BER performance of a uniform circular array versus a uniform linear array in a mobile radio environment

In this letter, we present a comparison between the bit error rate (BER) performance of a uniform circular array (UCA) and a uniform linear array (ULA) assuming quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) and maximal-ratio-combining (MRC) in a mobile radio communication environment. The results are based on analysis, assuming a flat Rayleigh fading channel with omni-directional antennnas and considering the azimuthal plane only. The analytical BER is derived as a function of the spatial fading correlation for both types of antenna arrays. Results show that for similar aperture sizes the UCA outperforms the ULA when considering all angles-of-arrival. However, there is considerable variability over central angle-of-arrival (AOA) for low-to-moderate angle spreads. For angles-of-arrival concentrated near the broadside of the linear array, the ULA typically performs as well as or better than the UCA. A truncated Gaussian AOA (AOA) distribution is assumed to model spatial correlation and the numerical results focus on four element arrays.     

Constrained likelihood function for a uniform array

The symmetry of a uniform linear array can be exploited to construct a simplified analytical representation for the maximum likelihood function. This results in a significant decrease in the computational load and allows the algorithm to be used with large arrays     

均匀直线阵的波束形成

简述了单个信号和多个信号进入等距直 (天 )线阵列时波束形成的方法 ,分别用来自不同方向的 4个信号和 5个信号进入七个阵元的阵列进行试验 ,得出了仿真结果     

A generalized solution for diffraction over a uniform array ofabsorbing half-screens

An extension of the work by Xia and Bertoni (1992) on physical-optics diffraction over many equally spaced absorbing half-screens of uniform height permits the calculation of the field as a function of height rather than just at the height of the half-screen edges. The extension is based on a generalization of functions studied by Boersma (1978). The solution is in the form of a series that can be evaluated in a limited but useful range of heights of the source and field points above and below the plane containing the edges. Up to 15 diffracting screens can reasonably be included in the calculation. Both incident plane waves and incident cylindrical waves are considered. An application could be in transmission to antennas mounted on buildings in an area where buildings are of uniform height and spacing. Approximating formulas are suggested for practical use     

Real-valued DOA estimation for uniform linear array with unknown mutual coupling

In this paper, we propose a real-valued direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation method for uniform linear arrays (ULAs) in the presence of unknown mutual coupling. By taking advantage of the special structure of the mutual coupling matrix for ULAs, the effect of mutual coupling is eliminated by the inherent mechanism of the proposed method. Moreover, the computational complexity is reduced by a factor of at least four after further performing a unitary transformation capable of converting a complex covariance matrix into a real one. We also investigate the performance loss due to the imperfect structure of the mutual coupling matrix under the NEC-2 code. Experimental results with respect to the NEC-2 code illustrate that our new method even outperforms a state-of-the-art method in the literature.     

基于均匀圆阵的低运算量时空二维Rake接收机实现方法

本文通过引入阵列天线，将传统的1－D Rake接收机推广到了时空域。在均匀圆阵条件下，提出了一种时空二维搜索和跟踪算法，避免了耗时的信号来波方向（DOA）的估计；采用一种适用于CDMA系统的与数据无关的空域滤波器，降低了进行空域滤波器优化的运算量。与基于最优空域滤波器的方法相比，在用户数较大时，本文方法抑制干扰和噪声的能力逼近空域优化方法，而其运算量小于空域优化方法。与具有相当运算量的波束切换方法相比，由于本文中的时空跟踪器能使波束的主瓣始终对准用户来波方向，其抑制干扰和噪声的性能优于波束切换方法。本文最后以数值仿真实验验证了上述结论。     

DOA estimation with a rotational uniform linear array (RULA) and unknown spatial noise covariance

Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimation is one of the major tasks in array signal processing. In this paper, a new DOA estimation method is proposed using a rotational uniform linear array (RULA) consisting of omnidirectional sensors. The main contribution of the proposed method is that the number of distinguishable signals is larger than the methods in the literature with a uniform linear array consisting of the same number of omnidirectional sensors. Moreover, the new method can effectively reduce unknown spatial noises using a generalized complement projection matrix under the RULA framework. Simulations are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and comparison with some existing DOA estimation methods is also made.     

均匀圆阵中时空信道多径参数的估计方法

本文给出了在矢量信道冲激响应（VCIR）可以估计出来的前提下,一种基于信道参数矩阵法的二维方向角与相对时延的联合估计方法,该方法充分利用了已知的信号码形信息,给出了一种无需进行搜索的闭式解,与基于多维MUSIC或多维ESPRIT的方法相比,具有运算量小的优势。     

用透镜阵聚焦实现均匀辐照的计算机分析

本文通过靶面光场的计算机分析,考证了用透镜列阵实现高功率激光对靶面的均匀辐照的特点,并提出一种单元列阵透镜同心度公差方向的星型排布方法,能使二维多光束干涉斑纹更密,有利于均匀性及实验的要求。     

实现白光LED阵列色温分布均匀化技术研究

本文通过优化白光LED阵列的结构,实现在目标面上产生均匀的色温分布。通过收集系统中每颗LED的色温坐标矩阵与照度矩阵,根据色温叠加公式,计算LED阵列在目标面上叠加后的色温分布,构建目标面上色温均匀度评价函数,评价函数反应目标面上色温分布的均匀性。通过优化阵列中LED的位置,使得评价函数的值最小,即目标面上色温均匀度最高。运用这种方法我们优化设计了两个实例:(1)相同规格的9颗白光LED方形阵列;(2)不同规格16颗圆形白光LED阵列,优化后色温均匀度均达到了95%以上。利用这种方法同样可以在目标面上同时实现均匀的色温分布与照度分布,设计9颗相同规格的白光LED以3×3方形阵列方式排布,优化后色温均匀度从78%提升到88.7%,照度的均匀度从42%提升到87.6%。分析实际加工制造过程产生的误差对色温均匀度的影响,随着制造误差的增大优化后色温均匀度下降,但均优于优化前色温分布均匀性。     

ESPRIT-based 2-D direction finding with a sparse uniform array ofelectromagnetic vector sensors

Aperture extension (interferometry baseline extension) is achieved in this novel ESPRIT-based two-dimensional (2-D) arrival angle estimation scheme using a sparse (a.k.a., thin or thinned) uniform rectangular array of electromagnetic vector sensors spaced much farther apart than a half-wavelength. An electromagnetic vector sensor is composed of six spatially co-located, orthogonally oriented, diversely polarized antennas, distinctly measuring all six electromagnetic-field components of an incident multisource wavefield. Each incident source's direction of arrival (DOA) is estimated from the source's electromagnetic-field vector component and serves as a coarse reference to disambiguate the cyclic phase ambiguities in ESPRIT's eigenvalues when the intervector sensor spacing exceeds a half wavelength. Simulations demonstrate the significant performance gain realizable by this method for radar and wireless mobile fading-channel communications     

Pattern synthesis for uniform linear array using genetic algorithm and artificial neural network

Multidimensional Systems and Signal Processing - In this paper, we propose a new amplitude-only method for pattern synthesis of uniform linear array (ULA) based on genetic algorithm (GA) and...     

DOA estimation of wideband sources using a harmonic source modeland uniform linear array

We consider the problem of estimation of the DOAs of multiple wideband sources incident on a uniform linear array (ULA) in the presence of spatially and temporally white Gaussian noise (WGN). The approach presented builds up on the IQML algorithm suggested by Bresler and Macovski (1986) for the case of narrowband DOA estimation. It is shown that the concept of an ARMA model for the observed data vector for the narrowband case can be generalized to model an appropriately stacked, space-time data vector obtained by combining the space-time samples. The coefficients of the corresponding 2-D predictor polynomial can be used to represent the null subspace of the wideband array steering matrix, and rooting of the polynomial at each frequency, separately, gives the DOA estimates. These separate estimates at multiple frequencies are combined into a single DOA estimate in a least squares sense. This leads to the formulation of an IQML like procedure for the spatial parameter estimation of wideband sources. Like its narrowband counterpart, the proposed approach is applicable to both noncoherent and coherent sources. The performance of the proposed method is studied via extensive computer simulations and by comparison with the Cramer-Rao bounds     

JOINT SPACE－FREQUENCY MULTIUSER SYMBOL DETECTOR FOR MC－CDMA SYSTEM WITH UNIFORM LINEAR ARRAY

The MultiCarrier COde Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) scheme is promising for relieving capacity limit problems of Direct Sequence(DS-CDMA systems due to serious InterCip Interference(ICI) and MultiUser Interference(MUI)in high-data-rate wireless communication systems.In this paper the Uniform Linear Array(ULA) is applied to the base station of macrocellular MC-CDMA systems in a frequency-selective fading channel environment.A joint space-frequency multiuser symblo sequence detector is developed for all active users within one macrocell without space-frequency channel estimation.Simultaneously,Directions-of -Arrivals (ODAs)of all active users can also be estimated.By dividing the ULA into two identical overlapping subarrays,a specific auxiliary matrix is constructed,which includes both symbol sequence and DOA information of all active users,Then,based on the subspace method,performing the eigen decomposition on such auxiliary matrix,the closed-form solution of symbol sequences and DOAs for all active users can be obtained.In comparison with schemes based on channel estimation,our algorithm need not explicitly estimate the space-frequency channel for each active user,so it has lower computation complexity,Extensive computer simulations demonstrate the overall performance of this novel scheme.     

基于循环特性的均匀圆阵快速空间谱计算

针对在阵元数多、分辨率要求高的情况下,基于均匀圆阵的空间谱直接计算方法存在计算量大、实时性差的缺点,利用循环矩阵、离散傅里叶变换、卷积运算之间的内在联系,提出了一种快速空间谱计算方法.仿真结果表明,在保持测向性能完全一致的情况下,所提快速算法降低空间谱计算过程中角度搜索阶段的计算量随阵元数增加而增加;且在相同计算量条件下,所提快速算方法可以用于更高精度和分辨率的角度搜索.     

短快拍条件下均匀矩形阵中的二维DOA估计

二维波达方向（Direction of Arrival,DOA）估计能获取比一维DOA估计更多的空间位置信息,但是二维多重信号分类(Multiple Signal Classification,MUSIC)、二维子空间旋转不变估计技术(Estimation Signal Parameter via Rotational Invariance Techniques,ESPRIT）等经典算法依赖于大量的快拍数据,当快拍数据不足时估计性能严重下降甚至失效。针对上述问题,将迭代自适应方法拓展到二维DOA估计,提出了一种适用于矩形面阵的二维DOA估计算法,首先利用加权最小二乘法估计出信号幅值,然后利用循环迭代技术对估计结果进行更新。由于每次估计结果均来自上一次迭代,而不依赖于快拍数据,因此该算法在短快拍条件下具有很高的估计精度和分辨率。仿真结果表明,在短快拍条件下,该算法具有优越的估计性能。     

ICA-based direction-of-arrival estimation of uncorrelated and coherent signals with uniform linear array

A novel approach for direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation of uncorrelated and coherent signals with uniform linear array is proposed in this paper. First, the mixing matrix, which contains all azimuth information of signal sources, is estimated by independent component analysis. Afterward, several parameter equations are established upon the new mixing matrix. Finally, all DOAs of coherent and uncorrelated signals are estimated by solving these equations. Compared with traditional methods, the proposed method has higher angle resolution and estimation accuracy. Moreover, the signal number resolved by our approach can exceed the number of array elements. Simulation results have demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed method.     

DOA estimation and self-calibration algorithm for uniform circular array

Based on the banded circulate and symmetric Toeplitz model for the mutual coupling of a uniform circular array, a decoupling direction of arrival (DOA) estimation and self-calibration algorithm is proposed. The new algorithm provides an accurate DOA estimation without the knowledge of mutual coupling. In addition, the mutual coupling coefficients for array self-calibration can be achieved simultaneously. Instead of multidimensional nonlinear search or iterative computation, the algorithm only uses a one-dimensional search and can reduce the computation burden. Simulation results demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.     

基于压缩感知的均匀圆阵方向不变波束优化方法

针对现有的方向不变波束形成算法在阵元个数确定以后,其波束的主瓣与旁瓣水平无法进一步改善的情形下.本文基于均匀圆阵在现有方向不变波束形成方法的基础上,通过引入压缩感知理论(Compressed Sens-ing,CS),提出了一种可以进一步改善波束主瓣与旁瓣水平的方法.该方法使用压缩感知理论对信号进行压缩采样和稀疏重构,...     

均匀圆阵部分阵元失效情况下的DOA估计方法

在空间谱估计中,均匀圆阵(Uniform Circular Array--UCA)具有诸多优点,其得到广泛的应用.但在用MUSIC 算法测向时,一旦某一个或几个阵元通道失效,则通道数据变成无效数据,导致测向性能严重恶化,甚至完全失效.本文对在均匀圆阵部分通道失效的情况下,利用均匀圆阵其余阵元数据实现对信号来波方向进行有效估计的方法进行了分析和验证.其原理在于,直接将失效阵元进行隔离,利用剩余阵元形成的非均匀圆阵,进行MUSIC算法测向.该方法能在较高信噪比条件下实现和原阵列几乎相同的估计精度,在较低信噪比、信号数较小的条件下,也能取得良好的估计性能,大大增强了整个阵列谱估计的稳健性和鲁棒性.