U形CFRP条带混锚加固混凝土梁抗剪试验

为解决纯粘贴U形纤维增强聚合物基复合材料（FRP）加固钢筋混凝土梁中FRP端部容易发生剥离破坏等问题,自主研发了对纤维布条带端部进行自锁锚固的方法和锚板,提出了端锚与粘贴并用的混锚U形条带抗剪加固方法。通过2根未加固梁、1根纯粘贴和2根混锚U形碳纤维增强聚合物基复合材料（CFRP）带抗剪加固梁的对比试验,证实了混锚抗剪加固的有效性：混锚能够对纤维带端部进行可靠锚固,阻止端部剥离破坏的发生,实现纤维拉断破坏,大幅度提高材料强度利用率。混锚加固在抑制混凝土梁斜裂缝开展、延缓箍筋屈服、提高箍筋和CFRP的极限应变以及提高抗剪承载力等多个方面的表现均明显优于纯粘贴加固。     

CFRP布端绕双杆自锁加固混凝土窄梁抗弯试验

为了抵抗粘贴碳纤维增强聚合物基复合材料（CFRP）加固钢筋混凝土结构中常见的剥离破坏,发明了将CFRP布端部以特定方式绕平行双杆实现自锁的方法。鉴于窄梁截面宽度有限,提出将CFRP布贴梁受拉底面布置后,用安装在梁侧面的双L形端锚装置固定双杆,形成侧锚底贴加固方案。完成了5根混凝土强度较低的矩形截面梁四点弯曲试验,其中4根采用上述锚固方式抗弯加固,检验了锚固效果,考察了CFRP布宽度及其沿全长与梁底面是否粘结对加固效果的影响。试验结果表明,采用本文方法进行加固后,端部剥离得以避免,中部剥离即使发生,或在无粘结加固梁受力后期,CFRP布仍能承担较大拉力,因此,极限荷载较对比梁有明显提高。比较而言,CFRP布与梁底有粘结时加固效果更好,CFRP布宽度加大也对提高承载力有益。     

Flexural behaviour of strengthened reinforced concrete beams

A large experimental research programme has investigated the flexural strength of simply supported reinforced concrete beams. The beams were first damaged so that they could be strengthened by means of jackets (cast-in-place shotcrete or pre-packed special mortar plus additional new reinforcement). This paper analyses the flexural strength of these beams. The behaviour in service and ultimate state as well as the bond characteristics are studied.

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Résumé Au cours d'un vaste programme expérimental, on a étudié la résistance en flexion de poutres en béton armé à appui simple. Ces poutres ont d'abord été endommagées, pour ensuite être renforcées par du béton projeté ou par du mortier spécial préconditionné, avec l'adjonction de nouvelles armatures. Cet article discute de la résistance en flexion de ces poutres. Le comportement en service et à l'état limite ultime, ainsi que les caractéristiques d'adhérence, sont étudiés.

     

炭纤维强化板及其加固混凝土梁的力学性能

为探寻涂胶对炭纤维布力学性能的影响 , 深入了解其加固混凝土结构的力学行为 , 对制备的炭纤维强化板(CFRP)及其加固混凝土梁 , 分别进行了轴向拉伸和预制裂缝四点弯曲加载实验。对比有胶与无胶纤维布拉伸实验 , 表明环氧树脂不仅粘接纤维布 , 对纤维布有保护作用 , 而且能够显著提高其拉伸强度。通过对加固混凝土梁的 FRP外贴应变片的加载过程进行电测跟踪测试 , 得到了材料结构损伤破坏过程曲线。由力学模型和曲线点拟合的最小二乘法 , 对 CFRP板所受轴力及混凝土的界面剪应力分布进行分析 , 得到轴力及剪应力分布。在载荷的变化过程中 , FRP与混凝土的界面逐渐脱粘 , 使得 FRP的应力集中程度降低 , 有时会出现应变回弹现象。      

Constitutive modeling of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete structures strengthened by fiber-reinforced plastics

A batch of constitutive models for steel reinforcing bar, prestressing tendon, concrete and fiber-reinforced plastic are proposed for the nonlinear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete structures, prestressed concrete structures, reinforced concrete structures strengthened by fiber-reinforced plastics and prestressed concrete structures strengthened by fiber-reinforced plastics. These material models have been tested against series of experimental data and good agreements have been obtained, which justifies the validity and the usefulness of the proposed nonlinear constitutive models.     

Fatigue lives of RC beams strengthened with CFRP at different temperatures under cyclic bending loads

Fatigue performance of reinforced concrete (RC) components strengthened with fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) is largely improved. However, temperature changes of service environment have a great effect on the fatigue behaviour of RC components strengthened with FRP. Concerning about temperature variations in subtropical areas such as South China, this paper analyses the fatigue behaviour of RC beams strengthened with carbon fibre laminate (CFL) from experimental studies and theoretical analysis under four different temperatures (5 °C, 20 °C, 50 °C, 80 °C) and five different stress levels (0.60, 0.66, 0.72, 0.78, 0.84). The paper discusses temperature fatigue behaviour of RC beams strengthened with CFL under cyclic bending loads in different service environments, and proposes a calculation formula of fatigue lives of RC beams strengthened with CFL under environmental temperatures and external forces coupling. Experimental results show that the formula not only effectively predicts the fatigue lives of the RC beams strengthened with CFL under environmental temperatures and bending loads coupling but also estimates the fatigue limits.     

高延性混凝土加固RC梁抗剪性能试验研究

剪跨比对FRP抗剪加固梁的裂缝开展和破坏模式有重要影响,但对FRP加固梁抗剪强度及尺寸效应的影响研究较少。采用三维细观数值模拟方法,考虑混凝土细观组成的非均质性及碳纤维布(CFRP)与混凝土之间的相互作用,建立了CFRP加固无腹筋钢筋混凝土梁剪切破坏力学分析模型。在验证细观模拟方法合理性的基础上,拓展模拟与分析了剪跨比对CFRP加固钢筋混凝土梁剪切破坏及尺寸效应的影响机制与规律。研究结果表明：剪跨比对CFRP抗剪加固梁剪切破坏模式影响较大,剪跨比越大,加固梁愈趋近于延性较好的斜拉破坏;剪跨比对CFRP加固梁抗剪承载力有较大影响,对抗剪强度尺寸效应影响较小;剪跨比对加固梁中的CFRP剪切贡献影响较大,剪跨比越大,CFRP对加固梁的抗剪效果越好,其中对中型剪跨比(λ=2.5)的梁加固效果最有效。     

Fatigue crack propagation behavior of RC beams strengthened with CFRP under cyclic bending loads

A fatigue crack propagation equation of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with a new type carbon fiber reinforced polymer was proposed in this paper on the basis of experimental and numerical methods. Fatigue crack propagation tests were performed to obtain the crack propagation rate of the strengthened RC beams. Digital image correlation method was used to capture the fatigue crack pattern. Finite element model of RC beam strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer was established to determinate J‐integral of a main crack considering material nonlinearities and degradation of material properties under cyclic loading. Paris law with a parameter of J‐integral was developed on the basis of the fatigue tests and finite element analysis. This law was preliminarily verified, which can be applied for prediction of fatigue lives of the strengthened RC beams.     

Flexural behaviour of RC slabs strengthened with prestressed CFRP strips using different anchorage systems

The Externally Bonded Reinforcement (EBR) technique using Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) has been commonly used to strengthen concrete structures in flexure. The use of prestressed CFRP material offers several advantages well-reported in the literature. Regardless of such as benefits, several studies on different topics are missing. The present work intends to contribute to the knowledge of two commercially available systems that differ on the type of anchorage: (i) the Mechanical Anchorage (MA), and (ii) the Gradient Anchorage (GA). For that purpose, an experimental program was carried out with twelve slabs monotonically tested under displacement control up to failure by using a four-point bending test configuration. The effect of type of anchorage system (MA and GA), prestrain level (0 and 0.4%), width (50 mm and 80 mm) and thickness (1.2 mm and 1.4 mm) of the CFRP laminate, and the surface preparation (grinded and sandblasted) on the flexural response were the main studied parameters. Better performance was observed for the slabs: (i) with prestressed laminates, (ii) for the MA system, and (iii) with sandblasted surface preparation.     

Seismic flexural behavior of concrete connections reinforced with CFRP bars and grids

The corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete and the resulting deterioration of structures prompted research on fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) as potential reinforcement for concrete members, for use in new construction. FRPs have more favorable advantages for new concrete buildings subjected to seismic loads particularly in corrosive environment.     

RC beams strengthened with NSM CFRP rods and modeling of peeling-off failure

The aim of the experimental programme developed in this work was to investigate the possibility of using Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) rods to strengthen concrete structural members with the Near Surface Mounted reinforcement (NSM) technique. The global behaviour of reinforced cantilever concrete beams strengthened by the NSM technique and subjected to flexure is investigated. The specific problem of cantilever beams (strengthening outward pressure) was studied. The global behaviour of the cantilever concrete beams was compared with that of beams subjected to flexure with four points load test. A carbon–epoxy pultruded FRP (CFRP) rod of 6 mm in diameter was used. The study was carried out up to the failure load, and focused on the modifications in mechanical behaviour, cracking and failure mode of the beams. An analytical and Finite Element models to predict the peeling-off failure mode were compared.     

Factors affecting the external prestressing stress in externally strengthened prestressed concrete beams

The wide use of external prestressing system to strengthen reinforced and prestressed concrete members requires the full understanding of the behaviour of the strengthened members. At ultimate the stress in the external prestressing tendons need to be known in order to calculate the ultimate strength of the strengthened member. Several factors that can influence the increase in the ultimate stress in steel external prestressing tendons have been studied and well understood while the effect of these factors on tendons made from fibre reinforced plastics needs more research.

This research was carried out to study the effect of several factors on the increase in the ultimate stress in external Parafil ropes as well as external steel tendons. These factors were related to the external prestressing system, internal prestressed and ordinary bonded steel, beam geometry and material properties. Also, the accuracy of equations proposed by the Eurocode (EC2), ACI318 and BS8110 to calculate the ultimate stress in external steel and FRP prestressing tendons was examined.

The experimental and the analytical results showed that the studied factors have the same effect on both steel (up to yield) and Parafil ropes though this effect is greater in case of steel tendons. Also, factors such as tendon profile (straight or deviated), high strength of the concrete, effective tendon depth, number of deviators should be taken into consideration when calculating the ultimate stress in the external tendons.     

Performance of reinforced concrete beams strengthened by hybrid FRP laminates

In the last two decades, the use of advanced composite materials such as Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) in strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) structural elements has been increasing. Research and design guidelines concluded that externally bonded FRP could increase the capacity of RC elements efficiently. However, the linear stress–strain characteristics of FRP up to failure and lack of yield plateau have a negative impact on the overall ductility of the strengthened RC elements. Use of hybrid FRP laminates, which consist of a combination of either carbon and glass fibers, or glass and aramid fibers, changes the behaviour of the material to a non-linear behaviour. This paper aims to study the performance of reinforced concrete beams strengthened by hybrid FRP laminates.

This paper presents an experimental program conducted to study the behaviour of RC beams strengthened with hybrid fiber reinforced polymer (HFRP) laminates. The program consists of a total of twelve T-beams with overall dimensions equal to 460 × 300 × 3250 mm. The beams were tested under cyclic loading up to failure to examine its flexural behaviour. Different reinforcement ratios, fiber directions, locations and combinations of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) laminates were attached to the beams to determine the best strengthening scheme. Different percentages of steel reinforcement were also used. An analytical model based on the stress–strain characteristics of concrete, steel and FRP was adopted. Recommendations and design guidelines of RC beams strengthened by FRP and HFRP laminates are introduced.     

无粘结CFRP筋部分预应力混凝土连续梁试验与分析

制备了9根两跨无粘结CFRP筋部分预应力混凝土连续梁,并完成了每跨三分点加载试验。考察了在加载过程中的开裂、中支座控制截面非预应力筋屈服、跨中控制截面非预应力筋屈服、极限破坏状态等阶段的受力特征,获得了无粘结CFRP筋在设计用承载能力极限状态和真实承载能力极限状态下的应力增长规律,基于试验结果提出了在这两个状态下的中支座两侧等效塑性铰长度计算公式,提出了分别以中支座控制截面综合配筋指标为自变量和以中支座控制截面相对塑性转角为自变量的弯矩调幅的计算公式。      

Numerical simulation of rebar/concrete interface debonding of FRP strengthened RC beams under fatigue load

The aim of this paper is to simulate the rebar/concrete interface debonding of FRP strengthened RC beams under fatigue load and also, to ascertain the influence of design parameters such as the elastic modulus, thickness and length of the FRP plate on the debonding performance. In order to simplify the simulation, some basic equilibrium equations are formulated and then the stresses of the rebar and FRP plate are numerically solved, and stress intensity factor is avoided in the simulation by fundamentals of fracture mechanics because of its complexity around the crack tip of bi-material interface. With the combination of finite element method and difference approximation, authors program the degradation model of coefficient of friction, debond criterion, propagation law and loop of load process into a commercial finite element code to investigate the fatigue debonding. The relationships between the debond length as well as other fatigue parameters and number of cyclic load are obtained and discussed.     

模拟不中断交通状况下粘贴碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土梁试验研究

为了调查动荷载作用下碳纤维布与钢筋混凝土梁的粘贴性能及加固效果,进行了5根模拟交通荷载(等幅正弦波形动荷载)作用下粘贴碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土梁和1根保持荷载下粘贴碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土梁以及2根对比梁的试验研究.试验中考虑了混凝土等级、配筋率、有无锚固条、粘贴长度、荷载幅值5个变化参数.试验结果表明,在模拟交通荷载的作用下,碳纤维布加固的钢筋混凝土梁粘贴性能满足要求,粘贴效果良好.在模拟交通荷载后的静载作用下,试验梁的抗弯承载力提高较多,加固效果明显,进一步验证了粘贴效果.     

Fatigue performance of RC beams strengthened with CFRP under coupling action of temperatures and vehicle random loads

Considering significant influence of servicing environments and vehicle random loads on fatigue performance of main load‐bearing members of bridges, in this paper, fatigue performance of reinforced concrete bridge structures strengthened with carbon fibre–reinforced polymer under coupling action of environmental temperatures and vehicle random loads was studied. A vehicle random loading spectrum for fatigue tests was simulated and compiled. A fatigue testing method with coupling action of random loads and temperatures was proposed, and 3‐point bending fatigue tests of the reinforced concrete beams strengthened with carbon fibre–reinforced polymer under coupling action of temperatures and vehicle random loads were performed. Effects of temperatures and loading form on the fatigue damage mechanism were preliminarily discussed. A modified Palmgren‐Miner rule and semiempirical fatigue equations were proposed and proved effective.     

40-Year-old full-scale concrete bridge girder strengthened with prestressed CFRP plates anchored using gradient method

A 17 m long internally prestressed concrete girder taken from a bridge in southern Switzerland was strengthened flexurally using prestressed CFRP plates and then tested to failure. The prestressing level in the plates was 32% of their nominal tensile strength. The load carrying behaviour of this test girder was compared to a reference girder and a girder strengthened using non-prestressed plates. For the anchorage of the prestressed CFRP plates, a method developed at Empa was used. In this method, the force in the CFRP plate is reduced to zero at the plate ends and permanent anchorage system is not required.

The experiments proved the feasibility of anchoring CFRP plates using the gradient method. Repeated loading showed stable tensile strains in the plates and shear stresses between the plates and concrete. Furthermore, prestressing resulted in decreased deflections and strains and a 45% increase in maximum recorded load.