点燃式发动机燃用不同燃料的冷起动着火特性

基于循环控制策略,在一台125 mL单缸四行程电控喷射点燃式发动机上,分别燃用汽油、LPG和甲醇3种燃料进行了冷起动瞬态工况着火特性的试验研究.在只喷射一次燃料的情况下,确保汽油、LPG和甲醇发动机可靠起动时,研究循环喷射量和环境温度的影响.试验结果表明,循环喷射量对汽油和LPG发动机可靠起动影响显著,合适的循环喷射量即可保证汽油和LPG发动机可靠起动;环境温度对甲醇发动机可靠起动影响最显著,循环喷射量次之,环境温度低于16 ℃时,不采取辅助起动措施,低喷射压力下喷多少燃料都不能使甲醇发动机起动;同一喷射时刻,汽油和LPG发动机可实现"即喷即着"的理想着火,甲醇发动机要比汽油和LPG发动机晚一个循环着火.     

基于首次着火循环的低温冷起动特性(Ⅱ)

在一台125cm^3单缸风冷电控喷射LPG发动机上,进行了单循环冷起动实验研究．通过分析发动机最初几个循环的瞬时转速、缸压以及HC排放,得到了发动机首次着火循环冷起动时的燃烧及排放情况．在对首次着火循环分析的基础上,研究了过量空气系数、环境温度、点火提前角和蓄电池电压对LPG发动机首次着火循环燃烧情况的影响．结果表明,蓄电池电压影响发动机冷起动首次着火循环的HC排放,同时对首次着火循环的起动转速也有影响;点火提前角对首次着火循环起动转速影响较大,但对单循环冷起动时的HC排放影响不大;LPG发动机首次循环可靠起动的最佳点火提前角为上止前10℃A．     

火花点火式发动机燃用甲醇—氢混合燃料燃烧的试验研究

本文对火花点火单缸试验机燃用甲醇燃料的燃烧特性作了研究。根据甲醇燃料汽化潜热大,着火温度高,冷起动困难等特点,提出了在甲醇—空气混合气中添加少量氢气,作为助燃剂,以寻求火花点火发动机燃用甲醇代用燃料的途径。试验表明,这样做改善了甲醇燃料的燃烧性能,提高了发动机的热效率、经济性和排放特性。     

LPG单一燃料电控发动机冷起动控制的研究

根据LPG发动机冷起动的特点，设计了LPG发动机冷起动控制策略，在4缸直列单一LPG气态进气道多点顺序喷射发动机上进行了9℃、15℃和20℃的冷起动试验研究。试验结果表明：通过优化初始燃油喷射脉宽、起动喷射脉宽衰减梯度、初始节气门开度、节气门开度衰减梯度等控制参数，可以实现LPG发动机燃烧稳定、起动可靠，并尽可能缩短浓混合气供给时间；为保证可靠起动，LPG发动机和汽油发动机在起动阶段都需要浓混合气，但相对于汽油机，温度对LPG发动机能够成功起动的初始喷气脉宽的影响不是很明显，使用LPG燃料可以缩短起动阶段提供浓混合气的时间，起动过程中为产生相同的转矩，LPG发动机需要较大节气门开度。     

基于循环控制的LPG电喷发动机冷起动初探

基于循环控制策略，利用单循环和多循环燃烧分析方法研究了LPG发动机的冷起动特性。试验在一台四冲程、水冷125mL单缸电控喷射点燃式发动机上进行。通过对冷起动循环的缸压和瞬时转速的实对测量和分析，研究了LPG首次喷射脉宽及着火循环的关系对冷起动着火特性的影响，特别对如何实现可控循环着火进行了基于单次起动喷射脉宽的单循环和多循环燃烧研究。试验结果表明：冷起动首次着火循环对整个起动过程的HC排放及着火稳定性起着至关重要的作用；起动喷射脉宽对冷起动着火特性的影响最大，合理控制起动喷射脉宽和喷射时刻，即可实现“即喷即着”的理想可控循环着火。LPG首次着火循环所需的混合气浓度约是稳定怠速时的2．2倍；单循环起动喷射脉宽起动与多循环起动脉宽起动相比，具有HC排放低和起动可靠性好的优点。在首次喷射之前空转几循环可以使发动机的首次着火循环序数提前，并能提高冷起动可靠性。     

一种单燃料纯甲醇发动机冷起动技术研究

文章针对目前甲醇汽车发动机生产厂家广泛采用的副油箱式辅助冷起动系统的缺陷,根据甲醇发动机的低温起动特性,研制了一种安装在进气总管的新型纯甲醇汽车发动机冷起动装置。该装置通过甲醇发动机进气预热冷起动技术,使得甲醇发动机低温起动时,甲醇燃料的蒸汽浓度能够达到着火点。试验结果表明,采用该冷起动技术后,甲醇发动机在环境温度为-10℃时可以实现冷起动,从而为单燃料纯甲醇发动机冷起动技术的应用与改进提供一定参考。     

点燃式航空煤油直喷发动机冷起动性能试验

以自主开发的低压空气辅助直喷航空煤油发动机为平台,开展了冷起动燃烧特性试验.基于油、气顺序喷射和同步喷射策略分别探究了油、气喷射间隔时间和喷气截止时刻对燃烧的影响;设计并验证了基于过量空气系数的动态油量控制策略对冷起动过程燃烧稳定性的影响.结果表明:随油、气喷射间隔时间的延长,平均最高燃烧压力先增大后减小,3ms时具有...     

车用天然气发动机起动过程的试验研究

采用自主研发的车用天然气发动机电控系统(ECU),针对经过改装后的JL465Q5发动机进行了起动试验研究.以AVR单片机为核心,ECU采用多片式结构,采用步进电机控制旁通空气阀开度,从而控制起动时的空气进气量,采用电控天然气喷射阀,控制起动时的天然气供给量;开发了试验监控系统,作为人机对话接口;开发了转速采集系统,可以准确实时地记录起动过程.试验结果表明:当起动转速较低时,应采用较浓的混合气;而且较高的冷却水温度有利于天然气发动机的冷起动过程;多次点火控制和提高点火能量有利于天然气发动机的顺利起动.     

直喷汽油机二次喷射改善冷起动性能的研究

通过一台直列4缸汽油机分析了喷油模式对直喷汽油(GDI)发动机冷起动过程及冷态怠速过程的影响.结果表明:通过调整喷油策略可以改变缸内混合气的燃烧过程,在二次喷油比例为0.6∶0.4、喷油定时分别为上止点前300°CA和140°CA、环境温度为-30℃条件下,发动机的燃烧特性最佳,HC排放最低.在车辆冷起动过程中,通过二次喷射可以有效缩短混合气的滞燃期和燃烧持续期,以达到缩短起动时间、提高起动性能的目的.在起动后的怠速阶段,采用二次喷射可以大幅提高发动机的燃烧稳定性,有效消除怠速不稳的问题.在闭环控制阶段,通过二次喷射合理组织缸内混合气分布,可以有效改善减稀混合气造成的车辆抖动问题.此外,缸内混合气燃烧过程的优化可以有效降低冷起动过程的HC和CO排放,但会造成NOx排放的小幅升高.     

不同点火时刻下天然气掺氢缸内直喷发动机燃烧与排放特性

在缸内直喷火花点火发动机上开展了天然气掺混0％-18％氢气的混合燃料不同点火时刻下的试验研究。结果表明：对于给定的喷射时刻和喷射持续期,点火时刻对发动机性能、燃烧和排放有较大影响,喷射结束时刻与点火时刻的间隔对直喷天然气发动机极为重要,喷射结束时刻与点火时刻的间隔缩短时,混合气分层程度高,燃烧速率快,热效率高。最大放热率等燃烧特征参数随点火时刻的提前而增加。HC排放随点火时刻的提前而下降,CO2和NOx排放随点火时刻的提前而增加,NOx排放的增加在大点火提前角下更明显。掺氢可降低HC排放,对CO和CO2排放影响不大。掺氢量大于10％时可提高天然气发动机热效率。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.