Analytical solution of the dynamic behavior of non-homogenous orthotropic cylindrical shells on elastic foundations under moving loads

An analytical study on the dynamic behavior of an infinitely long, non-homogenous orthotropic cylindrical shell resting on elastic foundations subjected to combined action of the axial tension, internal compressive load and ring-shaped compressive pressure with constant velocity is presented. The problem is studied on the basis of the theory of vibrations of cylindrical shells. Formulas are derived for the maximum static and dynamic displacements, dynamic factors and critical velocity for homogenous and non-homogenous orthotropic cylindrical shells on Winkler or Pasternak elastic foundations and subjected to moving loads. A parametric study is conducted to demonstrate the effects of various parameters, such as Winkler or Pasternak foundations, the non-homogeneity and orthotropy of materials, the radius-to-thickness ratio and the velocity of the moving load on the dynamic displacements, dynamic factors and critical values of the velocity for cylindrical shells.     

Dynamic characteristics of fluid-conveying functionally graded cylindrical shells under mechanical and thermal loads

Considering rotary, in-plane inertias, and fluid velocity potential, the dynamic characteristics of fluid-conveying functionally graded materials (FGMs) cylindrical shells subjected to dynamic mechanical and thermal loads are investigated, where material properties of FGM shells are considered as graded distribution across the shell thickness according to a power-law, and dynamic thermal loads applied on the shell is considered as non-linear distribution across the thickness of the shell. The linear response characteristics of fluid-conveying FGM cylindrical shells are obtained by using modal superposition and Newmark’s direct time integration method.     

Nonlinear thermo-mechanical response of eccentrically stiffened Sigmoid FGM circular cylindrical shells subjected to compressive and uniform radial loads using the Reddy's third-order shear deformation shell theory

Based on Reddy's third-order shear deformation shell theory, this paper presents an analytical approach to investigate the nonlinear thermo-mechanical response of imperfect Sigmoid FGM circular cylindrical shells surrounded on elastic foundations and reinforced by outside metal stiffeners. The eccentrically stiffened S-FGM shells are subjected to axial compressive load and uniform radial load in thermal environment. Using the stress function, Bubnov–Galerkin method, the paper proposes the formula for forces and moments taking into account the thermal stress in both the shells and stiffeners. The obtained results are validated by comparing with other results reported in the literature.     

Analytical model of sound transmission through relatively thick FGM cylindrical shells considering third order shear deformation theory

This work presents an analytical solution for acoustic transmission through relatively thick FGM cylindrical shells using third order shear deformation theory (TSDT). An infinitely long FGM cylindrical shell composed of metal and ceramic with power-law distribution of volume fraction through the thickness is considered. The shell is immersed in a fluid with an external airflow and an oblique plane wave impinges on the external sidewall of the shell. Comparing the results of present study with those of previous models (CST and FSDT) for thin shells, similar results are observed due to limited effects of shear and rotation on transmission loss (TL). However, for relatively thick shells where the shear and rotation effects become more important in lower R/h, TSDT presents more accurate results caused by its higher order model. In addition, the results show proportional change in TL according to distribution of material properties through the thickness of FG cylindrical shells.     

Buckling of FGM cylindrical shells subjected to pure bending load

In this paper, buckling behaviors of composite cylindrical shells made from functionally graded materials (FGMs) subjected to pure bending load were investigated. The material properties were assumed to be graded along the thickness. The non-uniform bending force on the shell section was considered in the buckling government equation of FGM cylindrical shells based on the Donnell shallow shell theory. The prebuckling deformation of the FGM cylindrical shells was neglected and the buckling mode was assumed to occur non-uniformly in local district along the shell circumferential direction. The eigenvalue method was used to obtain the buckling critical condition. The theoretical results were in excellent agreement with those of ABAQUS code. Results show that the inhomogenity of the materials is significant for buckling of FGM cylindrical shells.     

The buckling of FGM truncated conical shells subjected to combined axial tension and hydrostatic pressure

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the elastic buckling of FGM truncated thin conical shells under combined axial tension and hydrostatic pressure. Here axial tensions are separately applied to small and large bases of the truncated conical shell, respectively. It is assumed that the cone is a mixture of metal and ceramic, and that its properties changes as the power and exponential functions of the shell thickness. After giving the fundamental relations, the stability and compatibility equations of an FGM truncated conical shell, subject to combined axial tension and hydrostatic pressure, have been derived. Applying Galerkin’s method general formulas have been obtained for the critical combined and separate loads of FGM conical shells. The appropriate formulas for homogenous and FGM cylindrical shells are found as a special case. Effects of changing shell characteristics, material composition and volume fraction of constituent materials on the critical combined and separate loads of FGM shells with simply supported edges are also investigated. The results obtained for homogeneous cases are compared with their counterparts in the literature.     

Mechanical buckling of functionally graded material cylindrical shells surrounded by Pasternak elastic foundation

In this study, the mechanical buckling of functionally graded material cylindrical shell that is embedded in an outer elastic medium and subjected to combined axial and radial compressive loads is investigated. The material properties are assumed to vary smoothly through the shell thickness according to a power law distribution of the volume fraction of constituent materials. Theoretical formulations are presented based on a higher-order shear deformation shell theory (HSDT) considering the transverse shear strains. Using the nonlinear strain–displacement relations of FGMs cylindrical shells, the governing equations are derived. The elastic foundation is modelled by two parameters Pasternak model, which is obtained by adding a shear layer to the Winkler model. The boundary condition is considered to be simply-supported. The novelty of the present work is to achieve the closed-form solutions for the critical mechanical buckling loads of the FGM cylindrical shells surrounded by elastic medium. The effects of shell geometry, the volume fraction exponent, and the foundation parameters on the critical buckling load are investigated. The numerical results reveal that the elastic foundation has significant effect on the critical buckling load.     

Postbuckling of pressure-loaded FGM hybrid cylindrical shells in thermal environments

A postbuckling analysis is presented for a functionally graded cylindrical shell with piezoelectric actuators subjected to lateral or hydrostatic pressure combined with electric loads in thermal environments. Heat conduction and temperature-dependent material properties are both taken into account. The temperature field considered is assumed to be a uniform distribution over the shell surface and varied in the thickness direction and the electric field considered only has non-zero-valued component E_Z. The material properties of functionally graded materials (FGMs) are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents, and the material properties of both FGM and piezoelectric layers are assumed to be temperature-dependent. The governing equations are based on a higher order shear deformation theory with a von Kármán–Donnell-type of kinematic nonlinearity. A boundary layer theory of shell buckling is extended to the case of FGM hybrid laminated cylindrical shells of finite length. A singular perturbation technique is employed to determine the buckling pressure and postbuckling equilibrium paths. The numerical illustrations concern the postbuckling behavior of pressure-loaded, perfect and imperfect, FGM cylindrical shells with fully covered piezoelectric actuators under different sets of thermal and electric loading conditions. The results reveal that temperature dependency, temperature change and volume fraction distribution have a significant effect on the buckling pressure and postbuckling behavior of FGM hybrid cylindrical shells. In contrast, the control voltage only has a very small effect on the buckling pressure and postbuckling behavior of FGM hybrid cylindrical shells.     

Static and free vibration analysis of multilayered functionally graded shells and plates using an efficient zigzag theory

Accurate zigzag theory is presented for static and free vibration analysis of multilayered functionally graded material (FGM) cylindrical shells and rectangular plates by approximating inplane displacements as a combination of linear layerwise and cubic global terms. Governing equations of motion are derived using Hamilton’s principle. The theory yields accurate results for displacements, stresses and natural frequencies in simply-supported functionally graded multilayered cylindrical shell panels and rectangular plates. Effect of changing the volume fraction ratio, aspect ratio and thickness of FGM layer between two homogeneous layers are investigated for a number of multilayered shell and plate laminates.     

Nonlinear buckling and postbuckling of imperfect piezoelectric S-FGM circular cylindrical shells with metal–ceramic–metal layers in thermal environment using Reddy's third-order shear deformation shell theory

Based on Reddy's third-order shear deformation shell theory, this paper studied the nonlinear buckling and postbuckling response of imperfect Sigmoid functionally graded circular cylindrical shells in a thermal environment with an outer surface-bonded piezoelectric actuator. Material properties are temperature dependent and graded in the thickness direction with two shell's outer surfaces rich of metal and ceramic in the middle (S-FGM). The shell is subjected to uniform external pressure, axial compressive, electrical loads and resting on elastic foundations. The obtained numerical results are validated by comparing with other results reported in the open literature.     

The vibration and stability of a three-layered conical shell containing an FGM layer subjected to axial compressive load

Summary In this paper, the vibration and stability of a three-layered conical shell containing a functionally graded material (FGM) layer subjected to axial compressive load are studied. The material properties of the functionally graded layer are assumed to vary continuously through the thickness of the shell. The variation of properties follows an arbitrary distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. The fundamental relations, the dynamic stability and compatibility equations of three-layered truncated conical shells containing an FGM layer are obtained first. Applying Galerkin's method, these equations are transformed to a pair of time dependent differential equations, and critical axial load and frequency parameter are obtained. The results show that the critical parameters are affected by the configurations of the constituent materials and the variation of the shell geometry. Comparing results with those in the literature validates the present analysis.     

Nonlinear dynamics of FGM circular cylindrical shell with clamped-clamped edges

An analysis on the nonlinear dynamics of a clamped-clamped FGM circular cylindrical shell subjected to an external excitation and uniform temperature change is presented in this paper. Material properties of the constituents are assumed to be temperature-independent and the effective properties of FGM cylindrical shell are graded in thickness direction according to a simple power law function in terms of the volume fractions. Based on the first-order shear deformation shell theory and von Karman type nonlinear strain-displacement relationship, the nonlinear governing equations of motion are derived by using Hamilton’s principle. Galerkin’s method is then utilized to discretize the governing partial equations to a two-degree-of-freedom nonlinear system including the quadratic and cubic nonlinear terms under combined external excitations. Numerical results including the bifurcations, waveform, phase plots and Poincare maps are presented for clamped-clamped FGM cylindrical shells showing the influences of material gradient index, the thickness and the external loading on the nonlinear dynamics.     

Mechanical stability of metal foam cylindrical shells with various porosity distributions

Abstract

The paper deals with the nonlinear buckling analysis of imperfect cylindrical shells made of porous metal foam subjected to axial compression. For the metal foam shells, porosities are dispersed by uniform, symmetric, and asymmetric distributions in the thickness direction. Using Donnell shell theory and von-Karman nonlinear kinematics, nonlinear equilibrium equations are derived. The critical buckling load and buckling equilibrium curves for both perfect and imperfect shells are solved by using the Galerkin's procedure. A comprehensive investigation into the influence of porosity coefficient, imperfections, porosity distribution, and geometry on the buckling behaviors of the cylindrical shell is performed.     

Thermal effects on nonlinear vibrations of functionally graded doubly curved shells using higher order shear deformation theory

Geometrically nonlinear vibrations of functionally graded (FG) doubly curved shells subjected to thermal variations and harmonic excitation are investigated via multi-modal energy approach. Two different nonlinear higher-order shear deformation theories are considered and it is assumed that the shell is simply supported with movable edges. Using Lagrange equations of motion, the energy functional is reduced to a system of infinite nonlinear ordinary differential equations with quadratic and cubic nonlinearities which is truncated based on solution convergence. A pseudo-arclength continuation and collocation scheme is employed to obtain numerical solutions for shells subjected to static and harmonic loads. The effects of FGM power law index, thickness ratio and temperature variations on the frequency–amplitude nonlinear response are fully discussed and it is revealed that, for relatively thick and deep shells, the Amabili–Reddy theory which retains all the nonlinear terms in the in-plane displacements gives different and more accurate results.     

The transient responses of two-layered cylindrical shells attacked by underwater explosive shock waves

An approximation solution is introduced for the dynamic response of a two-layered cylindrical shell of circular cross-section subjected to an underwater explosive shock wave. The solution is obtained within the framework of the Flugge thin shell theory and the reflected-afterflow-virtual-source (RAVS) method is used to account for the fluid–structure interaction. Detailed numerical computations are carried out, in dimensionless form, for the cases of infinitely long two-layered cylindrical shells. Time histories of nondimensional radial velocity, mid-surface strain, 0th mode radial displacement and 1st mode radial velocity are presented in graphical form and the effects of elastic modulus, shell radius and thickness on the transient response characteristics of the shells are investigated.     

Generalized coupled thermoelasticity of functionally graded cylindrical shells

In this paper, the response of a circular cylindrical thin shell made of the functionally graded material based on the generalized theory of thermoelasticity is obtained. The governing equations of the generalized theory of thermoelasticity and the energy equations are simultaneously solved for a functionally graded axisymmetric cylindrical shell subjected to thermal shock load. Thermoelasticity with second sound effect in cylindrical shells based on the Lord–Shulman model is compared with the Green–Lindsay model. A second‐order shear deformation shell theory, that accounts for the transverse shear strains and rotations, is considered. Including the thermo‐mechanical coupling and rotary inertia, a Galerkin finite element formulation in space domain and the Laplace transform in time domain is used to formulate the problem. The inverse Laplace transform is obtained using a numerical algorithm. The shell is graded through the thickness assuming a volume fraction of metal and ceramic, using a power law distribution. The effects of temperature field for linear and non‐linear distributions across the shell thickness are examined. The results are validated with the known data in the literature. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The elastic response of functionally graded cylindrical shells to low-velocity impact

This paper deals with the problem of functionally graded (FG) cylindrical shells subjected to low-velocity impact by a solid striker. An analytic solution to predict the impact response of the FG cylindrical shells with one layer or multi-layers is presented. The solution includes both contact deformation and transverse shear deformation. The effective material properties of functionally graded materials (FGMs) for the cylindrical shells are assumed to vary continuously through the shell thickness and are graded in the shell thickness direction according to a volume fraction power law distribution. This is implemented in the governing equation of motion and thus included in the present solution. Four types of FG cylindrical shells composed of stainless steel and silicon nitride are configured and their transient responses to impact are computed using the present solution. The effects of the constituent volume fraction and the FGM configuration on the transient response of the laminated cylindrical shell induced by impact are examined.     

On the stability of FGM shells subjected to combined loads with different edge conditions and resting on elastic foundations

In this study, the stability analysis of functionally graded material (FGM) cylindrical, truncated and complete conical shells subjected to combined loads and resting on elastic foundations for two boundary conditions is investigated. The functionally graded material properties are assumed to vary continuously through the thickness of the conical shell. At first, the basic relations, the stability and compatibility equations of the FGM truncated conical shell on the Pasternak-type elastic foundation are obtained. By applying the Galerkin method to the foregoing equations, the critical combined loads of clamped–clamped and sliding–sliding FGM shells on the Pasternak-type elastic foundation are obtained. Finally, carrying out some computations, effects of the elastic foundation, boundary conditions, the variation of shell characteristics and material composition profiles on the values of critical combined loads have been studied.     

含铝炸药爆炸作用下的水中圆柱壳动态响应数值研究？

为了研究圆柱壳在含铝炸药水下爆炸载荷作用下的响应规律,利用非线性动力学软件AUTODYN计算了3种不同配方含铝炸药的远场冲击波特性,并将计算值与文献实验值进行对比,计算误差能够稳定在5％以内,之后结合ABAQUS程序模拟了含铝炸药冲击载荷作用下水中圆柱壳的动态响应。在30 kg药量下分析比对了圆柱壳体加速度、速度及有效塑性应变的变化规律,随后确定了各炸药致使圆柱壳结构失稳的临界药量,并以PBXW-115为例研究了临界药量作用下的圆柱壳破坏模式。结果表明,AUTODYN与ABAQUS程序的联用,能够有效地模拟圆柱壳在含铝炸药远场冲击波作用下的动态响应;含铝炸药致使圆柱壳单元达到屈曲失效所需药量普遍低于理想炸药RDX。     

A semi-analytical finite element model for the analysis of cylindrical shells made of functionally graded materials under thermal shock

In the present work, a study of thermoelastic analysis of functionally graded cylindrical shells subjected to transient thermal shock loading is carried out. A semi-analytical axisymmetric finite element model using the three-dimensional linear elasticity theory is developed. The three-dimensional equations of motion are reduced to two-dimensional ones by expanding the displacement field in Fourier series in the circumferential direction involving circumferential harmonics. The material properties are graded in the thickness direction according to a power law. The model has been verified with the results of simple analytical isotropic cylindrical shells subjected to a transient thermal loading. Additional FGM results for stresses and displacements are presented.