Blanking tool wear modeling using the finite element method

One of the main objectives of the numerical process design in metal forming is to develop adequate tool design and establish process parameter in order to increase tool life and to improve part quality and complexity while reducing manufacturing cost. The prediction of tool wear in sheet metal blanking/punching processes is investigated in this paper using the finite element method. A wear prediction model has been implemented in a finite element code in which the tool wear is a function of the normal pressure and some material parameters. A damage model is used in order to describe crack initiation and propagation into the sheet. The distribution of the tool wear on the tool profile is obtained and compared to industrial observations. Furthermore, a numerical investigation has been carried out to study the effect of tool wear on the burr formation.     

Experiments and finite element simulations on micro-milling of Ti–6Al–4V alloy with uncoated and cBN coated micro-tools

This paper presents experimental investigations and finite element simulations on micro-milling of Ti–6Al–4V alloy with fine grain uncoated and cBN coated micro-end mills. Micro-milling of Ti–6Al–4V using uncoated and cBN coated tungsten carbide micro-end mills are conducted; surface roughness, burr formation and tool wear are measured. Effects of machining parameters on surface roughness, burr formation, and tool wear for uncoated and cBN coated micro-tools are investigated. Finite element modelling is utilized to predict forces, temperatures, and wear rate for uncoated and cBN coated micro-tools. Predicted temperature and tool wear contours for uncoated and cBN coated micro-tool edges reveal advantages of cBN coatings. Optimization studies on the experimental results are also conducted to identify the optimum process parameters which minimize both surface roughness and burr formation concurrently.     

Clean-sheared and rectangular edges through counter-shaving

A various number of products exist which require a clean-sheared edge due to function or surface feel. Traditionally, these parts are produced on fine blanking presses with three separate and distinct movements. Shaving, in particular counter-shaving is a shearing operation to improve the edge quality of a blanked part or punched hole. This paper introduces a progressive die tool to realize the counter-shaving process on a single acting press. Advancing the chip flow through choosing a cutter angle can achieve up to a 85% clean-sheared edge and rectangular edge. Thereby, a sharp-edged transition—without any rollover depth—between the upper surface of the sheet metal and the sheared-edge are formed. The end of the clean-sheared edge is followed by a tear which shapes a burr in the form of a triangular lappet, which can be deburred in a subsequent vibratory grinding process. Experimental results of different process parameters for two sheet metal materials at three thicknesses are discussed and compared to finite element calculations. The presented research work was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG).     

DP780模具材料冲切磨损特性和冲切试样断面质量研究

由于超高强度钢板具有高强度、高韧性等特性,在冲切过程中对模具材料的磨损更严重,因此比较不同模具材料在冲切超高强度钢板时的抗磨损性能并选择合适的模具材料显得尤为重要。采用平行镶块组装形式的模具进行DP780超高强度钢板的冲切试验,并对不同冲切次数时3种模具材料（CALDIE、YXM1、SLD）对应的冲切试样的断面质量进行统计,以此分析模具材料的抗磨损性能。试验发现：冲切试样毛刺高度的变化能较好地反映出模具材料的磨损情况,冲切间隙的变化会影响试样断面剪切带宽度变化。CALDIE镶块在冲切试验的前期冲切试样质量最好,但后期其对应的冲切试样毛刺高度明显增加,说明CALDIE的稳定磨损期较短,这也降低了总的抗磨损性能。SLD镶块对应的冲切试样塌角高度、剪切带宽度及毛刺高度均是最大,说明其抗磨损性最差。综合比较发现,在冲切DP780板料时,SLD抗磨损性能最弱,CALDIE最好,YXM1介于两者之间。     

Finite element analysis of the wrinkling initiation and growth in modified yoshida buckling test

Wrinkling is one of the major defects in sheet metal products and may be also attributable to the wear of the tool. The initiation and growth of wrinkles are influenced by many factors such as stress ratios, mechanical properties of the sheet material, geometry of the workpiece, contact condition, etc. In the study, the bifurcation theory is introduced for the finite element analysis of wrinkling initiation and growth. All the above mentioned factors are conveniently considered by the finite element method. The wrinkling initiation is found by checking the determinent of the stiffness matrix at each iteration and the wrinkling behavior is analyzed by successive iteration with the perturbed guess along the eigenvector. The effept of magnitude of perturbation on the wrinkling behavior can be avoided by the Newton-type iteration method. The finite element formulation is based on the incremental deformation theory and elastic-plastic material modeling. The finite element analysis is carried out using the continuum-based resultant shell elements considering the planar anisotropy of the sheet metal. In order to investigate the effects of geometry and stress state on the wrinkling initiation and growth, a modified Yoshida buckling test is proposed as an effective buckling test. The finite element analysis are carried out for the modified Yoshida buckling test. The buckling behavior of the sheet is analyzed for various modified dimensions.     

Prediction of surface topography in lubricated sheet metal forming

This study develops new model that is suitable for predicting the surface topography of the products of lubricated sheet metal forming. In the lubrication analysis, a finite element model is derived for the average Reynolds equation, no matter whether the tooling surface comes into contact with workpeice surface or not. With regard to the asperity contact theory and surface parameter analysis, a novel model takes account of the smoothing, roughening and tool elastic microwedge effects on the surface of the workpiece. A model was combined with a finite element membrane code of axisymmetric stretch forming to predict the contact area ratio and the surface roughness. Numerical results revealed that the new model is consistent with the experimental results. The superiority of the new model over the conventional model is that it predicts the surface roughness more accurately during the lubricated sheet metal forming process.     

Computational characterization of drawbeads: A basic modeling method for data generation

The purpose of this investigation is to better understand the behaviour and effects in modeling of drawbeads in sheet metal forming simulation. A finite element model is developed to examine how various modeling aspects, such as element size, number of integration points, material hardening, influence the results. Furthermore, some process parameters such as friction and tool geometry are also discussed.In the modeling of drawbeads in large-scale sheet metal forming analysis using finite element methods it is common to use an equivalent drawbead model. This is due to the need for very dense finite element meshes resulting in demands for extreme computer resources. Generation of input data for an equivalent drawbead model has to be reliable and simple. Herein one method is presented on how to use a plane strain model using actual bead geometry to derive data for the equivalent drawbead model as it is implemented in LS-DYNA^TM.     

基于零件冲裁毛刺高度的冲压模具磨损预测

冲压模具的磨损会引起冲裁间隙的增大,导致零件冲裁毛刺高度的增加。利用DEFORM-2D软件对0.8 mm料厚的CK75弹簧钢板料的冲裁过程进行有限元仿真,分析了冲裁模具的磨损过程,深入研究了冲裁工艺参数对冲裁毛刺高度与模具磨损的影响变化趋势。研究结果表明:在研究的冲裁工艺参数范围内,零件冲裁毛刺的高度随着冲裁间隙与冲裁速度的不断增加而增大,而随着模具刃口圆角半径的增大则表现出先增加后减小的变化规律;冲裁凸模的磨损深度伴随着冲裁间隙的增大而逐渐减小,随着冲裁速度的增加而增大,而随着模具刃口圆角半径的增加表现出先增大后减小的变化规律。此外,借助冲压模具进行冲裁试验,冲裁毛刺高度的仿真值与试验值之间的最大相对误差为17.7%,从而为衡量模具磨损状况提供了一种比较直接的方法。     

汽车轮毂件冲压成形断裂分析

板料冲压过程是一个非常复杂的塑性成形过程,许多因素都直接或间接影响着成形的结果.以Forge2D软件为平台,采用弹塑性有限元法对某一汽车轮毂零件的成形过程进行数值模拟,揭示零件冲压过程中板料的变形行为,预测冲压过程中可能出现的各种工艺缺陷,例如坯料的局部减薄和破裂,并以模拟结果为依据提出改进工艺参数的办法,优化工艺参数,可以减少调试和修模的次数,以此实现降低模具费用、缩短制模时间、提高产品成品率和材料利用率,最终达到减少产品成本的目的.在此基础上,对3种冲压工艺方案分别进行了数值模拟,对比研究了各方案的成形特点,得出了较好的成形工艺参数方案.     

板材取样剪剪切过程数值模拟及实验研究

金属板材剪切过程是一种复杂的弹塑性大变形过程,本文根据板材剪切过程变形特点,利用ANSYS/LS - DYNA建立了金属板材取样剪剪切板材的有限元模型,进行了弹塑性有限元分析.通过仿真计算,获得了板材剪切过程的应力-应变状态,变形和力能参数,并在某钢铁集团公司取样剪上对剪切力进行了测试,结果表明,有限元模拟结果可靠,可作为取样剪的设计制造的依据.     

法向应力对板料成形极限影响的研究进展

在板料成形过程中应力状态对板料(板材和管材)的成形极限有很大影响,通过对板料施加法向应力可以提高板料的成形极限。文章综述并分析了法向应力对板料成形极限影响的理论模型、有限元模型以及实验研究方面的进展。理论模型方面的主要进展,是根据经典塑性失稳理论和M-K理论,建立了考虑法向应力影响的成形极限理论模型,可以准确地预测法向应力对板料成形极限的影响;有限元分析的主要进展,是在韧性断裂准则的基础上,利用体单元建立了考虑法向应力影响的数值模型;有关实验研究方面只是初步的探索,还有待进行深入的研究;对影响法向应力提高板料成形极限的因素进行了总结分析。     

Combined Methods for the Prediction of Dynamic Instabilities in Sheet Metal Spinning

A technological and mathematical understanding of the sheet metal spinning process allows to predict dynamic instabilities which lead to wrinkling and other defects in the workpiece depending on the axial feed of the roller tool, the design and the number of the forming passes as well as the angular velocity of the workpiece. The development and combined application of methods of statistical design of experiments, nonlinear time series analysis and finite element analysis yields insight into the dominant effects. The results will allow to predict wrinkling and to design and control the process as to avoid it. Preventing workpiece damage by wrinkling, this methods will help to significantly improve process efficiency.     

Modeling of manufacturing processes with ANNs for intelligent manufacturing

Modern manufacturing often caters to rapidly changing product specifications determined by the continuously increasing productivity, flexibility and quality demands. Metal forming and machining are two important manufacturing processes in present day manufacturing. Automatic selection of tools and accessories in these processes heavily relies on forming force/cutting force estimation. Complex relationships exist between process parameters and these forces. In the present work, the applicability and relative effectiveness of Artificial Neural Network based models has been investigated for rapid estimation of these, invoking the function approximation capabilities of the ANN models. The results obtained are found to correlate well with the finite element simulation data in cases of metal forming, and experimental data in cases of metal cutting. This work has considerable implications in selection of the tools and on-line monitoring of tool wear. The actual forming and cutting forces can be compared with predicted ones to signal the onset of tool wear, and thus prevent damage to the tool and work piece during the course of manufacturing.     

基于响应面法的C75S弹簧钢冲裁工艺参数优化

以C75S高强度弹簧钢作为研究对象,运用Deform-2D软件对板料冲裁过程进行数值仿真,基于响应面法对C75S弹簧钢的冲裁工艺参数进行优化。借助中心设计组合法设计冲裁试验,并建立了工艺参数与模具最大磨损深度之间的响应面模型,通过分析得知:模具刃口圆角半径与冲裁速度对凸模磨损的交互式影响最大;模具刃口圆角半径与冲裁间隙的交互式影响次之;冲裁速度与冲裁间隙的交互式影响最小。利用Design Expert软件得出最优的冲裁工艺方案为:模具刃口圆角半径为1.84t,冲裁速度为7.60 mm·s-1,冲裁间隙为13.23%t,凸模的磨损深度为4.02×10-6mm。此外,借助冲压模具进行冲裁试验,利用毛刺高度间接验证模具的磨损,试验值与响应面法优化值之间的相对误差为14.19%,两者保持较好的吻合性,从而为板料冲裁模具磨损的优化提供了一种有效方法。     

金属板材单点渐进成形过程的数值模拟

利用有限元软件LS_DYNA模拟金属板材单点渐进成形过程。并利用LS_DYNA的显式求解器分析当压头压下时,不同压头半径条件下,压头与板材接触区域的应力分布。根据对模拟数据的分析比较,讨论不同压头半径对板材成形时的影响。     

金属板料成形的数值模拟计算

针对板材成形的特点论述了板材成形的有限元仿真的技术关键及研究进展，应用非线性有限元分析软件ADINA对薄板的成形进行了仿真计算，验证非线性有限元分析技术的可行性及有效性。     

金属板材剪切变形全过程的模拟

应用韧性损伤力学模型以及刚塑性有限元法，分析了金属板材剪切断面变形的全过程。根据损伤变量的变化，采用单元消除法分析了剪切裂纹的扩展，并得到了剪切各个阶段的金属流动、应力应变以及损伤变量分布。模拟得到的断面变形情况与实际十分吻合，说明该方法是可行的。     

Experimental and finite element simulation based investigations on micro-milling Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy: Effects of cBN coating on tool wear

Micro-milling process is a direct and flexible fabrication method in producing functional three dimensional micro-products. The advance of micro-milling process ultimately depends on the development of micro cutting tools since it is a tool-based process. Therefore, in this study an attempt to improve the performance of carbide micro-end mills by applying cubic boron nitride (cBN) coating was carried out. Experiments and finite element method (FEM) based simulations were used to study the effect of cBN coated tool in micro-machining of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy. The experiments were conducted to compare the performance of cBN coated and uncoated micro-end mills in terms of surface roughness, burr formation and tool wear. FE simulations were employed to investigate chip formation process in micro-milling to reveal the effects of cBN coated micro-end mills with increased edge radius in terms of cutting force generation, tool temperature and contact pressure, sliding velocity and hence tool wear rate. The simulation results were further utilized for estimating tool life using a sliding wear rate model and compared with experiments. This study clearly showed that the cBN coated carbide tool outperformed the uncoated carbide tool in generation of tool wear and cutting temperature.     

Modelling the Effects of Flank Wear Land and Chip Formation on Residual Stresses

The selection of optimum machining parameters and tool geometry for difficult to cut materials used in aerospace applications is usually controlled by the quality and integrity of the surface produced, the burr formation and the part distortion. In this paper, a finite element model is developed to simulate the effects of tool flank wear and chip formation on residual stress when orthogonal cutting Ti-6AI-4V. A crack propagation module is also developed and incorporated into the finite element solver to accurately simulate the segmental chips produced during machining of titanium. The predicted results emphasize the importance of modelling the chip formation mechanism and tool wear correctly because of their effect on the cutting forces and temperature field. This subsequently influences the magnitude and distributions of the residual stress. Good correlation was obtained between measured and predicted residual stress distribution.