, logarithmic one. We investigated the development of numerical estimation in a younger population (3.5- to 6.5-year-olds) using 0–100 and 2 novel sets of 1–10 and 1–20 number lines. Children’s estimates shifted from logarithmic to linear in the small number range, whereas they became more accurate but increasingly logarithmic on the larger interval. Estimation accuracy was correlated with knowledge of Arabic numerals and numerical order. These results suggest that the development of numerical estimation is built on a logarithmic coding of numbers—the hallmark of the approximate number system—and is subsequently shaped by the acquisition of cultural practices with numbers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

7.
8.
A distinction was made between 2 aspects of spatial perspective-taking competence: (a) rules, such as the generalization that 2 observers will have the same view of any object display in the same viewing position and different views in different viewing positions; and (b) computation, the actual cognitive processes used to estimate how some particular display looks to another observer at a different station point. A developmental assessment was made of knowledge and use of the above rule, unconfounded by computation ability. Groups of 24 Ss each from Grades 1, 3, and 5 participated. Older Ss proved likelier than younger ones to solve correctly problems that could only be solved by rule use and also to report that they had used the rule in a posttest inquiry. It is concluded that a number of Ss possessed the rule, consciously and deliberately used it in solving perspective-taking problems, and believed in its general veracity enough to use it when they did not have to, namely on special problems that were solvable either by rule or by computation. (11 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

9.
This study examined whether child temperamental approach reactivity moderated the association between 2 factors, parenting and child control capacities and child emotional self-regulation. Participants (N=113) were 3- and 4-year-olds (M=48 months, SD=5.78) and their mothers. Emotional self-regulation was measured as observed persistence and frustration and as maternal report of compliance. Parental approach, avoidance, control, and warmth were observed during play and a frustrating wait. Child approach reactivity and control capacities (inhibitory control and soothability) were assessed via maternal report. Results suggested that maternal approach during the wait was associated with persistence and frustration, whereas maternal warmth during the play was associated with compliance. These effects, and those of child control capacities, depended on the level of child approach. The implications of reactivity-control interactions and parent-child goodness-of-fit for emotional self-regulation are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

10.
Multiple sets of empirical research findings on guilt are reviewed to evaluate the view that guilt should be understood as an essentially social phenomenon that happens between people as much as it happens inside them. Guilt appears to arise from interpersonal transactions (including transgressions and positive inequities) and to vary significantly with the interpersonal context. In particular, guilt patterns appear to be strongest, most common, and most consistent in the context of communal relationships, which are characterized by expectations of mutual concern. Guilt serves various relationship-enhancing functions, including motivating people to treat partners well and avoid transgressions, minimizing inequities and enabling less powerful partners to get their way, and redistributing emotional distress. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

11.
The present study examined the source of explicit category learning deficits previously noted in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Task stimuli consisted of 4 binary-valued cues that together determined category assignment, although some cues were more important for the categorization decision. Participants verbalized the hypotheses being tested to provide several measures of the hypothesis testing. Analyses of these verbal protocols indicated that PD patients were impaired on rule generation and selection but not rule shifting. Patients had particular difficulty noting the relative importance of the cues. Specific aspects of performance were differently correlated with neuropsychological measures of working memory and hypothesis testing ability. Together, the results suggest that the cognitive processes required for explicit category learning are mediated by partially distinct neural mechanisms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

12.
C. S. Jencks's (1972) method of analysis of the heredity–environment data is presented, but with the important modification that cognizance is taken of the principle of genetic variation with age, that is, that the genotypic value (G) varies with age. As a result of this modification and a more critical examination of the IQ data, a solution is obtained that agrees with Jencks's figure for covariance, but supports C. Burt and M. Howard's (1956) and A. R. Jensen's (see record 1969-09740-001) emphasis on heredity in that it assigns 75% of the remaining variance to heredity and only 25% to environment. The present study can be regarded as integrative in that (a) it eliminates most of the discrepancies in the field and (b) it uses Jencks's approach, albeit modified, to produce what is essentially Burt's result. (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

13.
Compared trainee-generated rule coding with trainer-provided rule coding in a field experiment conducted during a behavior-modeling workshop designed to train supervisors to coach problem employees and to handle employee-initiated complaints. 15 1st-line supervisors from a hospital were randomly assigned to treatments that manipulated symbolic coding (trainee-generated or trainer-provided 1st-line) and participated in a 1-day workshop. Ratings of videotaped trainee performance on generalization tests given 1 wk after the training session served as dependent measures. Trainee-generated coding proved to be the superior encoding technique, accounting for an average of 78% of the performance variance. Content analysis of trainee-generated codes revealed that they were conceptually similar to, but of lower quality than the trainer-provided codes. No difference was found between conditions in participant reactions to training. (6 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

14.
15.
This article presents the distinctive features of psychotherapy in Argentina. An overview of the major changes it has faced in the past 10 years is provided. The development of psychotherapy models and significant aspects of the integration movement are highlighted. The article also outlines the formal aspects and training of psychotherapists and the main publications in Argentina. Original contributions of the national culture are offered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

16.
A proposal for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM–V) is to separate the diagnosis of mental disorder from the assessment of impairment or disability. A separation of the assessment of traits and impairment is consistent with the five-factor model (FFM) procedure for the diagnosis of a personality disorder, which first assesses for the presence of personality traits, followed by an assessment of impairments associated with a particular trait elevation. The current study tested the hypothesis that the FFM has specific implications with respect to the 3 fundamental components of personality disorder as provided in the American Psychiatric Association's (2000) diagnostic manual, concerning social impairment, occupational impairment, and distress. These hypotheses were confirmed in a sample of 79 persons who were currently or recently in psychological treatment. Implications of the findings for a conceptualization of personality disorder and future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

17.
In a recent article, the authors (Miller & Shettleworth, 2007; see record 2007-09968-001) showed how the apparently exceptional features of behavior in geometry learning (reorientation) experiments can be modeled by assuming that geometric and other features at given locations in an arena are learned competitively as in the Rescorla-Wagner model and that the probability of visiting a location is proportional to the total associative strength of cues at that location relative to that of all relevant locations. Reinforced or unreinforced visits to locations drive changes in associative strengths. Dawson, Kelly, Spetch, and Dupuis (2008; see record 2008-09669-009) have correctly pointed out that at parameter values outside the ranges the authors used to simulate a body of real experiments, our equation for choice probabilities can give impossible and/or wildly fluctuating results. Here, the authors show that a simple modification of the choice rule eliminates this problem while retaining the transparent way in which the model relates spatial choice to competitive associative learning of cue values. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

18.
A new task, double-word selection, simulated lexical ambiguity by presenting 2 words between which the reader had to choose while reading a sentence shown at 133 or 150 ms/word, following a procedure called rapid serial visual presentation. The double-word pair was presented for less than 100 ms. In immediate recall of the sentence, readers made a correct selection on most trials, both when the relevant context came before the double words and (less accurately) when the relevant context came shortly afterward (Experiments 1 and 2) or with a delay of up to 1 s (Experiment 3). Both words could often be reported if the sentence was stopped one word after the double words (Experiment 2). In Experiment 4, a single function word determined selection between double words differing in syntactic category. The results are consistent with a 2-stage modular interactive model of word perception (M. C. Potter, A. Moryadas, I. Abrams, & A. Noel, 1993) and extend this model to word selection and lexical disambiguation.  相似文献   

19.
"Four paired advertisements, one using photography and the other using art work, were shown to a matched sample of 962 adults in the New York City area. The Ss ranked each advertisement on the dimensions of most liked, believability, and recall. No sex or socioeconomic differences emerged. Statistically significant differences were found for the photographic version of three advertisements, respectively showing a man, a woman in an office, and a man drinking coffee. Art work was favored in one advertisement, which semihumorously showed a dog in motion. Any decision to use either art work or photography for a communication depends on many factors, including the object to be reproduced, the medium of communication, the effect desired, and the associated text. The results of this study, based on advertisements from one consumer magazine, must be interpreted with caution." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

20.
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