Fuzzy-Fusion Classifier for MMV Full-Polarization Radar Target Recognition Using One-Dimensional Scattering Centers

One-dimensional (1-D) scattering centers on a target can be used for radar target recognition purpose. In this paper, a new classifier based on fuzzy techniques is proposed, which is very much suitable for target recognition using 1-D scattering centers. Furthermore, information fusion techniques for full polarimetric receiver data are utilized at the decision level. The performance of the proposed fuzzy-fusion classifier is evaluated using a dataset of five aircraft models measured by millimeter-wave (MMW) full-polarization stepped-frequency radar in the compact range facility.     

基于多姿态角下一维距离像的雷达目标三维成像

本文根据目标散射中心在雷达视线上的几何投影关系,分析了由多姿态角下一维距离像对雷达目标进行三维成像的基本原理和散射中心关联等技术难点,提出了基于聚类分析的散射中心关联和三维成像算法.最后,本文采用GTD散射模型生成的回波数据和暗室测量数据进行成像实验,验证了该算法具有实现简单、成像效果稳定等优点.     

步进频信号散射中心的提取及目标识别

针对宽带步进频测量雷达体制，用几何绕射理论（GTD）模型来描述目标宽带RCS测量数据，利用多重信号特征（MUSIC）算法估计目标散射中心的数目和位置，并将目标的散射中心作为特征进行目标识别。利用暗室测量的缩比目标模型数据进行目标识别实验，结果表明，用该方法提取的散射中心特征稳当有效，识别效果较好。     

Three-dimensional interferometric ISAR imaging for targetscattering diagnosis and modeling

Two-dimensional (2-D) inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging has been widely used in target scattering diagnosis, modeling and target identification. A major shortcoming is that a 2-D ISAR image cannot provide information on the relative altitude of each scattering center on the target. In this paper, we present an interferometric inverse synthetic aperture radar (IF-ISAR) image processing technique for three-dimensional (3-D) target altitude image formation. The 2-D ISAR images are obtained from the signature data acquired as a function of frequency and azimuthal angle. A 3-D IF-ISAR altitude image can then be derived from two 2-D images reconstructed from the measurements by antennas at different altitudes. 3-D altitude image formation examples from both indoor and outdoor test range data are demonstrated on complex radar targets.     

Three-dimensional scattering center extraction using the shootingand bouncing ray technique

We present a technique to extract the three-dimensional (3-D) scattering center model of a complex target. Using the shooting and bouncing ray technique, we first generate the 3-D inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) image of the target based on a one-look ISAR algorithm. In step two, we use the image processing algorithm CLEAN to extract the 3-D position and strength of the scattering centers from the 3-D ISAR image. Various implementation issues related to computation time and memory are addressed and an efficient scheme is presented to accomplish the 3-D scattering center extraction. Several examples ranging from simple canonical structures to complex targets are presented to demonstrate the validity of the extraction scheme and the usefulness of the resulting 3-D scattering center model     

多姿态角下的目标散射中心关联与成像方法研究

雷达成像是获取目标结构信息的重要手段,本文根据目标散射中心在雷达视线上的投影关系,分析了多姿态观测下的目标散射中心三维成像原理,基于真假散射中心的特性差异,引入复合弹性系数模型实现多姿态角散射中心关联和成像。实验采用仿真数据和暗室测量数据进行成像实验,结果表明算法具有成像稳定、结构清晰等优点。     

散射中心的时频像特征研究

散射中心是高频区电磁散射的重要特征,其属性特征,如散射幅度、位置,对方位的依赖性对于雷达成像及目标识别具有重要意义。与其它雷达图像相比,时频图像能更完整地反映出散射中心的属性特征,但目前关于不同散射中心的时频像特征研究还不完整。该文首先基于散射中心模型,从理论上分析了各个散射中心时频像的特征,然后通过全波法电磁计算得到了典型结构目标的散射数据,从数值上验证了对时频图像特征的理论分析,最后总结了不同散射中心的时频像特征,此结论有助于从时频像中直观地判断目标的散射中心类型和其对应的物理结构特点,可为基于时频像的雷达目标特征提取与识别提供一定的理论参考。     

基于散射中心方位特性的大角度成像数据缩减方法

实际雷达目标散射中心有别于理想散射中心，具有复杂的方位特性，其散射幅度和位置随雷达观测角度改变而变化.文中基于不同类型散射中心的方位特性，提出了一种简单有效的大角度成像数据复杂度缩减方法.通过分析和预估各散射中心的有效观测角度范围，仅选择有效观测范围之内的散射场数据用于后续成像.该方法可以实现利用较少观测角下的散射回波数据获得与大角度成像结果相同的图像特征.数值结果证实，弹头目标的数据压缩率可达到45%以上，飞机目标的压缩率则达到80%以上.本文的研究结果对于雷达成像仿真、雷达图像解译等具有参考意义.     

用于雷达目标识别的理想极化参数模型

利用目标散射矩阵理论和多散射中心理论建立一种用于雷达目标识别的极化参数模型。应用这一参数模型，雷达目标可由一个或多个散射中心的特性加以描述。通过对散射中心特性的分析，可以对雷达目标作出较精确的估算。     

基于高分辨率雷达的一种目标识别方法

在小波变换和Mahalanobis距离的基础上,提出了一种雷达目标识别方法.首先,对雷达回波信号进行小波变换,得到目标散射中心在一维距离像中的位置和峰值,从而得到一组由位置和峰值构成的点列.然后计算这些点的Mahalanobis距离,得到目标识别的特征向量,由此进行目标识别.仿真实验结果表明:该方法具有较高目标识别能力和强抗干扰能力.     

基于窄带雷达组网的空间锥体目标特征提取方法

进动引发的微多普勒调制可作为空间锥体目标识别的重要依据,针对此该文提出一种基于窄带雷达组网的进动锥体目标特征提取方法。该文首先根据目标散射特性推导了进动引发的散射点理论瞬时频率变化,并根据频谱熵实现了多个雷达视角观测下的散射点瞬时频率变化的匹配;然后依据不同视角下锥顶与锥底散射点瞬时频率变化关系,提出一种目标进动与尺寸特征联合提取的新方法,实现了目标高度、底面半径、质心位置、进动角等参数的高精度估计。基于电磁计算数据的实验结果验证了该文所提方法的有效性和精确性。     

基于弹跳射线法的海面舰船目标三维散射中心快速建模方法

海面舰船目标3维散射中心的快速建模对雷达目标信号快速仿真、特征提取与分类识别等应用具有重要意义。该文结合目标-海面耦合散射的“4路径”模型、随机海面散射修正Fresnel反射系数模型,以及基于射线管积分的快速3维成像等模型与方法,提出一种舰船-海面复合的快速3维成像方法,并通过CLEAN算法建立一种3维散射中心快速建模算法。该算法由于实现了单频、单视角条件下的目标3维成像,并且采用简化的海面模型避免了大量海面面元的构建,因而大大提高了3维散射中心建模的计算效率,从而满足实际工程应用的需求。典型海面舰船目标仿真实验结果表明,与传统基于FFT的3维成像算法相比,在典型计算条件下该算法的计算效率可提高4个数量级。不同海情下,3维散射中心重建的与直接仿真计算的1维距离像历程图和2维像的对比结果,也验证了算法的计算精度。      

自旋尾翼弹头的双基地微多普勒研究

微动特征是弹道中段目标雷达识别的有效特征之一。针对基于自旋尾翼弹头的双基地微多普勒的自旋和结构参数估计问题,该文首先建立了自旋尾翼弹头双基地散射中心的微多普勒模型,然后利用FEKO计算了尾翼弹头的双基地散射系数,通过对散射系数序列的时频分析,验证了模型的正确性,同时总结了自旋尾翼弹头的双基地微多普勒特性,再分析了估计自旋和结构参数的可行性,最后,由于闪烁效应导致Hough变换已不能有效估计参数,该文提出了利用闪烁效应估计参数的新思路。     

A global scattering center representation of complex targets usingthe shooting and bouncing ray technique

We present a methodology to extract a global scattering center model a complex target. Using the shooting and bouncing ray technique, we first extract the three-dimensional (3-D) scattering center representations of the target at various aspect angles. Next the correspondence between scattering centers across angles are established by utilizing 3-D location information. The data are grouped based on 3-D scattering center locations and are organized in the form of angular visibility maps. Such data organization gives good insights into target physics and feature stability. Furthermore, we define a stability measure to quantitatively rank order the scattering centers based on their angular stability. Finally, we demonstrate the usefulness of such stable features by carrying out a five-target template-based matching experiment to estimate the angular pose of an unknown target     

利用弹头目标微动信息的两种三维散射中心提取方法

雷达目标三维散射中心提取技术广泛应用于散射特性分析、建模以及目标跟踪。结合空间机动目标的微动信息,可以间接得到雷达视角信息。本文在分析了此转化关系的基础上,提出两种三维散射中心提取方法,分别是投影方程求解法和球面拟合法。原理上,分别从代数和几何两个方向体现一维投影距离到三维空间位置的映射原理;算法上,解方程法是基于映射原理,进而求解矩阵方程来实现的;球面拟合法根据一维投影数据的球形分布规律从映射图中提取球面,过原点的直径与球面的交点即为强散射中心。GTD散射模型回波数据和暗室测量数据分别验证了这两种方法的有效性。最后,对两种方法的特点和性能进行了比较,同信噪比下,球面拟合法优于解方程法约15dB。      

基于ICA的雷达目标3D成像方法研究

雷达目标一维距离像反映了其散射点在雷达径向上的分布,对同一目标多角度的一维距离像分别提取其散射点相对位置,经过配准后再利用ICA对其处理,可以得到该目标的二维结构,为进一步的目标特征提取与识别分行了条件。通过仿真实验,结果表明算法简单有效。     

Data-Level Fusion of Multilook Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Images

Although techniques for resolution enhancement in single-aspect radar imaging have made rapid progress in recent years, it does not necessarily imply that such enhanced images will improve target identification or recognition. However, when multiple looks of the same target from different aspects are obtained, the available knowledge increases, allowing more useful target information to be extracted. Physics-based image fusion techniques can be developed by processing the raw data collected from multiple inverse synthetic aperture radar sensors, even if these individual images are at different resolutions. We derive an appropriate data fusion rule to generate a composite image containing enhanced target shape characteristics for improved target recognition. The rule maps multiple data sets collected by multiple radars with different system parameters on to the same spatial-frequency space. The composite image can be reconstructed using the inverse 2-D Fourier transform over the separated multiple integration areas. An algorithm called the Matrix Fourier Transform is proposed to realize such a complicated integral. This algorithm can be regarded as an exact interpolation such that there is no information loss caused by data fusion. The rotation centers need to be carefully selected to properly register the multiple images before performing the fusion. A comparison of the image attribute rating curve between the fused image and the spatially averaged images quantifies the improvement in the detected target features. The technique shows considerable improvement over a simple spatial averaging algorithm and thereby enhances target recognition.     

平面隙缝阵列天线的宽带电磁散射特性分析

 针对主动雷达导引头对防空导弹武器系统制导雷达站检测与识别的需求,研究了平面隙缝阵列天线的宽带电磁散射特性.将天线的电磁散射机理与目标高频散射中心理论相结合,建立了天线的电磁散射模型,分别采用矩量法和物理光学法计算天线的模式项散射场和结构项散射场,并从理论上证明了天线散射中心的客观存在,分析了隙缝阵列天线的散射中心分布特征.最后对不同视角下天线的高分辨距离像进行了仿真,为进一步理解天线的电磁散射机理、分析其宽带电磁散射特性、以及采用高分辨率成像技术对雷达站进行检测与识别奠定了基础.     

Imaging of Single and Double Scatterers in Urban Areas via SAR Tomography

Microwave scattering is a rather complex mechanism, especially in urban areas. Three-dimensional (3-D) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) tomography is a technique that uses multiple views to map the scattering power at different heights, thus extending the capability of SAR sensors to fully image the scene in the 3-D space. This paper presents a first validation of spaceborne long-term SAR tomography by demonstrating the capability to resolve a simple layover case, i.e., to separate single- and double-scattering mechanisms within imaged pixels. Results obtained with real data acquired by the European Remote Sensing 1 and 2 (ERS-1 and ERS-2) satellites over the urban area of Napoli are presented. As an additional contribution, an innovative algorithm estimating residual topography and surface deformation, called the spatial-differencing technique, is also discussed in detail at the data calibration stage     

多基地雷达系统一维距离像的三维成像

对多基地雷达系统各接收站获取的目标一维高分辨距离像进行特征提取，可得到目标散射中心在多个方向上的径向分布。根据空间矢量投影的原理，可以求出目标散射中心之间的真实位置关系，形成目标的三维像。仿真结果表明，用三维像描述目标的结构具有较好的稳定性，可作为目标识别的特征量，从而为利用高分辨距离像进行目标识别提供了新的方法。