原位合成的ZrO2/TiB2复合陶瓷材料摩擦磨损特性研究

对原位合成的ZrO2/TiB2复合陶瓷材料进行了室温下的摩擦磨损性能试验研究,利用扫描电镜对其磨损表面进行观察.结果表明:复合材料随着TiB2含量的增加摩擦系数减小,其抗磨损能力增强.磨损机理为微观切削和机械冷焊.     

Strengthening and toughening of TiN-based and TiB2-based ceramic tool materials with HfC additive

Effects of HfC addition on the microstructures and mechanical properties of TiN-based and TiB₂-based ceramic tool materials have been investigated. Their pore number decreased gradually and relative densities increased progressively when the HfC content increased from 15 wt% to 25 wt%. The achieved high relative densities to some extent derived from the high sintering pressure and the metal phases. HfC grains of about 1 µm evenly dispersed in these materials. Both TiN and TiB₂ grains become smaller with increasing HfC content from 15 wt% to 25 wt%, which indicated that HfC additive can inhibit TiN grain and TiB₂ grain growth, leading to the formation of a fine microstructure advantageous to improve flexural strength. Especially, TiB₂-HfC ceramics exhibited the typical core-rim structure that can enhance flexural strength and fracture toughness. The toughening mechanisms of TiB₂-HfC ceramics mainly included the pullout of HfC grain, crack deflection, crack bridging, transgranular fracture and the core-rim structure, while the toughening mechanisms of TiN-HfC ceramics mainly included pullout of HfC grain, fine grain, crack deflection and crack bridging. Besides, HfC hardness had an important influence on the hardness of these materials. Higher HfC content increased Vickers hardness of TiN-HfC composite, but lowered Vickers hardness of TiB₂-HfC composite, being HfC hardness higher than for TiN while HfC hardness is lower than for TiB₂. The decrease of fracture toughness of TiN-HfC ceramic tool materials with the increase of HfC content was attributed to the formation of a weaker interface strength.     

Strategy to design high performance TiB2-based materials: Strengthen grain boundaries by solid solute segregation

TiB₂ exhibits a unique combination of excellent properties that make it promising candidate for applications in extreme environments, where retention of strength at high temperatures is essential. Tailoring grain boundary properties by segregation is believed a prominent way to design high-temperature performance of ceramics. In this work, segregation tendencies of solute elements, including Sc, Y, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, and W, in TiB₂ grain boundaries and the strengthening/weakening effects induced by segregations are investigated by first-principles calculations. The results reveal that small atoms tend to segregate to grain boundary sites with local compression strains, while large atoms prefer grain boundary sites with local expansion strains. Deteriorated grain boundary strength is usually caused by additional expansion strain induced by segregation, while improved grain boundary strength results from either enhanced local bonding induced by segregation of small atoms or increased fracture strain due to segregation of large atoms. Cr and V, especially Cr, exhibit strong segregation tendency and improvement on grain boundary strength, which provides useful guidelines for the design of high performance TiB₂-based materials.     

Tribological behaviour of TiB2-HfC ceramic tool material under dry sliding condition

In order to disclose friction and wear mechanism of TiB₂-HfC ceramic, tribological behaviour of TiB₂-HfC ceramic sliding against YG8, 316 stainless steel (316) and TA2 were investigated. Friction coefficients between TiB₂-HfC ceramics and these materials decreased not only with an increase of sliding speed but also with an increase of normal load, respectively. Wear rates of TiB₂-HfC ceramics sliding against these materials increased with an increase of sliding speed as well as with an increase of normal load, respectively. B₂O₃, TiO₂ and HfO₂ formed in TiB₂-HfC ceramics sliding against these materials. In addition, intergranular and transgranular microcracks and WO₃ appeared in the worn surface after the ceramic slid against YG8; lamellar structures like fish scale, areas of exposed grains, pits, Fe_xO_y and Cr₂O₃ existed in the worn surface after the ceramic slid against 316; ribbon-like structures, areas of exposed grains, wear particles and furrows existed in the worn surface after the ceramic slid against TA2. Besides oxidation wear, abrasive wear played an important role in TiB₂-HfC ceramic sliding against YG8, while adhesive wear and abrasive wear played a dominant role in TiB₂-HfC ceramic sliding against 316 or TA2.     

The interrelation among network structures,molecular transport of solvent,and creep behaviors of TiB2 ceramic containing butyl rubber composites

Swelling of polymer composites in solvents has become one of the major problems in the use of polymer composites exposed to petroleum products. As a possible solution to the problem, this experimental study was conducted to examine the potential application of TiB₂ ceramic in butyl rubber (IIR) composites. The effect of TiB₂ content on the curing kinetics of IIR composites was studied using a torque rheometer technique. The effect of TiB₂ on the network structure was investigated in terms of the crosslinking density, interparticle distance between conducting particles, surface tension, glass transition temperature, degree of crystallinity, scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray analysis. Moreover, the effect of TiB₂ content on the molecular transport of solvent (kerosene) was examined by means of degree of swelling, solvent interaction parameters, volume fraction of rubber, interparticle distance after swelling, penetration rate of solvent, mean diffusion coefficient, cohesive energy density of polymer, standard entropy, standard enthalpy, and standard free energy of IIR composites. It was ascertained that with increasing TiB₂ content the degree of swelling shifts to a lower value. The main reason was interpreted as the introduction of good interface adhesion of TiB₂ with rubber matrix, which tends to block the diffusion of solvent molecules. The effect of TiB₂ content on hardness, tensile strength, Young's modules, and elongation at break is discussed. An apparent steady‐state creep of butyl rubber IIR/TiB₂ composites is evident under different constant stresses at room temperature. The strain rate of steady‐state creep showed a dependence on stress and TiB₂ volume fraction. The stress sensitivity parameter, viscosity coefficient, and activation volume for samples loaded with different content of TiB₂ were estimated. It is apparent that these new composites should be very useful for solvent permeation resistance at high TiB₂ loading level with good mechanical properties. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 2226–2235, 2005     

基于可拓理论的过程工业智能操作优化方法及应用

在生产过程装置及工艺确定的前提下,操作方案恰当与否直接影响产品质量产量及物耗能耗。由于生产过程操作变量繁多且关系复杂,传统操作调节方法已不能满足操作优化需求。本文提出了基于可拓理论的智能操作优化方法以寻求最佳操作方案。通过建立操作条件、生产目标及约束条件的物元、事元模型,采用可拓性分析及可拓变换得到操作调节方案,设定操作变量给定值形成操作方案集,并进行筛选评价得到最佳方案。结合某企业高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)串级反应过程生产操作验证了其有效性,为过程工业操作条件优化调节提供了新思路。     

Synthesis and properties of conductive B4C ceramic composites with TiB2 grain network

High electrical resistance and low fracture toughness of B₄C ceramics are 2 of the primary challenges for further machining of B₄C ceramics. This report illustrates that these 2 challenges can be overcome simultaneously using core‐shell B₄C‐TiB₂&TiC powder composites, which were prepared by molten‐salt method using B₄C (10 ± 0.6 μm) and Ti powders as raw materials without co‐ball milling. Finally, the near completely dense (98%) B₄C‐TiB₂ interlayer ceramic composites were successfully fabricated by subsequent pulsed electric current sintering (PECS). The uniform conductive coating on the surface of B₄C particles improved the mass transport by electro‐migration in PECS and thus enhanced the sinterability of the composites at a comparatively low temperature of 1700°C. The mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of the ceramic composites were investigated. The interconnected conductive TiB₂ phase at the grain boundary of B₄C significantly improved the properties of B₄C‐TiB₂ ceramic composites: in the case of B₄C‐29.8 vol% TiB₂ composite, the fracture toughness of 4.38 MPa·m^1/2, the electrical conductivity of 4.06 × 10⁵ S/m, and a high thermal conductivity of 33 W/mK were achieved.     

Effect of short carbon fiber content on the mechanical properties of TiB2-based composites prepared by spark plasma sintering

In this study, TiB₂-30 vol% SiC composites containing 0, 5, 10, and 15 vol% short carbon fibers (C_f) were produced by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The effect of carbon fiber content on microstructure, density, and mechanical properties (micro-hardness and flexural strength) of the fabricated composites was studied. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results indicated that the fibers were uniformly dispersed in the TiB₂–SiC matrix using wet ball milling before SPS process. Fully dense TiB₂–SiC–C_f composites were achieved by SPS process at 1900°C for 10 min under 30 MPa. With the addition of fibers, the relative density of the composites did not change considerably. Mechanical tests revealed that microhardness was reduced about 19% by the incorporation of carbon fibers, whereas the flexural strength improved significantly. However, the flexural strength diminished by adding carbon fibers above to critical value (5 vol%) due to residual thermal stresses, nonhomogeneous structure and graphitization of carbon fibers. It was found that the composite with 5 vol% C_f had the highest flexural strength (482 MPa), which was enhanced by 20% compared with the TiB₂–SiC composite.     

Powder characteristics,sinterability, and mechanical properties of TiB2 prepared by three reduction methods

Reaction processes, powder characteristics, sinterability, and mechanical properties of TiB₂ prepared by borothermal reduction, B₄C reduction, and boro/carbothermal reduction were compared. Results showed that TiBO₃ and Ti₂O₃ as the intermediate phases existed in the three reduction processes. The temperature where TiB₂ became major phase was lowest during borothermal reduction, resulting in the finest TiB₂ particle size, in contrast to the other two methods, especially boro/carbothermal reduction. However, TiB₂ powders prepared by B₄C reduction and boro/carbothermal reduction after pressureless sintering at 1800°C for 2 hours showed the relatively higher sinterability, due to the lower oxygen content and higher carbon content. Finally, using 5 wt% Ni as sintering additive, hot-pressed TiB₂ ceramics from B₄C reduction demonstrated higher densification, more fine-grained microstructure and higher mechanical properties, due to the better balance of oxygen/carbon content.     

Al2O3含量对TiB2-Al2O3陶瓷性能的影响

本文以Y2O3-La2O3为烧结助剂,通过热压烧结制备了TiB2-A12O3复相陶瓷,研究了原料组成对材料的显薇结构和力学性能的影响。实验结果表明：随A12O3含量升高,混合原料的烧结性能提高,复相陶瓷中的晶粒尺寸逐渐减小;材料的抗弯强度随A12O3含量的增加出现先增大后减小的趋势,当A12O3含量为30wt%时,抗弯强度达最高值;A12O3含量的增加会导致材料的洛氏硬底（HRA）降低。     

TiB2涂层刀具制备及干铣削Ti-6Al-4V磨损行为研究?

由于切削过程中产生高温、刀具粘结与氧化严重,钛合金切削尤其是干切削,一直是刀具行业的重大挑战之一,而在刀具表面添加涂层是提高钛合金切削刀具寿命的有效途径。利用脉冲磁控溅射技术制备了TiB2涂层刀具,以相同基体的无涂层刀具为对照,干铣削Ti-6Al-4V钛合金,切削速度从30~100 m/min变化,研究TiB2涂层刀具的切削性能与失效机理。所制备的TiB2涂层具有(100)择优取向的六方晶体结构,组织致密。涂层硬度可高达4000 HV。切削实验发现,在30 m/min的低速时,TiB2涂层刀具的切削寿命超过无涂层刀具57%之多,当切削速度加倍到60 m/min时,刀具寿命未见下降。当切削速度增加到100 m/min时,TiB2涂层刀具与无涂层刀具切削寿命相当。TiB2涂层刀具表面氧化所产生的B2O3液化膜,起自润滑作用,可充分减少钛合金的粘结,降低摩擦力。因此,在TiB2或B2O3消失之前,TiB2涂层刀具均有良好表现。在100 m/min时,切削高温造成B2O3强烈挥发,且TiB2被氧化为多孔疏松的TiO2,刀具寿命急剧下降到无涂层刀具的水平。     

Design,fabrication and mechanical properties of multidimensional graded ceramic tool materials

A type of multidimensional graded ceramic tool materials (MGTMs) was designed and fabricated by vacuum hot-pressing sintering technology. The microstructure and compositional distribution of tool simultaneously changed in two different directions. The tool-chip and tool-workpiece contact regions were designed to have high hardness, and metal phases Mo and Ni were added to produce a gradual increase in toughness from the outer layer to core layer. The effect of orientation angle, thickness ratio and sintering parameters on the mechanical properties and microstructure were investigated. The experimental results showed that the composites, sintered at 1700 °C for 15 min, with the orientation angle of 30° and a thickness ratio of 0.4, had the optimal comprehensive mechanical properties. In addition, the crack propagation paths were observed to analyze the toughening mechanisms for the multidimensional graded ceramic tool materials. It was found that there is a crack resistance behavior when the crack extended from the outer layer to transition layer. The effect of the angle between the crack and graded interface on crack propagation paths was also investigated and the results indicated that the small angle was favorable for the crack deflection when the cracks passed through the graded interface. The residual thermal stress contributed to the occurrence of the crack bridging and transgranular fracture inside the Al₂O₃ grains, while the intergranular fracture and crack deflection were observed around the TiC grains.     

基于T-S模糊模型与粒子群优化的非线性预测控制

引言模型预测控制属于一种基于模型的多变量的控制算法,发展至今已在化工过程控制方面得到了广泛的应用[1-5]。状态反馈预测控制[6-8]是模型预测控制技术的一种,基于状态空间模型,采用实测状态     

ORC工质选择的多级非结构性模糊决策分析

工质的选择是有机朗肯循环(ORC)系统优化中的关键问题之一。建立了基于多级非结构性模糊决策分析方法的ORC工质优选体系,根据影响因素的非结构性的特点建立三级模糊优选模型,综合考虑ORC系统的技术性能、经济性能和环保性能3方面因素的影响,并针对影响ORC工质优选的因素复杂、确定隶属函数主观因素较强的情况引入非结构性模糊决策法以确定其隶属度与权重。应用此模型对150℃热源条件下某ORC系统进行工质的优选,得到了不同评价级对应的优选工质序列。R123是对应三级评价准则下该ORC系统的最优工质,验证了多级非结构性模糊决策模型在ORC工质优选中的适用性。     

TiB2防护涂层的制备及性能

太阳能热发电一体化系统具有储热密度高、发电效率大、无污染等特点.为了提高太阳能热发电中容器的使用寿命,本文中在310S不锈钢容器内壁制备了TiB2防护涂层,并对涂层的主要抗热震性能、力学性能和对熔融态储能材料Al-12.07％Si的耐蚀性能进行了分析.结果表明:TiB2涂层抗热震性能好,涂层与基体结合强度较高;同时涂层在一定温度下具有较好的耐蚀性,从而延长容器的使用寿命.     

Na和铝电解质对振动成型TiB2惰性阴极的渗透

采用振动成型的TiB2和石墨分别作为Na和铝电解质渗透实验的阴极材料,在工业铝电解条件下电解5 h,考察了Na和铝电解质对其腐蚀渗透情况. XRD分析结果表明,振动成型TiB2阴极的基体中未发现Na或F的单质及化合物,而在石墨阴极中则有NaF和Na3AlF6等物质存在. SEM及EDS分析结果表明,Na, F, Al等元素渗透到TiB2阴极基体中的量极少,渗透到石墨中的量则较多. 可见振动成型TiB2阴极能够有效减缓Na和铝电解质的渗透,但并不能完全阻止.     

TiB2的分散行为对铝电解惰性阴极材料性能的影响

为了解TiB2对铝电解阴极材料性能的影响,在实验室通过热压烧结制备TiB2-C复合阴极材料,并对制备的阴极试样进行在线钠膨胀测试。结合XRD, SEM和TEM等微观分析手段,研究钠元素对阴极的渗透、TiB2-C复合阴极材料与基体之间的界面行为和TiC对阴极材料性能的影响。结果表明,在电解过程中,TiC通过溶解-析出方式提高了阴极材料石墨化度,改善了阴极材料的性能。在相同电流密度情况下,TiB2-C复合阴极材料能够有效降低阴极压降。通过在功能层与基体之间插入一层过渡层,改善了TiB2-C复合阴极材料与基体之间的黏合,能够有效减少钠元素对阴极的侵蚀。该研究对延长电解槽阴极的使用寿命以及降低铝电解的生产能耗具有理论指导意义。     

电解铝用TiB2惰性可润湿性阴极材料的研究现状

TiB2能被铝液良好润湿,而且还耐熔融铝液和冰晶石熔体的侵蚀,熔点高,导电率高。本文简要介绍了传统电解铝阴极材料的发展现状以及新型TiB2惰性阴极材料的作用机理及优点,系统叙述了国内外关于TiB2涂层阴极、TiB2陶瓷阴极、TiB2基复合阴极的研究现状。     

Cutting performance and wear mechanisms of the graphene-reinforced Al2O3-WC-TiC composite ceramic tool in turning hardened 40Cr steel

The Al₂O₃-WC-TiC-graphene composite ceramic tool (AWTG0.5) fabricated by two-step hot pressing was used to continuously turn the hardened 40Cr steel at different cutting speeds, and its cutting performance and wear mechanisms were compared with the homemade graphene-free AWTG0 ceramic tool and the commercial ceramic tools SG4 and LT55. The cutting performance of the AWTG0.5 tool was significantly better than that of the AWTG0, SG4 and LT55 tools. The contributions of graphene to the mechanical properties, lubricating properties and thermal conductivity of the AWTG0.5 tool were responsible for its higher cutting performance. The main wear mechanisms of the AWTG0.5 tool were adhesive wear and abrasive wear. In addition, it was also found that the anti-friction and wear resistance performances of the AWTG0.5 tool were superior to those of the other three tools. Its good anti-friction and wear resistance performances could be attributed to the formation of a self-lubricating layer induced by graphene pull-out.     

TiB_2增强酚醛泡沫的制备及性能

为提高酚醛泡沫材料的耐高温性能和高温裂解前后的力学性能,通过物理共混法在发泡酚醛树脂中添加二硼化钛(TiB_2)无机填料制备了酚醛/TiB_2泡沫复合材料。研究了泡沫复合材料的固化过程和在1 000℃下裂解前后的微观结构,以及不同的TiB_2颗粒含量对泡沫复合材料的热物理性能、裂解前后力学性能的影响。结果表明,添加的TiB_2颗粒并不能被引入到酚醛树脂的分子链中,但是能够与酚醛树脂裂解释放出的含氧气体发生氧化还原反应,将裂解气体中的C和O元素吸收并转化为无定形碳和TiO_2等固相产物,从而提高了酚醛泡沫的残炭率和裂解后的力学性能。随着TiB_2含量的增加,泡沫复合材料的残炭率以及裂解前后的表观密度、比压缩强度和比弯曲强度均呈上升趋势,其中裂解后的强度上升更为明显。当TiB_2用量为30份时,酚醛泡沫复合材料在1 000℃下裂解产物的残炭率、比压缩强度和比弯曲强度分别比纯酚醛泡沫材料提高了39.2%,76.5%和43.9%。