YAG脉冲激光焊接AZ61镁合金薄板对接接头的组织与性能

采用YAG脉冲激光焊方法对AZ61镁合金薄板进行焊接．利用光学显微镜、x射线能谱分析仪等手段分析焊接接头的宏观形貌、显微组织和化学成分,并对焊接接头的显微硬度和拉伸强度进行了测试．结果表明,焊缝正面有轻微塌陷,反面成形良好．焊缝表面圆滑、连续、鱼鳞纹细密均匀,接头成形良好．母材为粗大的等轴晶,焊缝区的晶粒比母材细小．焊缝区的显微硬度比母材区域明显提高,焊接接头的抗拉强度与母材相当,约为250MPa,焊接接头具有良好的力学性能;焊缝表面由于Mg元素的大量蒸发使铝的含量升高,而焊缝表面zn元素含量很低．     

AZ31镁合金薄板的CO2激光焊接接头性能

采用CO2激光焊接试验系统对AZ31镁合金薄板进行了焊接,研究了不同工艺条件下焊缝熔宽的变化,并对焊接接头的微观组织和接头性能进行了研究.试验结果表明,激光功率和焊接速度对焊缝熔宽有较大的影响.显微硬度测试和接头拉伸试验结果表明:焊接接头区域的显微硬度和抗拉强度都高于母材,焊接接头具有良好的力学性能.接头区域的晶粒细化和新的合金相的形成是接头性能改善的主要原因.     

镁合金电子束焊接接头微观组织特征

镁合金熔点低、热导率高、线膨胀系数大、表面张力小,焊接后易出现夹杂、脆性相和气孔等.针对以上问题,进行AZ61镁合金真空电子束焊接研究.对优化工艺条件下电子束焊接接头的微观组织、相结构和硬度分布进行了详细分析研究.结果表明,AZ61镁合金电子束焊接接头成形良好,没有明显的热影响区,焊缝狭窄,焊缝为细小的等轴晶,晶粒尺寸5～10μm;焊缝区域主要由细小的α-Mg和Mg17Al12相组成.焊缝硬度高于母材,说明电子束焊接是焊接AZ61镁合金厚板材料的有效方法.     

AZ31镁合金CO2激光填丝焊工艺

采用CO2激光焊接试验系统,对AZ31镁合金的激光填丝焊工艺进行了研究.试验中采用AZ31焊丝作为填充金属,对各种焊接工艺参数的影响进行了较系统地研究,并获得了较好的工艺参数选择范围.焊后对典型的焊接接头的性能进行了研究,结果表明,在适当的填丝速率下,填丝焊工艺形成的焊缝成形更加美观,克服了不填丝焊接情况下焊缝的严重下塌问题.微观组织分析表明,焊接接头区域主要由细小的枝状晶组成,晶粒明显细化.焊接接头的显微硬度和抗拉强度都接近母材,说明获得的焊缝具有较好的力学性能.表明了CO2激光填丝焊工艺是实现AZ31镁合金焊接的有效方法.     

汽车车架用AZ61A镁合金的外加磁场MIG焊研究

以汽车车架用AZ61A镁合金作为研究对象,利用显微镜、XRD和硬度测试手段研究了在焊接过程中引入磁场对于MIG焊焊缝成型及接头焊核区、热影响区和邻近母材区显微组织和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:磁场搅拌作用使得晶粒得到细化,晶界被打碎以及球状共晶质点出现,一定程度上改善和提高了AZ61A镁合金焊接接头的力学性能;并且电磁场的引入抑制第二相β-Al12Mg17的产生,从而减少热裂纹和气孔等缺陷的发生。     

镁合金AZ91D焊接接头组织与性能

在镁合金(AZ91D)TIG焊接头中,同质焊缝的相组成主要为α-Mg和β-Al12Mg17;β-Al12Mg17非连续地分布于α-Mg的晶界;β-Al12Mg17的体积分数为7.3%.焊接热影响区(特别是近缝区)最突出的显微组织特点是晶粒粗化和连续分布于晶界的β-Al12Mg17金属间化合物.由于晶粒细化焊缝区硬度值高于母材,而热影响区的硬度值则明显低于母材.与母材相比(σb=156 MPa,δ=4.8%),同质焊缝金属有更高的力学性能(σb=192 MPa,δ=4.9%).焊接接头的力学性能明显低于母材,接头强度为母材强度的69%;接头塑性为母材的72%;断裂主要发生在热影响区的近缝区.降低焊接热输入有利于改善焊接接头的力学性能.     

AZ91镁合金脉冲YAG激光双面焊接的组织与性能

采用脉冲YAG激光焊接AZ91D镁合金,研究了焊接电流对单面焊焊接厚度的影响与双面焊接接头的组织与性能。结果表明,脉冲YAG激光焊接AZ91D镁合金,可得到无明显缺陷的焊接接头。焊缝区组织显著细化,由过饱和α-Mg固溶体、Al12Mg17相和Al2Mg相组成。焊缝硬度略高于基体;双面焊试样抗拉强度明显高于单面焊,与母材相当;焊缝断口表现为混合断裂。     

AZ31B镁合金CO_2激光焊接接头的组织与性能

以AZ31B变形镁合金为研究对象,采用GS-TFL-6kW高功率横流CO2激光器对其进行焊接,研究镁合金激光焊接的工艺特点。利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、硬度仪、拉伸试验机测试焊接接头的微观组织和力学性能。结果表明,选择合理的焊接工艺参数,可以获得外观质量良好,热影响区不明显的焊接接头。焊缝狭窄,组织为细小等轴晶,焊缝区硬度高于母材硬度。部分焊缝内存在少许裂纹、氢气孔等缺陷;焊接过程中镁、锌蒸发较多,导致铝、锰等元素相对含量增加;扫描断口显示断裂方式为韧脆混合断裂,接头抗拉强度为175.2 N/mm2,为母材的83.6%。     

激光-电弧复合焊接AZ31B/ZM5异种镁合金组织及性能分析

采用低功率激光-电弧复合焊对变形镁合金AZ31B与铸造镁合金ZM5进行焊接,利用光学显微镜、显微硬度仪和万用力学试验机等对异种镁合金接头的组织特征、元素分布和力学性能进行研究。结果表明:在940 W激光功率,110 A电弧电流,880 mm/min焊接速度,15 L/min保护气流量时可获得成形良好的接头;接头AZ31B侧的热影响区宽度小于ZM5侧的,焊缝晶粒呈细小等轴树枝晶形貌、由α-Mg和β-Mg17Al12两相组成;接头元素分布Al含量呈阶梯分布,ZM5焊缝AZ31B;接头显微硬度从AZ31B至ZM5逐渐升高,硬度最低处为AZ31B热影响区,最高处为ZM5部分熔化区;接头抗拉强度高于ZM5母材,断裂于ZM5母材处。     

AZ31镁合金电子束焊焊接接头微观组织特征

针对AZ31镁合金熔点低、线膨胀系数高、热导率高、焊接后易出现裂纹和气孔等特性,进行真空电子束焊接研究。在对其焊接工艺条件优化的基础上,观察分析了其显微组织。结果表明,AZ31镁合金电子束焊接接头成形良好,焊缝组织细小,为等轴晶;焊缝区域主要由细小的α(Mg)相和β(Mg17All2)相组成,焊缝硬度高于母材,表明电子束焊为AZ31镁合金板材的有效焊接方法。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。