Spatial and temporal variations of persistent organic pollutants impacted by episodic sediment resuspension in southern Lake Michigan

The impacts of large-scale, episodic sediment resuspension on the cycling of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCBs) were examined using a spatially coordinated air and water sampling strategy conducted in southern Lake Michigan in the late winters of 1998, 1999, and 2000. We found no significant temporal changes in gas phase, dissolved phase, or suspended sediment PCB concentrations despite large-scale seasonal storms occurring before and after sampling campaigns. Only gas phase and suspended sediment PCBs varied spatially. Higher total suspended material (TSM) concentrations and fraction organic carbon (f_oc) were measured at sampling stations located in the near-shore region of southern Lake Michigan than at open-water sampling stations. Gas phase concentrations (ΣPCB_g) were higher in the west (0.436 ± 0.200 ng/m³, n = 11) and south (0.408 ± 0.286 ng/m³, n = 5) than the east (0.214 ± 0.082 ng/m³, n = 10) and central (0.253 ± 0.145 ng/m³, n = 8) regions of southern Lake Michigan. Dissolved phase concentrations (ΣPCB_d) averaged 0.18 ± 0.024 ng/L (n = 52); suspended sediment concentrations (ΣPCB_s) accounted for between 4% and 72% (23 ± 4%, n = 52) of the total ΣPCB concentrations (ΣPCB_T = ΣPCB_d + ΣPCB_s). Despite no consistent temporal variations in both dissolved phase or suspended sediment ΣPCB concentrations, there were temporal and spatial variations in the distribution shift between phases that can be linked to sediment resuspension, not a state of equilibrium. Specifically, our analysis suggests sediment resuspension results in preferential sorption of heavier, more chlorinated PCB congeners.     

Assessment of sediment quality and pore water ecotoxicity in Kebir Rhumel basin (NE-Algeria): a combined approach

The objectives of this study are to use different approaches to assess the current pollution status in the wadis of the Kebir Rhumel basin. First, sediment trace metal contents were measured by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Then, sediment quality was assessed on the basis of contamination assessment indexes such as: Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Contamination factor (C(f)), Contamination degree (C(d)), Sediment Pollution Index (SPI) and SEQ guidelines (Consensus Sediment Quality Guidelines). In addition, several toxicity tests (Daphnia magna mobility inhibition acute test-48 h, Aliivibrio fischeri luminescence inhibition acute test - 15/30 mn and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata growth inhibition chronic test - 72 h) were conducted to assess sediment pore water ecotoxicity. Trace metal concentrations followed the order: Mn > Zn > Pb > Cr > Cu > Ni > Co > Cd. Indexes used indicate varying degrees of sediment quality. Igeo, C(f), C(d) and SPI reveal a polymetallic contamination dominated by two or more elements in which Cd, Cu and Pb are of greatest concern. SEQ guidelines showed that biological effects on fauna would likely be observed occasionally and/or frequently for Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn contents. Test organisms exposed to sediment pore water showed that the algal P. subcapitata test was more sensitive than the D. magna and A. fischeri tests. Hence, algal growth inhibition proved to be the most sensitive response to contaminants present in sediment extracts but a significant relationship with trace metal contents was not demonstrated.     

黄河流域水沙资源量变化及其对泥沙资源化的影响

在分析黄河流域水沙资源区域分布的基础上,本文采用Mann-Kendall秩次相关检验法和水文量累计曲线法分析黄河水沙资源量的变化特征,进而探讨了黄河泥沙的资源化及水沙资源量变化对泥沙资源化的影响.黄河龙羊峡水库以上河段年径流量和输沙量没有明显变化,其他干流河段和中游大部分典型支流的径流量和输沙量随时间具有明显的减少趋势.黄河水沙资源量大幅减少对泥沙资源化产生不同程度的影响,水沙资源量大幅减少会降低引洪淤滩、淤临和淤背的效率,限制灌区黄河泥沙烧制建筑材料、淤改与稻改等途径的实施,减小黄河口泥沙造陆的速率,影响黄河与河口湿地质量与数量的塑造;而对灌区浑水灌溉、清淤泥沙利用等没有明显的影响.     

50年来灞河流域水沙变化特征分析

根据灞河流域水沙特点,选取反映灞河流域水沙变化趋势的马渡王水文站,利用灞河流域50年的实测年径流量和年输沙量资料,采用Mann-Kendall非参数统计检验法、小波分析法、双累积曲线法,结合流域降雨量分析了灞河流域水沙年际变化特点及突变的年份。结果表明:灞河流域水沙年内分配极不均匀,水沙总体下降趋势明显;水沙序列具有多时间尺度特征,但变化尺度并不一致;径流量和输沙量分别在1989年和1981年发生了突变,但突变时间具有差异性,且输沙量的敏感性更强;进一步分析表明,降雨量的波动是径流量年际变化的主要影响因素,而输沙量的减少则主要受到径流量和人类活动的综合影响。     

黄河流域泥沙矿物成分与分布规律

黄河及其干支流经常产生高含沙水流,泥沙中矿物的成分及含量是影响高含沙水流性质的主导因素,粘土矿物颗粒含量对高含沙水流流变性质的影响,远大于颗粒粒径大小对流变性质的影响,粘土颗粒和阳离子之间的相互作用对高含沙水流的流变性质也有非常大的影响。通过对黄河及其支流地区12个地点进行采样分析,得出黄河及其支流地区泥沙基本来源于同一地区,次生矿物是在长期的、相同的环境条件作用下形成的。根据泥沙样本的粒径分布曲线和矿物成分及含量,建立了黄河及其支流泥沙粘土、非粘土矿物含量与中值粒径之间的关系,能够更方便、快捷、廉价地估算黄河及其支流粘土矿物的含量。     

松辽流域主要河流水沙规律分析

本文基于统计理论的概念,从建立泥沙频率分布曲线入手,分析了松辽流域主要河流(松花江、辽河)水沙频率之间的关系.定量界定了水沙丰平枯组合类型,将年径流量和输沙量分别划分为丰、平、枯(大、中、少)3个等级,以频率作为实测年径流量和输沙量丰、平、枯(大、中、少)划分的标准,结合泥沙频率研究成果,对松辽流域主要河流的水沙分布规律进行了探讨,为进一步研究松辽流域人为活动时河流泥沙、水土流失问题的影响创造了条件.     

渠江州河流域汇流输沙过程模拟研究

嘉陵江为三峡入库含沙量最大的河流 ,在长江上游各支流中居首位。支流渠江位于大巴山暴雨区 ,为含沙量较高的支流 ,其来沙量占北碚站比例较大。因此 ,在嘉陵江流域水土保持对三峡工程来沙影响研究中 ,选定水沙来量较大的渠江作为重点研究对象之一。流域中泥沙来量及其在出口断面的时程分配较为复杂 ,主要与泥沙来源和水流挟沙能力等有关。根据渠江流域降雨、地形、地质特点 ,选定合适的泥沙释放函数 ,结合现行流域降雨径流预报方案 ,建立起渠江州河流域产水、汇水汇沙模型。模型具有概念明确 ,能结合流域降雨径流预报方案等特点。水沙过程检验预报表明 ,能够较好地模拟洪水及其含沙量过程     

流域产水产沙耦合对黄河下游河道冲淤和输沙能力的影响

在具有水沙异源特征的流域中,不同水沙来源区的来水来沙之间的关系,可以称为流域水沙藕合关系.流域水沙耦合关系通过流域侵蚀带与沉积带的耦合,会进一步影响沉积带的冲淤过程.对于黄河流域,提出以多沙粗沙区的来沙量和河口镇以上清水区的来水量之比来表示流域产水产沙搭配关系,称之为流域产水产沙耦合指标.无论是对于洪水系列还是对于年系列,黄河下游来沙系数、含沙量与流域产水产沙耦合指标之间都具有密切的关系.流域产水产沙耦合指标控制着下游河道的来沙系数、平均含沙量和最大含沙量,并进而影响河道冲淤量和河道泥沙输移比.黄河下游高含沙水流的发生与流域产水产沙耦合指标I(ws)之间有密切的关系.当I(ws)<0.314t/m3时,下游可不再发生高含沙水流.这启示我们,通过对多沙粗沙区来沙量和河口镇以上清水区来水量的控制,可以减少下游河道高含沙水流发生的频率.对于场次洪水而言,当流域产水产沙耦合指标I(ws)<0.2t/m3时,冲淤量、淤积强度变化很小,但当I(ws)>0.2t/m3以后,冲淤量、淤积强度迅速增大.本文的研究成果对于黄河流域的治理有一定的参考意义.通过对流域水沙耦合关系的调控,来减少下游河道的淤积,是一种可行的途径.     

浅析水利水电工程沉沙池泥沙沉降计算方法

本文对沙早水电工程沉沙池设计中最常用的泥沙沉降计算方法，准静水沉降法和一度流超饱和输沙法，从公式结构上进行了一定的分析研究，结果表明，在一定条件下，准静水沉降法之计算公式是一度流超饱和输沙法（不考虑水流挟沙能力）的一种近似表达式，可用来估算沉沙池内含沙量变化。     

Modeling of sediment and heavy metal transport in Taihu Lake, China

With the current rapid economic growth, heavy metal pollution has become one of the key issues in the Taihu Lake. Although heavy metal pollution levels and distributions of the Taihu Lake have previously been described, an effective model to describe the transport process of heavy metals between the water column and sediment bed for this lake is not available. It is known that heavy metals in the water column can be related to the resuspension of sediment in the lake bed. In this study, we set up a coupled model of relating hydrodynamics, sediment and heavy metals based on Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC), and applied it to Taihu Lake, China. For calibration and validation of the model, we employed two series of field sampling data taken all over Taihu Lake during April and July of 2009. The results show that the hydrodynamics simulations of the coupled model agree with the observations reasonably well and the sediment and heavy metal model shows similar variation trends during the simulation. Our results indicate that the model can be used for simulating the sediment and heavy metal transport process in the Taihu Lake and here we provide an effective tool for water quality management at small time scales.     

Spatial,seasonal, and historical variation of phytoplankton production in Lake Michigan

There have been few direct measurements of phytoplankton production made in Lake Michigan since invasive dreissenid mussels became established in the lake. Here we report the results of 64 measurements of phytoplankton primary production made in Lake Michigan during 2016 and 2017. We conducted two lake-wide surveys, one in the spring 2016 isothermal period and one after summer stratification in 2017 and examined seasonal production with bi-weekly sampling between May and November 2017 at an offshore station in the southwestern part of the lake. We assessed nearshore-offshore gradients by sampling at three transect locations on three occasions in 2017. Spring 2016 production and production:biomass (P:B) ratios (reflective of growth rates) were similar across the lake and were higher than those reported before dreissenid mussels became established, suggesting that despite decreases in phytoplankton biomass, growth rates remain high. Summer 2017 production and growth rates increased from south to north. Areal production in 2017 peaked in late summer. Mean 2017 summer production (499 ± 129 mg C m^?2 day^?1) was lower than values reported prior to the mussel invasion, and the fraction of total production occurring in the deep chlorophyll layer was about half that measured pre-mussels. At the offshore site picoplankton accounted for almost 50 % of the chlorophyll. As spring P:B ratios have increased and summer P:B and seston carbon:phosphorus ratios have not changed, we conclude that the decrease in phytoplankton production in Lake Michigan is due primarily to grazing by mussels rather than to stronger nutrient limitation.     

Spatial and temporal variations of dissolved CO2, CH4 and N2O in Lakes Edward and George (East Africa)

We report dissolved CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O concentrations in two large East African lakes, Edward (surface area 2,325 km², average depth of 37 m) and George (surface area 273 km², average depth of 2 m). Lake George showed modest seasonal and spatial variations, and lower partial pressure of CO₂ (pCO₂) (26 ± 16 ppm, mean ± standard deviation), CH₄ (234 ± 208 nmol/L) and N₂O saturation levels (%N₂O) (80 ± 9 %) than Lake Edward (404 ± 145 ppm, 357 ± 483 nmol/L, 139 ± 222 %). Surface waters in both lakes were over-saturated in CH₄, and Lake George was under-saturated in CO₂ while Lake Edward was slightly over-saturated in CO₂. This difference was related to higher phytoplankton biomass in Lake George than Lake Edward, with average chlorophyll-a concentrations of 177 ± 125 and 18 ± 25 µg/L, respectively. Permanent high cyanobacterial biomass in Lake George led to uniform dissolved CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O concentrations. In surface waters of Lake Edward, spatial variations of pCO₂, CH₄ and N₂O were related to bottom depth, and locally (in particular in Katwe Bay) also related to the inputs of water from Lake George via the Kazinga Channel, a 40-km natural channel connecting the lakes. Short-term mixing events related to storms increased CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O content in surface waters, in particular for CH₄ and N₂O. This indicates that mixing events in response to storms can create ‘hot moments’ for CH₄ and N₂O emissions to the atmosphere in tropical lakes, given the weaker vertical density gradients compared to higher latitude systems.     

乌江流域水沙变化特性及其原因分析

乌江流域是三峡入库水沙来源之一,近年来水沙特性发生了明显变化。1980-2004年与1979年前相比,武隆站年均径流量变化不大,但悬移质输沙量减少了1 140万t,减幅35%。乌江渡电站建成后,乌江干流各站水沙关系均发生显著变化,同径流量下输沙量大幅度减小。水利工程拦沙是武隆站输沙量减少的主要因素,乌江上游东风、普定和乌江渡等电站年均拦沙量为1 500万t左右,导致武隆站输沙量减小约1 030万t。随着乌江干流大型水电站的陆续兴建,流域输沙量在未来一段时期将进一步减小。     

黄河流域多沙粗沙区植被覆盖变化与减水减沙效益分析

通过遥感手段和数字流域模型,研究了黄河流域多沙粗沙区近10来年的植被覆盖变化及其减水减沙效益。研究表明,多沙粗沙区90年代末期与80年代末期相比,植被覆盖度增加区域大约占50%,植被覆盖度没变化区域约占48%。植被覆盖度的变化导致了流域水沙条件的变化,90年代末期植被覆盖条件下,植被措施的减水减沙百分比不高;不同的降雨过程,植被措施的减水减沙效益有一定的差别;从不同降雨过程多年平均看,近10来年植被措施年均减水2.63亿m3,减沙1.13亿t,减水减沙比为2.75,即减1亿t沙的同时减水2.75亿m3,减水百分比为7.61,减沙百分比为10.56,减沙效益大于减水效益。     

黄河宁夏段河道水沙变化及冲淤特性分析

分析了1986年11月-2012年10月期间黄河宁夏河段水沙变化及冲淤特性,并采用经验公式计算和实测资料分析预测了河段2013-2021年冲淤量。结果表明:该时段宁夏河段年平均水量为253.3亿m3,沙量为0.65亿t,分别为天然状态1950-1968年来水量的80.9%,沙量的28.1%,较天然状态时段部分河段冲淤量有所增加;冲淤量预测为910万m3,平均铺沙厚度为0.013m。     

Spatial and seasonal distribution of synthetic musks in sewage treatment plants of Shanghai, China

As one kind of emerging contaminant, synthetic musks (SMs) are commonly used in varying amounts in many personal care products and have been detected in different environmental systems. Occurrence and fate of four common SMs [galaxolide (HHCB), tonalide (AHTN), musk xylene (MX) and musk ketone (MK)] were studied in different sewage treatment plants (STPs) of Shanghai, China among different seasons. Results showed that total dissolved concentrations of the four SMs were 536-3,173 ng/L in influent, 351-2,595 ng/L in effluent and 147-6,839 μg/kg dry weights in sludge. The SM concentrations varied with input sources, STP treatment processes, usage patterns, and different seasons or surveyed years of consumption. There was no significant removal of SMs in most of the sewage samples of the four STPs. Significant positive correlations were observed between concentrations of HHCB and AHTN (R(2) = 0.9062, n = 12, p< 0.05), HHCB and MK (R(2) = 0.7471, n = 8, p< 0.05), as well as AHTN and MK (R(2) = 0.9321, n = 8, p< 0.05) in sludge samples.     

Spatial and seasonal comparisons of growth of wild and stocked juvenile lake trout in Lake Champlain

After 42 years of stocking in Lake Champlain, recruitment of wild juvenile lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) was first observed in 2015. Abundance of wild lake trout juveniles was spatially heterogeneous. Recruitment of wild fish to age-1 and subsequent survival are likely related to growth including overwinter growth. We hypothesized that growth potential or growth-related mortality of wild and stocked fish may explain spatial differences in abundance. We collected juvenile (age-0 to 3) lake trout by bottom trawling in the central, north, and south Main Lake every 2–4 weeks during the ice-free season, 2015–2018. The percentage of wild juveniles increased from 27.8% of the total catch in 2015 to 65.7% in 2018. Rates of growth in length and change in condition were compared in wild versus stocked lake trout, among sampling areas, and between seasons (sampling season relative to winter). Wild juveniles grew equally or faster in length than stocked juveniles at the same age, but changed more slowly in condition. There was a higher percentage of wild juveniles in the central sampling area than the north and south, but no differences in growth among sampling areas. Wild and stocked fish grew in length over winter, but most cohorts (6 of 7) maintained or increased condition. Results indicate high growth potential of wild juvenile lake trout and progress toward population restoration.     

长江上游水沙特性变化与人类活动的影响

长江上游人类活动频繁,水沙特性发生变化。为了探讨长江上游水沙特性变化与人类活动的关系,采用累积曲线法、M-K次序分析法和聚类分析法对长江上游干支流1950-2014年的水沙特性变化进行研究,分析了人类活动的影响。研究结果表明长江上游干支流年径流量没有明显的变化趋势,除金沙江年输沙量2013年前变化不大外,其他主要干支流水文站年输沙量显著减少,水沙搭配关系发生一定变化,来沙系数减小,河道输沙潜力提高,有利于河道冲刷。结合长江上游水沙变化的特征,分析了流域水土保持、水库拦沙、河道采砂、过度开发等人类活动对河道水沙变化的影响,不同的人类活动对河道水沙量变化的作用存在差异,其中水库拦沙作用明显。     

黄河中游水沙变化关系不确定性的时间尺度特征研究

针对河川径流与泥沙变化所具有的复杂多时间尺度性和其间变化关系的复杂不确定性,为深入研究黄河中游水沙变化关系在不同时间尺度上的表现,以三门峡水文站为例,首先应用EMD方法对该站1919~1995年的年径流量和年输沙量时序分别进行多时间尺度分解,得到一系列相应的具有不同周期的波动分量,在此基础上,运用SPA方法对基于不同分解水平和时间尺度而得到的集对进行了分析。结果表明,黄河中游年径流量和年输沙量时序之间变化关系的不确定性具有显著的时间尺度特征,即二者之间的同、异、反特性在不同的时间尺度上具有明显的差异。