Representation of the numerosities 1–9 by rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).

Three rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were trained to respond to exemplars of 1, 2, 3, and 4 in an ascending, descending, or a nonmonotonic numerical order (1←2←3←4, 4←3←2←1, 3←1←4←2). The monkeys were then tested on their ability to order pairs of the novel numerosities 5–9. In Experiment 1, all 3 monkeys ordered novel exemplars of the numerosities 1–4 in ascending or descending order. The attempt to train a nonmonotonic order (3←1←4←2) failed. In Experiment 2A, the 2 monkeys who learned the ascending numerical rule ordered pairs of the novel numerosities 5–9 on unreinforced trials. The monkey who learned the descending numerical rule failed to extrapolate the descending rule to new numerosities. In Experiment 2B all 3 monkeys ordered novel exemplars of pairs of the numerosities 5–9. Accuracy and latency of responding revealed distance and magnitude effects analogous to previous findings with human participants (R. S. Moyer & T. K. Landaeur, 1967). Collectively these studies show that monkeys represent the numerosities 1-9 on at least an ordinal scale. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Solomon Diamond (1906–1998).

Presents an obituary for Solomon Diamond. Diamond was born in New York City in 1906, and his education and early career were in New York. His PhD was in social psychology. As a historian, he was deeply involved in the somewhat rarified world of very early scientific psychology, and prescientific psychology, and was also committed to counseling psychology (a field of application) and to personality (the empirical-theoretical basis for the application). At California State University, Los Angeles, he was active in university governance and the American Association of University Professors, activities that were part of a lifetime commitment to progressive causes. In 1965 he was a charter member of the APA Division of the History of Psychology (26) and a charter member of the board of advisors of the Archives of the History of American Psychology. The APA Division of the History of Psychology elected him president-elect in 1971-1972. Diamond passed away in 1998. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Discriminative conditioning with different CS–US intervals produces temporally differentiated conditioned responses in the two eyes of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus).

The conditioned eyeblink response (CR) in rabbits is lateralized to the eye targeted by the unconditioned stimulus (US). However, a contralateral component has been reported during concurrent discriminative conditioning of the two eyes. The authors investigated CRs produced by both eyes during conditioning with 2 different interstimulus intervals (ISIs) in which a short conditioned stimulus (CS) was paired with a US to the left eye and a long CS was paired with a US to the right eye. Whether the 2 CSs were more or less similar (or identical), the short CS produced short-latency CRs in the left eye, whereas the long CS produced long-latency CRs in the right eye. The contralateral responses to a CS trained at one ISI were separable into temporal corollaries of the ipsilateral response (suggesting a bilaterality of the CR) versus those to a CS trained at another ISI (indicating generalization between the CSs). The results indicate that the neuronal substrates subserving CRs of the two eyes involve not only a dominant lateralization but also some avenue of bilaterality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Obituary: Daniel Katz (1903–1998).

Memorializes Daniel Katz, known for his work in the field of social psychology. He was among the earliest users of survey methods to study social psychological problems, and he improved the methods with which he worked. His early studies on racial stereotypes illuminated the nature and extent of prejudice, and his later cross-cultural research revealed the various forms of nationalism. His theoretical research on attitude formation and change linked methods of change to the different motivational bases of attitudes themselves. Finally, his sustained interest in formal organizations reflected his conviction that these massively influential factors in modern life were a necessary part of a comprehensive social psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Index of reviews and notes on statistical methods and research design in the Psychological Bulletin, 1967–1978.

Updates the previous index of reviews and notes on statistical methods and research design compiled by T. Andrews (1967). Organization of this index is identical to that of the authors' index of literature reviews (see record 1980-06186-001), and summaries and articles on topics of statistics and research design that are included in the larger index are also included in this index. Author and subject indexes are included. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of Contextualism in psychological research?: A critical review.

Reviews the book, Contextualism in psychological research?: A critical review by E. J. Capaldi and Robert W. Proctor (see record 1999-04104-000). In this book, these authors seek to expose what they perceive to be the fatal epistemological and conceptual flaws of the contextualist position (which they broadly and somewhat sloppily define as any approach in psychology that is more or less anti-mechanistic in its inclinations). It is a useful, clearly written, and provocative response to much recent contextualist thinking. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The evolution of the Canadian Code of Ethics over the years (1986–2011).

In this article, the evolution of the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists (the Code) from its first adoption in 1986 to its third edition in 2000 is traced, and possible changes to the next edition of the Code are explored. Several characteristics maintained over all three editions of the Code are identified as its core. Clarifications that have been made to some of these core characteristics are outlined, including articulation of the concept of a “contract with society,” clarification of the legitimate use of personal conscience, additional steps in the ethical decision making process, and more detailed explanations in the Values Statements. Reasons for changes to standards are identified as primarily related to changes in society that have resulted in changes to the expectations and work of psychologists, as well as to the ongoing dialogue within the psychology and broader communities regarding ethical issues and challenges. Five tables outline the substantive changes made to the Code over the years. The author also presents some initial results from the current process of review of the 2000 Code. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Obituary: Dalmas A. Taylor (1933–1998).

Memorializes D. A. Taylor, a social justice leader, scholar, politician and administrator, mentor and teacher. Taylor was the founder of the Minority Fellowship Program in the American Psychological Association. He helped open the APA to ethnic minority psychologists by conceiving of the Summit of Ethnic Minority Psychologists in 1978. Taylor served on various APA boards, committees, task forces, and ad hoc groups, and was elected president of Division 9 and Division 45. He co-wrote the book, Theory of Social Penetration (1973) with I. Altman and co-edited the book, Eliminating Racism: Profiles in Controversy (1988) with P. Katz. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Olfactory predator recognition in predator-na?ve gray mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus).

Olfactory cues of predators, such as feces, are known to elicit antipredator responses in animals (e.g., avoidance, activity). To date, however, there is little information on olfactory predator recognition in primates. We tested whether the odor of feces of different predator categories (historical Malagasy predators and introduced predators) and of Malagasy nonpredators (control) induces antipredator behavior in captive born, predator-na?ve gray mouse lemurs. In an olfactory predator experiment a mouse lemur was exposed to a particular odor, fixed at a preferred location, where the animal was trained to get a reward. The behavior of the mouse lemur toward the respective stimulus category was videotaped and quantified. Results showed that mouse lemurs avoided the place of odor presentation when the odor belonged to a predator. They reacted with a significantly enhanced activity when exposed to odors of carnivores compared to those of nonpredatory controls. These findings are in favor of a genetic predisposition of olfactory predator recognition that might be based on the perception of metabolites from meat digestion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Are there species-universal categories in bird song phonology and syntax? A comparative study of chaffinches (Fringilla coelebs), zebra finches (Taenopygia guttata), and swamp sparrows (Melospiza georgiana).

Previous studies of learned bird song have suggested the existence of species-universal patterns in song organization: clear clusters in produced songs that do not vary within a species. Here the authors combine a computational method of comparing songs with statistical methods of assessing cluster structure to investigate this issue in a more quantitative manner. The authors first analyze song phonology and then examine song syntax at a population level in 3 species with very different song structure: chaffinches (Fringilla coelebs), zebra finches (Taenopygia guttata), and swamp sparrows (Melospiza georgiana). The authors used a dynamic time-warping algorithm to compare song elements, which closely matched the judgments of human observers. Clustering tendency and validation statistics showed that broad phonological categories existed in all 3 species, but these categories explained no more than half of the overall phonological variation. The authors developed a novel statistic to assess syntactical structure, which indicated that element transitions were not randomly distributed. In the clearest case, in chaffinches, this could be explained by syllables being linked to certain positions within the song. These results demonstrate measures of song organization that can be applied across species, enhancing the potential of comparative studies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Index of literature reviews and summaries in the Psychological Bulletin, 1967–1978.

Updates a previous compilation by T. Andrews and F. Kerr (1967) covering 1940–1966. Like the earlier index, the current one includes all articles that were wholly or largely reviews of a specialized area of literature, along with published comments on those review articles. Author and subject indexes are included. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Diagnostic efficiency of DSM–IV indicators for binge eating episodes.

Objective: Research has examined various aspects of the validity of the research criteria for binge eating disorder (BED) but has yet to evaluate the utility of the 5 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM–IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) “indicators for impaired control” specified to help determine loss of control while overeating (i.e., binge eating). We examined the diagnostic efficiency of these indicators proposed as part of the research criteria for BED (eating until uncomfortably full; eating when not hungry; eating more rapidly than usual; eating in secret; and feeling disgust, shame, or depression after the episode). Method: A total of 916 community volunteers completed a battery of measures including questions about each of the indicators. Participants were categorized into 3 groups: BED (N = 164), bulimia nervosa (BN; N = 83), and non-binge-eating controls (N = 669). Four conditional probabilities (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive power [PPP], and negative predictive power [NPP]) as well as total predictive value (TPV) and kappa coefficients were calculated for each indicator criterion in separate analyses comparing BED, BN, and combined BED + BN groups relative to controls. Results: PPPs and NPPs suggest all of the indicators have predictive value, with eating alone because embarrassed (PPP = .80) and feeling disgusted (NPP = .93) performing as the best inclusion and exclusion criteria, respectively. The best overall indicators for correctly identifying binge eating (based on TPV and kappa) were eating when not hungry and eating alone because embarrassed. Conclusions: All 5 proposed indicators for impaired control for determining binge eating have utility, and the diagnostic efficiency statistics provide guidance for clinicians and the DSM–5 regarding their usefulness for inclusion or exclusion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effect of Zr Content on the Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Al–Cu–Mn Alloy

Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals - In order to improve the overall properties of cast Al–Cu–Mn alloy, the effect of Zr content on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of...     

Effect of Shock Sintering Temperature and Carbon Content of the WC–Co Hardmetal Anode on the Mass Transfer in Electrospark Deposition

Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics - The paper examines how the shock sintering temperature and carbon content of the VK25 hardmetal and the process time and discharge energy in the electrospark...     

Enhancing the Intergranular Corrosion Resistance of the Al–Mg–Si Alloy with Low Zn Content by the Interrupted Aging Treatment

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - The intergranular corrosion (IGC) resistance of the Al–Mg–Si alloy with low Zn addition treated by the interrupted aging treatment (T6I6)...