Explosionstypen und ihre Zuordnung zu Rechtsvorschriften

Types of Explosions and their Relations to Legislative Regulations Explosions in industrial plants and equipments are the result of chemical reactions or physical processes which are connected with a pressure build‐up. Chemical explosions are caused by exothermic reactions in the gas phase, the condensed phase or in hybrid phases. In the chemical industry such physical explosions are of importance, due to a spontaneous transition of matter from the liquid to the gas phase. There are some legislative regulations which concern the explosion prevention and protection. The most important are the Equipment Safety Act and the Explosivs Act with their ordinances; the Ordinance on Dangerous Substances and the Hazardous Incident Ordinances. Important for the protection against explosive atmospheres is the ”?Betriebssicherheitsverordnung”?.     

颠覆性技术对能源化工行业的影响分析

新一轮科技革命孕育发展过程中,颠覆性技术是行业技术开发的关键方向,是产业发展的重要影响因素。当前,在安全环保、可持续发展的要求下,能源化工产业颠覆性技术持续发酵突破。颠覆性技术培育过程中形成的先进制造优势、绿色低碳技术成本的不断降低持续推动能源化工行业向着能源供应的多元化、低碳化,化工新材料的更新换代,以及废弃物的近零排放方向稳步推进。另外,产业组织竞争过程中,颠覆性技术或将成为能源化工行业产业竞争格局的主要决定性因素,颠覆性技术的自主创新是产业组织保持先发优势、获得最高创新回报的有力保障。     

能源和化工系统的全生命周期评价和可持续性研究

在资源和能源日趋紧缺的背景下,开拓替代能源和新的化工产品技术路线势在必行。然而,目前对各种新技术方案的基础数据和系统分析比较薄弱,对产业布局和生态环境的长期影响有待深入研究。对近年来研究资源/能源化工复杂系统的建模、模拟、结构优化和系统集成问题的进展进行综述,运用过程系统投入产出分析的理论和方法,建立化工产品技术路线的全生命周期分析模型与集成的框架平台,研究资源、能源、技术、经济、环境等多因素综合优化评价问题。以煤气化合成气衍生的煤化工系统为基础案例,专门论述了在产品路线规划和过程合成中,集成优化、全生命周期评价和可持续性的研究进展。目标在于推进"技术-经济-环境-产业发展"多属性、多目标、多尺度系统集成的基础理论研究和技术创新。     

绿色化工技术在精细化工中的应用研究

随着国民经济不断发展,我国工业制造业发展逐步迈向更高的高度,当然由于环境的变化及工业发展带来的问题也在不断增加,国家对于环境的保护意识逐步增加,环境的排污容量在不断减少,国家及政府针对环境的保护政策也在不断细化,在此基础上进行的环保化工技术越来越被更多人重视,其绿色化工技术也越来越成熟,化工工业的生产污染零排放指标逐渐得到落实。     

我国磷化工现状及发展趋势分析

我国磷化工行业具有资源丰富、掌握部分核心技术、市场前景好的特点,将成为磷化工主要出口国。磷化工发展中存在资源利用率低,资源市场呈逆向分布,产业层次不高,面临能源、环保、外贸政策限制等问题。今后发展应构建磷化工循环经济产业链,产品向精细化、专用化方向发展,提高产业集中度,注意技术创新。     

浅析高中化学知识在环境保护中的应用

化学技术在生态环境保护中得到了越来越多的运用,通过对污水以及工业废水等废弃物进行一系列的化学反应处理,可以有效的将其中的有毒有害物质进行分解。在高中化学中就提及了许多对工业污水以及废弃物的化学处理方法,随着国家不断的推进以及修改环境保护法的条文内容,人们也意识到保护环境对于我们来说是十分重要的。因此,对化学知识在环境保护中的应用进行了详细的分析与阐述。     

Integrated Environmental Protection Reduces Water Pollution

In the manufacture of chemical products, undesirable residues are also produced. These frequently occur as polluted wastewater that leads to the formation of sewage sludge after end-of-pipe treatment. Effective reduction of these substances is an important aim of industrial environmental protection. Taking the example of chemical production, the author shows how this aim can be achieved by production-integrated environmental protection. The paper outlines the technical measures involved in this approach, the result that they bring and the inherent limitations. The associated cost criteria are also discussed. The two concepts of end-of-pipe technology and production-integrated environmental protection are compared.     

生物转化过程中的膜分离技术

膜分离技术与生物转化过程的结合为生物合成与分离一体化的膜生物转化过程的开发开辟了广阔的空间,同时也为工业化生产过程的节能降耗提供了有力的技术支持途径。本文作者针对发酵、酶催化、污水处理和燃料乙醇生产等生物转化过程中有关膜分离过程的研究和应用概况进行了综述,对膜分离技术与生物转化过程的结合方式、途径和应用中存在的问题进行了分析,并对未来的研究趋势进行了展望。     

电解锰渣替代工业石膏用作水泥缓凝剂的试验研究

电解锰渣是电解锰加工行业中常见的一种工业固废,目前的处置方式主要为地下填埋或者露天堆存,其大量无序堆放带来了严重的环保问题。随着新环保法的实施,地方政府和电解锰加工企业面临的环保形势更加严峻,电解锰渣的合理处置成为地方经济社会发展所面临的重要核心问题。采用德国布鲁克元素分析仪等仪器设备对电解锰渣的特性进行了分析和研究,通过将电解锰渣与工业石膏搭配用作水泥缓凝剂,探索了在水泥生产过程中资源化利用电解锰渣的可行性,具有良好的环保效应和经济效益,对于电解锰渣的有效处置具有一定的参考价值。     

我国电石法PVC的未来环境和对策分析

分析了“入世”带给我国PVC行业的市场环境变化,指出了国内市场国际化、世界油价、环保、知识产权保护等对国内电石法PVC生产企业的不利影响,也指明了我国市场潜力巨大、人力资源廉价、国家产业政策优惠等有利因素。同时从行业重组、结构调整、工艺路线改变、新产品开发、WTO规则的熟悉及合理运用等方面为我国电石法PVC生产企业指明了出路。     

Sicherheitsanalysen zur systematischen Überprüfung von Verfahren und Anlagen — Methoden,Nutzen und Grenzen

Safety analyses for the systematic checking of chemical plant and processes–methods, benefits and limitations . Safety analyses, i. e. systematic procedures for the safety checking of chemical plant and processes, are useful for the completion and optimization of safety concepts. A literature survey of this topic reveals that hitherto procedures proposed can be divided into identifying and evaluating methods and can also be reduced to four basic working principles with a total of eight different methods. These eight main methods are presented using examples and are evaluated with regard to their appropriate use and the limitations which have to be kept in mind.     

面向工业过程碳减排的分子筛膜技术研究进展

我国工业过程碳排放占比高达70%,实施节能增效、替代燃料、CO₂捕集等是实现工业过程碳减排的重要路径。高效膜分离技术已成为过程工业节能减排和环境治理的共性支撑技术。本文围绕碳减排目标,结合本文作者课题组在分子筛膜领域的相关工作,重点论述分子筛膜分离技术在有机溶剂脱水、清洁能源生产、CO₂分离和反应过程强化等领域的研究进展。基于本文作者课题组十余年的有机溶剂脱水产业化工作,提出降低膜装备投资的中空纤维分子筛膜技术路线、强化分子筛膜应用技术研究是实现大规模工业应用的关键。分子筛膜在工业气体分离领域仍属空白,加强高硅/全硅分子筛膜的制备及其在复杂组成气体的分离应用研究,对推动分子筛膜气体分离的实际应用至关重要。     

Methoden und Anwendungen der statistischen Prozeß- und Qualitätskontrolle im chemischen Betrieb

Methodology and applications of statistical process and quality control in chemical plant. Statistical process and quality control, known respectively as SPC and SQC, presently command considerably attention. Originating with buyers of chemical products, the vocabulary and methodology of this area of expertise are increasingly entering the chemical plant. Appropriate use of these techniques is considered in the present article. A brief presentation of the philosophy of quality assurance in production using the methods of SPC and SQC is followed by a terse explanation of the goals and techniques of SPC/SQC. The applicability of the methods to process engineering is a special problem. Questions of the necessary adaptation and introduction into the conventional procedures of process control are discussed. Instrumentalization of plant with digital process controllers provides a framework for implementation of integrated solutions of such quality assurance systems in production. This is explained with the aid of examples.     

Moderne Methoden der Meß- und Regelungstechnik und ihre Bedeutung für die Automatisierung verfahrenstechnischer Prozesse

Modern methods of measurement and control engineering and their significance for the automation of chemical engineering processes . This article demonstrates that modern system-theoretical methods open up new approaches in the solution of difficult measurement and control problems. These methods are frequently based on the assumption that a certain a priori knowledge of the process behaviour is available, which can be formulated as a mathematical process model. Model-supported measuring procedures are of particular significance and are discussed at length. These methods greatly enhance the information value of measured values, with regard to both extent and reliability. It is shown how the problem of early recognition of dangerous reaction states in reactors in the case of exothermic reaction can be overcome. In order to minimize the computational effort, methods of model reduction are considered.     

Kuppelproduktion und Umweltpolitik: Eine Fallstudie zur Chlorchemie und zur Schwefelsäureindustrie

Joint Production and Environmental Policy: A Case Study for the Chlorine and Sulphuric Acid Industry The chemical industry is a key sector of industrialised economy. Thus, environmental policy with a focus on the chemical industry is likely to affect the economy as a whole. In this article we show, that environmental regulation of the chemical industry has major consequences for other production sectors. Two major problem areas of the chemical industry are considered: the chlorine industry and the sulphur industry. While the chlorine industry can cope with environmental legislation by process and product innovation without a substantial impact on other sectors, this is not the case with the sulphur industry. The production of its key product, sulphuric acid, utilises joint products of other sectors as inputs. The chemical industry offers these sectors the possibility to dispose of their unwanted by-products. Environmental policy, directed towards a reduction of sulphuric acid is likely to cause a waste disposal problem in sectors which manufacture sulphur or sulphur dioxide as by-products. Solving environmental problems within the chemical industry therefore creates new problems in other sectors.     

Stoffverlustminimierte Prozesstechnik – Wann lohnen sich Regeneratoren und Konzentratoren?

Material Loss Minimized Process Technology – When are Concentration and Regeneration Units Efficient? Chemical and electrochemical surface treatment processes such as electroplating, pickling, etching, anodizing etc. are a issue of environmental protection. Such surface modification procedures often have a high consumption of chemicals and produce a lot of waste water and heavy metal wastes. Material loss minimized process technology is the result of system optimization between internal recycling processes and external waste recycling. Cost savings, process safety, quality control and environmental compatibility are aims of the complex task system optimization. Process units for surface treatment (process solution), rinsing, concentration and regeneration, are the main focus of system optimization. In this article the relationship of different process variables are discussed in a summary. The optimum degree of internal recovery of surface treatments process chemicals from the rinsing water concentrate is a key criterion in system optimization.     

Innovation und Umweltschutz

Power supply companies and multinational companies have long been accustomed to dealing with scenarios extending as far into the future as the year 2050 – such as the contribution of energy from renewable resources to global energy supplies. In contrast, such concern with the future is painfully lacking in the political arena. It is well worthwhile considering the past when examining the future interplay between innovation and environmental protection. This historical approach demonstrates that environmental protection and technological progress are inextricably intertwined. Solving environmental problems without technology by asceticism and abstention is a rather make-believe approach. Those who call for cars to stay in the garage usually mean other people's cars, and those who demand rationing of air travel usually mean other people's flights.     

AI in Process Industries – Current Status and Future Prospects

The chemical industry is one of the key industrial sectors in Germany and at the same time one of the largest consumers of energy and raw materials. A successful energy transition and the development of a circular economy can only succeed if they are actively supported and shaped by the chemical industry – through the redesign of existing production processes and the exploration and implementation of new process routes. The challenge is to realize this transformation within a very short time and for many production processes, whereby a much larger number of process routes must be explored. Digital technologies are key to master this transformation towards more sustainability, climate, and environmental protection. The KEEN project aims to explore and leverage artificial intelligence (AI) opportunities in process industry. The newly developed AI methods are tested wherever possible in real working environments and production plants to prove the economic benefit, applicability, and reliability of the methods and technologies.     

化工厂操作规程的编写内容及方法

详细介绍如何科学、严谨、内容全面、要求严格地编写化工厂操作规程中工艺技术规程、操作指南、开停车规程、设备操作规程、事故处理预案、仪表控制系统操作、安全环保技术规程等章节的具体内容及编写方法。     

工业挥发性有机污染物控制与资源化利用

综述了多种不同的工业挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)控制技术,从工程应用角度分析了其适用范围、优缺点、应用现状和研究方向等。在此基础上,针对目前工业VOCs控制过程存在的低浓度大风量VOCs处理问题、复杂VOCs废气体系处理问题及单一控制方法治理效率低等问题,提出对现有工艺技术设备的优化建议、不同处理方式集成组合、源头治理等改进手段,从宏观角度探讨了VOCs资源化的社会发展需求及解决方案。