一种隔离式高（低）温液压系统

提出一种隔离式高（低）温液压系统。对传统的液压系统油温控制技术进行了改进，以常温液压缸换向系统为前级主动，推/拉隔离缸进行循环工作；两件隔离缸往返的油液形成封闭系统，油液循环流动，经过油温控制装置，对其进行加热或制冷，使其达到额定的高（低）温。其优点是仅需要对隔离缸的油液进行温度控制，显著缩减了需要控制温度的油液容积，从而降低了温控设备的功率和复杂性；温度平衡后，加热（或制冷）仅需要补充热消耗，运行功率小。该技术在实践中取得了良好的效果。     

45钢低温渗硼层的组织与性能

探讨了４５钢低温渗硼层的组织与性能，结果表明，氏温渗硼层通常呈针状，在渗硼层前沿没有如高温渗硼那样的晶粒粗大的伪共析或过共析组织的过渡区，而只有一个相对较窄的富碳区，低温渗硼层的耐磨性和耐蚀性较高温渗硼层有所提高，而其脆性却有所降低。在一定条件下会出现块粒状硼化物层，其耐磨性低于针状渗硼层，而其耐蚀性却优于针状渗硼层。     

Particle temperature measurement in the thermal spray process

Particle temperature is a fundamental parameter in the thermal spray process. The measurement of particle temperature usually relies on the measurement of the radiance of the hot, incandescent, particles in two or more wavelength or color bands. Measurement techniques can be categorized as single particle and ensemble methods. Single particle methods use high-speed pyrometry to estimate the temperature of individual particles. The mean and standard deviation of the particle temperature distribution can then be obtained from observations of sufficient numbers of individual particles. Ensemble methods observe large numbers of particles simultaneously and yield an estimated mean temperature directly, but cannot provide information on the shape or width of the particle temperature distribution. Both techniques have inherent errors, strengths, and limitations that are examined and discussed.     

离心激冷制备半固态铝合金

研究了离心激冷装置下半固态ZL203铝合金的制备,考察了不同的离心转速、外桶预热温度和浇注温度对合金初生相形态的影响规律.结果表明,采用离心激冷的方法可以制备出初生相为球状或细小颗粒状晶粒的半固态铝合金;随着离心转速提高,合金的初生相逐渐细化,其形态由等轴枝晶变成细小的球状或颗粒状晶粒;随着激冷桶预热温度和浇注温度降低,合金的初生相先细化,后有所粗化.     

Al—Li合金中缺陷和电子密度的正电子寿命谱

在深低温到室温不同温度下，测量了不同时效状态的Ａｌ-Ｌｉ-Ｃｕ-Ｍｇ-Ｚｒ合金和含Ｚｎ、Ａｇ或Ｓｃ的合金的正电子寿命谱。分析表明：峰值时效使热空位大量回复并使基体电子密度提高。在深低温下，空位主要以单空位形式存在且随温度升高而激活并运动复合成多空位。Ｚｎ和Ａｇ对空位的运动有束缚作用，Ｓｃ有助于空位的运动。样品在低温下基体电子密度升高，对合金低温强度产生重要影响。     

Effect of temperature on mechanical behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy

Strain rate sensitivity and tension/compression asymmetry of AZ31 magnesium alloy at different temperatures and strainrates were investigated.Both of mechanical behaviors are temperature dependent.Strain rate sensitivity increases with increasingtemperature.Thermally activated slip is the source of strain rate sensitivity.At the temperature below or near 373 K,strain ratesensitivity is very little.Tension/compression asymmetry in yielding decreases with increasing temperature.Twinning is the reasonof tension/compression asymmetry.At the temperature above or near 573 K,the material shows little tension/compressionasymmetry of the flow stress.     

温挤压模具冷热疲劳早期失效模拟分析与探讨

生产某壳体零件的模具存在严重的冷热疲劳早期失效现象,结合生产实际利用Deform有限元模拟软件对其温挤压过程进行模拟。通过对比模拟分析可得到凸模在工作时不同时刻的温度值,不同模具预热温度和坯料温度下模具的最高温度分布以及急冷急热温度差范围。为了减缓模具的冷热疲劳,模具预热温度最好控制在200～300℃之间,坯料加热温度控制在800℃内。     

热处理工艺对6063铝合金强度和导电率的影响

研究了热处理工艺参数(如时效温度、时间等)对6063铝合金的强度和导电率的影响。结果表明，低温长时间和高温短时间都可以提高强度，而随着时效温度的提高和时效时间的延长，6063铝合金的导电率呈上升趋势。     

THERMODYNAMICS ON THE SELECTIVE OXIDATION OF ELEMENTS IN MOLTEN MATTE AND METALS

总结讨论了熔锍及熔融金属中元素选择性氧化的行为,举出镍锍中 Ni 与 S,铁液中 Cr,V,Nb,Mn 或 P 与 C 作为应用的实例.利用热力学分析提出氧化的转化温度的概念,并指出二步及一步计算该温度的方法.在排除新相生成的晶核能的条件下,氧化的转化温度与氧的存在形式(无论是气态 O_2,溶于金属液中的[O]或炉渣中的 FeO)以及氧的压力或活度无关,而只决定于参加反应的物质及产物的本质及活度(压力).同时,转化温度不是一成不变的温度,而是随着熔池组成的改变而不断地在变化.降低气体氧化产物的分压将有助于降低氧化的转化温度.理论计算的转化温度可提供使熔池中一个元素的优先氧化而使另一元素保留不变的最佳条件.小型实验和工业上实践证明,转化温度的概念可以成功地控制吹炼操作,作到按意图进行选择性氧化.影响熔池内元素氧化顺序的动力学因素也作了简略的分析.对镍锍脱 S、不锈钢脱 C 以及高碳锰铁降 C 的吹炼,熔池温度永远要高于相应熔池组成的转化温度.而对铁水脱 Cr 和铁水提 V 或 Nb,熔池温度则应保持低于相应熔池组成的转化温度.P,C 在铁水中的氧化顺序,除与转化温度有关外,还取决于熔渣组成以及 CO 承担的压力.     

新一代功率芯片耐高温封装连接国内外发展评述

新一代半导体高温功率芯片可在500 ℃左右甚至更高的温度下服役,耐高温封装已成为其高温应用的主要障碍. 针对当前高温功率芯片耐高温封装连接问题,从芯片耐高温封装连接的结构及要求、芯片的耐高温封装连接方法(包括高温无铅钎料封装连接、银低温烧结连接、固液互扩散连接和瞬时液相烧结连接)及存在的问题等方面对国内外研究现状、动态进行了分析和评述,并提出了今后高温功率芯片耐高温封装连接的研究重点和发展方向.     

低功率超声处理对LC9合金初生晶粒的影响

以超声波输出功率密度、处理时间、熔体施振温度和铸型预热温度为研究因素,对LC9合金熔体施加低功率超声振动进行了试验研究。结果表明,通过控制低功率超声熔体处理参数与凝固条件,可以制备出初生相为球状或细小颗粒状晶体的LC9合金;功率密度在0～5W/cm2范围内,随着功率密度的增大,初生晶粒逐渐细化,但功率密度大于5W/cm2后,初生晶粒大小不再发生明显变化;随着搅拌时间的增加或施振温度的提高,初生晶粒尺寸先减小后增大,其转折点分别为45s和660℃;在室温～450℃的范围内,随着铸型预热温度的增加,晶粒尺寸迅速增大,当预热温度高于300℃时,超声波所起的晶粒球化效果被削弱。     

Beeinflussung der Warmfestigkeitseigenschaften durch Hochtemperaturkorrosion

Influence on high temperature mechanical strength of high temperature corrosion Recent investigations on the interaction between mechanical properties and high temperature corrosion are reviewed. Surface and volume effects as well as grain boundary orientated processes are characterized. The latter ones appear to be of special importance since they can facilitate or accelerate crack initation and propagation. These effects are most pronounced unter the influence of halogenides in connection with oxygen or sulfur attack. Certain parallels with corrosion in aqueous media, e.g. stress corrosion cracking, may be drawn. However, component life degradation in practical use is only to be expected when a critical combination of stress or strain rate, respectively, temperature and hot gas composition is exceeded. Further systematic investigations in this field are required.     

单晶高温合金的中温Ⅰ阶蠕变--涡轮叶片伸长的重要因素

单晶镍基高温合金已广泛用于制造先进燃气涡轮叶片,但这种合金至今仍被忽视的薄弱环节是它的中温Ⅰ阶蠕变伸长量远高于高温蠕变,而且与高温蠕变相比,中温Ⅰ阶蠕变对取向偏离、合金成分和热处理组织的变化更为敏感.虽然预蠕变引进较高的位错密度能有效抑制中温蠕变,但在实用上仍有困难.在选用单晶合金作为涡轮叶片时,应考虑到先进的二代和三代单晶在中温下的抗变形能力不如一代单晶,同时中温大应力状态下的叶片根部可能过度伸长.     

On-line temperature monitoring and process diagnosis of plasma sprayed coatings

On-line temperature monitoring of plasma sprayed coating is presented, which is based on IR pyrometery combined to robot trajectories. Temperature fields of the substrate before spraying and the deposited coating when the damage happens are taken to investigate the temperature fluctuation information. Experimental results demonstrate that coating damage always occurs in the temperature transition area of the substrate from the higher to the lower, as well as the higher temperature area. The temperature difference between the peak and the mean of the relevant regions is beyond 30-50 ℃ or even higher. This case provides the omen of coating damage and the focusing scopes for the process control of coating temperature in plasma spraying.     

非线性焊接热传导的有限元分析和计算

焊接温度场的数值计算,近年来取得不少进展,但其中大多是采用线性有限单元方程或差分方程求解的。本文对非线性的热传导问题进行了有限元分析,建立了焊接温度场的计算模型,编制了相应的计算机程序。该程序考虑了材料热物理性能随温度的变化以及表面的散热情况,并可以进行固定热源或移动热源、薄板或厚板、准稳态或非准稳态二维温度场的有限元分析。文中就固定热源或移动热源薄板对接焊等几个具体实例进行了有限元分析。结果表明,考虑热物理性能随温度的变化以及表面的散热条件能使计算精度得到提高。并且还表明,只要选取合适的计算模型尺寸,焊缝及近缝区的温度分布便可趋向于准稳定状态。     

Prediction of burn-on and mould penetration in steel casting using simulation

Abstract

Burn-on and penetration defects in steel casting are principally caused by localised overheating of the sand mould or cores. Such overheating can cause liquid metal to compromise the mould surface and entrain onto the surface of the mould. A method has been developed to predict likely burn-on and penetration defect locations as part of a standard casting simulation. The method relies on determining, from simulation results, the locations where the mould is above a certain critical temperature. The critical temperature is generally above the temperature at which the steel is fully solidified. By measuring the time periods during which these locations in the mould are above the critical temperature, burn-on and penetration defects can be predicted. The method is validated through comparison with previous experimental data. Several parametric studies are conducted to investigate the sensitivity of the predictions to the choice of the critical temperature, the interfacial heat transfer coefficient between the steel and the mould, the pouring temperature, and the mould material. The results of one case study are presented where burn-on or penetration defects observed on a production steel casting are successfully predicted.     

时效对ADC12压铸铝合金组织和性能的影响

通过微观组织观察、拉伸性能测试和尺寸稳定性测试等研究了时效工艺对ADC12压铸铝合金微观组织、力学性能和尺寸稳定性的影响。结果表明,随时效时间或温度增加,合金内部逐渐弥散析出强化粒子相,合金强度呈上升趋势;进一步增加时效时间或温度,强化粒子相开始聚集长大,合金强度下降。在时效后的保温处理过程中,影响试样尺寸的因素主要有两个,一是残余应力,二是固态相变。时效温度较低或时间较短时,残余应力消除造成的试样尺寸变长占据主导地位,试样尺寸伸长。随时效时间或温度增加,固态相变造成的试样变短占据主导地位,试样尺寸变化由正值转为负值,即试样缩短。综合考虑合金的拉伸性能、经济效益及尺寸变化尽量小的原则,ADC12合金合适的时效工艺为200~220 ℃×4 h或220~240 ℃×2 h。     

Temperature effect on pitting corrosion of mild steel in de-aerated sodium bicarbonate-chloride solutions

The pitting potential of mild steel in bicarbonate-chloride solutions has been studied as a function of temperature. Raising the temperature up to 90°C restricts or completely prevents the breakdown of the passive film at chloride concentrations up to about 130 ppm. At concentrations above this level the temperature effect is reversed and raising the temperature facilitates film breakdown. The two phenomena are explained in terms of two competing processes concurrently occurring at the passive film surface: reduced adsorption of chloride ions and reduced stability and/or increased solubility of an Fe-Cl complex at enhanced temperatures.     

Interfacial structure and mechanical properties of hot roll bonded joints between titanium alloy and stainless steel using copper interlayer

Abstract

The hot roll bonding was carried out in vacuum condition between titanium alloy and stainless steel using copper interlayer. The stainless steel/Cu can not be bonded if the bonding temperature is lower than or equal to 730°C, and the Cu–Ti alloy can not be bonded if the bonding temperature is higher than or equal to 880°C. The testing results show that the total thickness of intermetallic layers at the interface between copper and titanium alloy increases with the bonding temperature, and the tensile strength of bonded joints decreases with increasing bonding temperature. The maximum strength of 343 MPa was obtained at the bonding temperature of 780°C, the reduction of 20% and the rolling speed of 38 mm s^–1.     

EPR法评价奥氏体不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性的研究

利用电化学动电位再活化（即EPR）法检测了奥氏体不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性的程度.研究了不同条件对敏化度的影响,特别是不同敏化时间、敏化温度、扫描速度、溶液温度对奥氏体不锈钢晶间腐蚀性能的影响,并与草酸电解浸蚀实验结果进行对比.结果表明：双环EPR法能定量、定性的检测不锈钢的晶间腐蚀敏感性.对304LNSS而言,敏化时间越长,温度越高,其晶间腐蚀敏感性越强.扫描速度越快,溶液温度越低,同一材料的Ra值越小.EPR法与草酸电解浸蚀试验结果相吻合.