电镀金属结合剂砂轮磨粒特征的检测

电镀金属结合剂砂轮的浓度和凸出高度,是影响磨削效率、加工成本和加工质量的直接因素.通过对采集到的电镀金属结合剂CBN砂轮数字图像进行图像处理,计算图像的面积、图像中的磨粒个数和磨料在磨料层中所占的体积,从而得出相应的浓度值;设定磨粒的等效形状,计算磨料的凸出高度,并计算不同埋入率下磨料的各个特征;应用COM组件实现VB与MATLAB的接口,完成了软件的开发.结果表明,应用该检测方法可以定量地获取磨粒的信息.     

金刚石工具表面磨粒的轮廓提取

为了实现金刚石工具的机器视觉检测,本文先对金刚石工具表面的磨粒在显微镜下进行图像采集,通过聚焦融合方法生成金刚石颗粒的融合图像与其高度矩阵,然后应用动态轮廓模型(Snake)对金刚石的融合图像进行了分割,结合其高度索引图像生成了适合分割的新的图像能量函数,并采用在多分辨率下用遗传算法进行动态轮廓模型的演化,最终得到分割图像。     

用多晶体金刚石磨轮磨削光学玻璃的研究

采用冲击压缩法(SCM)合成的多晶体金刚石磨粒,设计了磨削光学玻璃的实验装置.实验结果表明,采用该方法磨削光学玻璃,与单晶体金刚石磨粒磨削光学玻璃相比,采用多晶金刚石磨粒加工光学玻璃能得到良好的加工表面.     

多晶体金刚石磨轮磨削光学玻璃的研究

采用冲击压缩法(Shock Compression Method,SCM)合成的多晶体金刚石磨粒,设计磨削光学玻璃的实验装置.实验结果表明,采用该方法磨削光学玻璃,与单晶体金刚石磨粒磨削光学玻璃相比,采用多晶体金刚石磨粒加工光学玻璃能得到良好的加工表面.     

电镀结合剂的超硬磨料成形砂轮

磨削复杂型面的零件和刀具可使用电镀结合剂的超硬磨料砂轮(它是用电镀的方法,以金属镍等为结合剂,把金刚石的细小磨粒单层或多层地镀在基体上而成——译注)。此法的优点在于:金刚石层在形成过程中磨粒没有经受高温和热变形的影响;与压制成形的金属、陶瓷、聚合或有机结合剂的砂轮比较,磨粒凸出于结合剂上的数量可增加一倍,有利于切削液在空隙中分市,可防止磨屑堵赛砂轮表面,从而可保证砂轮具有高的切削性能;无需压制设备和制造昂贵的压模;是制造任何成形廓形砂轮最简单的一种工艺;砂轮在单位工作表面上的金刚石磨粒     

用多晶体金刚石磨轮磨削光学玻璃的研究

采用冲击压缩法（SCM）合成的多晶体金刚石磨粒，设计了磨削光学玻璃的实验装置。实验结果表明，采用该方法磨削光学玻璃，与单晶体金刚石磨粒磨削光学玻璃相比，采用多晶金刚石磨粒加工光学玻璃能得到良好的加工表面。     

基于双目图像的砂轮地貌检测

砂轮地貌的准确检测可以反映砂轮磨粒的出露高度和分布情况等,对于揭示砂轮的磨削机理发挥重要的作用.鉴于传统的砂轮地貌检测方法存在种种缺陷,提出了一种基于双目图像的磨粒出露高度检测方法.该方法采用灰度模板匹配算法,通过优化模板尺寸进行图像匹配,可以估算出磨粒的出露高度.试验结果令人满意,磨粒出露高度估算误差小于5%.     

钎焊金刚石工具钎焊强度评价的研究

利用高频感应钎焊技术,在不同的钎焊时间和真空度条件下制备金刚石工具试样,在自制的装置上测试试样单颗金刚石磨粒的剪切破坏力大小。结合对破坏颗粒的微观观察发现,金刚石磨粒在受剪切力时一般有三种破坏形式:滑移、折断和拔出。由此得出:制备钎焊金刚石工具应选用高级别的金刚石磨粒及高真空度下较长时间的钎焊。     

多颗粒金刚石小砂轮磨削仿真及实验

建立了多颗粒金刚石小砂轮轴向进给磨削工程陶瓷的磨粒运动轨迹模型,通过改变砂轮转速、陶瓷件转速、轴向进给速度,揭示加工参数变化和磨粒运动规律的关系。通过不同加工参数下实际的陶瓷加工实验,分析了进给速度对边缘碎裂、磨削力、金刚石磨粒耗损的影响规律,得到的实验分析结果和仿真结果一致。实验运用了合适的实验方案和测力系统,并利用边缘检测和轮廓曲线拟合的方法实时追踪检测金刚石顶尖曲率半径变化来定性分析金刚石磨粒的磨损情况。研究结果为如何利用合理的进给速度控制陶瓷材料的边缘碎裂,减少工件和砂轮磨具的损伤提供了借鉴。     

研磨硬脆材料的金刚石磁性磨料制备

运用化学复合镀法制备了用于硬脆材料研磨的金刚石磁性磨料。采用单因素实验方法研究了铁粉的装载量、金刚石磨粒的浓度以及机械搅拌的速度对金刚石相对含量的影响。通过石英玻璃的平面磁控研磨加工实验测试了制备的金刚石磁性磨料的研磨性能。结果表明,当铁粉的装载量为6 g/L,金刚石磨粒浓度为6 g/L,搅拌速度为300 r/min时,金刚石相对含量较高。金刚石磨粒在Ni-P合金镀层中粘结牢固,分散均匀。通过磁控研磨加工,石英玻璃的表面粗糙度快速地从0.709μm降低到0.138μm,证明了制备的金刚石磁性磨料具有较好的研磨性能。     

金刚石砂轮中磨粒出刃的分形分析

针对金刚石砂轮微观出刃形貌复杂的问题,提出分形维数和等价出刃尺寸的评价指标。目的是利用分形维数和等价出刃尺寸分别评价砂轮磨粒的破碎程度和砂轮磨粒出刃的均匀程度。试验和分析结果表明,进给深度越大,砂轮出刃的分形维数就越大,表明砂轮磨粒的破碎程度越大,会给加工表面造成较大的粗糙度或划伤表面。进给深度对磨粒出刃的等价出刃尺寸的影响不大。     

细粒度金刚石砂轮形貌测量与评价

采用基于扫描白光干涉原理的三维表面轮廓仪对粒度为3 000的金刚石砂轮表面形貌进行测量,其图像拼接功能可以确保较高的横向分辨率、较高的垂直分辨率和较大的取样面积。利用频谱分析方法对砂轮表面的频率构成进行分析,通过理想的低通数字滤波消除测量仪器引起的系统噪声和砂轮表面的高频分量,然后重建砂轮表面的三维形貌,在此基础上得出砂轮的磨粒出刃高度、静态有效磨粒密度、磨粒平均间距。研究表明,采用细粒度金刚石砂轮进行超精密磨削时,磨粒出刃高度大体上服从正态分布,静态有效磨粒密度远低于理论磨粒密度,真正起切削作用的磨粒数量极少。     

基于球切多面体和光密度的砂轮建模与测量

针对金刚石砂轮磨粒形状的不规则性、尺寸的变化性以及空间位置随机分布的特点,采用基于球坐标的随机点产生的空间平面切分实体的方法,建立更接近实际的虚拟多面体磨粒,并建立金刚石砂轮模型;从类似机床刀具切削刃的磨刃二面角出发,运用仿生物学中光密度以及计算机数字图像处理的方法,提出了基于光密度、积分光密度、平均积分光密度的一种新的砂轮形貌评价方法,并通过试验测量研究了磨刃二面角与积分光密度值之间的关系。研究结果表明,磨刃二面角越大,积分光密度值越大,在0~200之间变化。最后结合砂轮表面面积密度、磨粒平均个数、出刃高度、积分光密度值等参数验证了所建立的虚拟多面体磨粒和砂轮模型的有效性。     

Abrasive wear of a single CBN grain in ultrasonic-assisted high-speed grinding

Research into the single grain cutting mechanism is important for understanding complex grinding mechanisms. Based on the characteristics of ultrasonic vibration, the motion equation of the grain is established, and the generated trajectory is theoretically analyzed. By adopting the method of combining high-speed grinding technology with ultrasonic vibration, abrasive wear forms of single cubic boron nitride (CBN) grains under common and ultrasonic conditions are studied. Further studies are conducted on the influence of the grain itself and the main grinding parameters on abrasive wear. Research shows that the main forms of abrasive wear during ultrasonic-assisted grinding are shearing wear and removing wear. However, common grinding leads to micro-crushing wear and a small amount of abrasion wear; the different forms of wear correspond to different grinding force signals. The greater the initial grain protrusion height, the greater is the abrasion of the protrusion; for the same grain protrusion height, the abrasive wear due to ultrasonic-assisted grinding is larger than that due to common grinding. As the grinding depth increases, the abrasive wear of both processing modes increases; however, in the case of ultrasonic machining, the abrasive wear increases slowly and is larger than that under common grinding. This study provides a certain decision basis for real-time monitoring of the ultrasonic-assisted high-speed grinding process. Additionally, it provides guidance and reference for the manufacture and selection of the grinding wheel and for the selection of reasonable processing parameters.     

Recognition of diamond grains on surface of fine diamond grinding wheel

The accurate evaluation of grinding wheel surface topography, which is necessary for the investigation of the grinding principle, optimism, modeling, and simulation of a grinding process, significantly depends on the accurate recognition of abrasive grains from the measured wheel surface. A detailed analysis of the grain size distribution characteristics and grain profile wavelength of the fine diamond grinding wheel used for ultra-precision grinding is presented. The requirements of the spatial sampling interval and sampling area for instruments to measure the surface topography of a diamond grinding wheel are discussed. To recognize diamond grains, digital filtering is used to eliminate the high frequency disturbance from the measured 3D digital surface of the grinding wheel, the geometric features of diamond grains are then extracted from the filtered 3D digital surface, and a method based on the grain profile frequency characteristics, diamond grain curvature, and distance between two adjacent diamond grains is proposed. A 3D surface profiler based on scanning white light interferometry is used to measure the 3D surface topography of a #3000 mesh resin bonded diamond grinding wheel, and the diamond grains are then recognized from the 3D digital surface. The experimental result shows that the proposed method is reasonable and effective.     

超微粒金刚石和富勒烯研具创建超平滑表面的研究

制备了超微粒金刚石和富勒烯研磨工具,并分别进行了硅片研磨试验,详细分析了两种材料的研磨特性如表面粗糙度的稳定性、磨料粒度对研磨效果的影响以及研磨材料的显微结构等。试验结果表明,使用0~1/8μm粒度的金刚石研具获得的表面粗糙度值大于使用0~1/4μm粒度金刚石研具的表面粗糙度值,这是因为磨粒被粘结剂覆盖所致。研究结果表明,采用富勒烯研具研磨硅片可获得Ra5nm的超平滑镜面。     

Recognition of diamond grains on surface of fine diamond grinding wheel

The accurate evaluation of grinding wheel surface topography, which is necessary for the investigation of the grinding principle, optimism, modeling, and simulation of a grinding process, significantly depends on the accurate recognition of abrasive grains from the measured wheel surface. A detailed analysis of the grain size distribution characteristics and grain profile wavelength of the fine diamond grinding wheel used for ultra-precision grinding is presented. The requirements of the spatial sampling interval and sampling area for instruments to measure the surface topography of a diamond grinding wheel are discussed. To recognize diamond grains, digital filtering is used to eliminate the high frequency disturbance from the measured 3D digital surface of the grinding wheel, the geometric features of diamond grains are then extracted from the filtered 3D digital surface, and a method based on the grain profile frequency characteristics, diamond grain curvature, and distance between two adjacent diamond grains is proposed. A 3D surface profiler based on scanning white light interferometry is used to measure the 3D surface topography of a #3000 mesh resin bonded diamond grinding wheel, and the diamond grains are then recognized from the 3D digital surface. The experimental result shows that the proposed method is reasonable and effective. __________ Translated from Journal of Dalian University of Technology, 2007, 47(3): 358–362 [译自: 大连理工大学学报]     

单层钎焊金刚石砂轮表面磨粒全场快速测量

为了快速获取单层钎焊金刚石砂轮表面全场磨粒的二维分布信息,提出了一种基于线阵相机的快速测量方法。对检测系统的原理、清晰无运动失真图像的获取、图像处理关键算法等进行研究。首先给出了检测系统的硬件构成与检测系统的工作原理；使用8方向模板的Sobel算子和标准件,完成相机对焦和运动失真图像矫正,然后对预处理的图像采用改进的阈值分割法Otsu算子对图像进行分割,最后实现了磨粒坐标及等效面积等二维特征量的提取。对磨粒有序排布的单层钎焊砂轮（粒度号35/40）进行测量实验，实验结果表明，系统从拍摄砂轮全场磨粒图像到获取磨粒坐标及等效面积所用的时间为77.4 s，可满足对单层钎焊砂轮的全场磨粒快速测量的要求。     

Wear behavior and mechanism of single-layer brazed CBN abrasive wheels during creep-feed grinding cast nickel-based superalloy

Wear behavior and mechanism of single-layer brazed CBN abrasive wheels during creep-feed grinding nickel-based superalloy K424 was investigated. Grinding force and temperature acting on the abrasive wheels were measured. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were utilized to detect grain protrusion and wheel wear morphology. The normal distribution of the protrusion height of the brazed CBN grains on the wheel surface was determined. The results show that, though the grinding zone temperature is merely about 180°C during creep-feed grinding nickel-based superalloy, the grinding heat still has an important effect on the grain wear owing to the high temperature of the individual grain up to 500–600°C. Wear patterns of brazed wheels are composed of mild wear (attritious wear and grain micro-fracture) and severe wear (grain macro-fracture, erosion of the bonding layer). Strong joining of brazed CBN grains and Ag–Cu–Ti bonding layer improves significantly the resistance to grain pullout.