十堰市大学生艾滋病知识行为与态度现状调查

世界卫生组织认为性健康教育包括性生理、性心理及性道德三方面内容,是指通过丰富和提高人格、人际交往和情爱方式达到性行为(广义的)在肉休、感情、理智和社会诸方面的圆满协调,从而达到人的全面发展和社会进步(1).     

Population, development, and reproductive behavior: Perspectives for population and health psychology.

Reviews global population trends, the interrelationship of population and development, and evolving public policies, especially in developing countries. How these trends relate to private reproductive behavior and to the professional responsibilities of population psychologists working within the broader context of health psychology and mental health and how they are concerned with individual, family, and community well-being and an improved quality of life are explored. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Self-monitoring and the attitude–behavior relation.

130 undergraduates responded to 3 questionnaires over a 6-wk period before and after the 1980 presidential election. The questionnaires assessed self-monitoring tendency, attitudes, and intentions with respect to voting in the election and smoking marihuana, and included self-reports of actual behavior. Low self-monitors tended to exhibit stronger attitude–behavior correlations than high self-monitors. There was, however, no difference in the predictability of intentions from attitudes, a finding that disconfirmed the perceived relevance interpretation of the effect of self-monitoring. Instead, the difference was located in the relation between intentions and behavior; low self-monitors exhibited significantly stronger intention–behavior correlations than did high self-monitors. Findings support the interpretation that the 2 types of individuals are equally aware of the implications of their attitudes, but that high self-monitors, being sensitive to situational demands, are less likely to carry out their previously formed intentions than low self-monitors, who are more attentive to internal cues. (26 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Amount of information about the attitude object and attitude–behavior consistency.

The synthesis of 2 separate lines of inquiry—research on information integration and longitudinal studies of attitudes—prompted the hypothesis that the degree of consistency between attitudes and behavior will increase as a function of the amount of information available about the attitude object. This hypothesis was tested in 3 longitudinal studies, ranging in length from 4 days to 4 mo, that investigated the following behaviors: voting for candidates for political office, voting for 2 social-policy election initiatives, and having an influenza vaccination. Ss were 62 undergraduates (Study 1), 270 undergraduates (Study 2), and 299 27–92 yr old veterans (Study 3). In support of the hypothesis, amount of information moderated the consistency between attitudes and behavior in each study, and the significance of this relation remained even after controlling for the effects of other potential moderators, including prior direct behavioral experience with the attitude object and attitude certainty. Consistent with previous research, direct behavioral experience was also a determinant of attitude–behavior consistency, and this relation was independent of the effect of amount of information for the behavior of having an influenza vaccination. Discussion focuses on the interrelation among moderators of attitude–behavior consistency and on the theoretical implications of the findings. (52 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Attitude organization and the attitude–behavior relationship.

The validity of a single-component model of attitude was assessed and compared with a 2-component (affective/cognitive) conceptualization of attitude. Confirmatory factor analysis was employed in a reanalysis of data previously reported by N. Fishbein and I. Ajzen (see record 1974-24385-001). A total of 125 undergraduates from 2 samples completed 5 scales measuring attitudes toward religion. Convergent validity, in the sense of uniform consistency of responses, did not hold for the single-component model but was achieved for the 2-component model. Further, the 2-component model of attitude predicted scaled, but not unscaled, multiple-act behavior criteria, and the predictive validity of the relationship between the 2-component model and single-act behavior criteria was not supported. (51 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Prosocial behavior, noncompliant behavior, and work performance among commission salespeople.

In this study I identified two types of nontask behavior, prosocial and noncompliant, and tested some of their antecedents as well as their relation to work outcomes. Prosocial behavior represented nontask behaviors that benefited the organization, and noncompliant behavior represented nontask behaviors that were dysfunctional to the organization, as rated by supervisors. Need for achievement, satisfaction with material rewards, and low perceived peer competition were related to prosocial behavior. Low need for achievement and low confidence in management were related to noncompliant behavior. Noncompliant behavior was negatively associated with performance, but prosocial behavior was nonsignificant when noncompliant behavior was controlled. A dual-factor theory (Herzberg, 1966) of nontask behavior is proposed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Empirical validation of affect, behavior, and cognition as distinct components of attitude.

Evaluated the validity of a prevalent model of attitude structure that specifies 3 components: affect, behavior, and cognition. Five conditions needed for properly testing the 3-component distinction were identified. Consideration of the tripartite model's theoretical basis indicated that the most important validating conditions are (a) the use of nonverbal, in addition to verbal, measures of affect and behavior; and (b) the physical presence of the attitude object. Study 1—in which 138 undergraduates attitudes toward snakes were examined, through the use of measures such as the Mood Adjective Check List, semantic differential, and distance of approach—indicated very strong support for this tripartite model. The model was statistically acceptable, its relative fit was very good, and the intercomponent correlations were moderate. Study 2, with 105 Ss, was a verbal report analog of Study 1. Results from Study 2 indicate that higher intercomponent correlations occurred when attitude measures derived solely from verbal reports and when the attitude object was not physically present. (74 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Self-generated validity and other effects of measurement on belief, attitude, intention, and behavior.

Drawing from recent developments in social cognition, cognitive psychology, and behavioral decision theory, we analyzed when and how the act of measuring beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behaviors affects observed correlations among them. Belief, attitude, or intention can be created by measurement if the measured constructs do not already exist in long-term memory. The responses thus created can have directive effects on answers to other questions that follow in the survey. But even when counterparts to the beliefs, attitudes, and intentions measured already exist in memory, the structure of the survey researcher's questionnaire can affect observed correlations among them. The respondent may use retrieved answers to earlier survey questions as inputs to response generation to later questions. We present a simple theory predicting that an earlier response will be used as a basis for another, subsequent response if the former is accessible and if it is perceived to be more diagnostic than other accessible inputs. We outline the factors that determine both the perceived diagnosticity of a potential input, the likelihood that it will be retrieved, and the likelihood that some alternative (and potentially more diagnostic) inputs will be retrieved. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Validation of an attitude scale as a device for predicting behavior.

Prior to the football season, 253 USC students completed a questionnaire indicating their intentions for attending each game, and their attitudes toward football games. They subsequently reported attendance at each game, "… although predictions of future behavior were not highly valid and the predictive validity of the attitude scale used was less high, a high degree of predictive validity might be secured by grouping individuals into categories determined by both attitudescale scores and individual predictions." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of Nonverbal behavior: Perspectives, applications, intercultural insights.

Reviews the book, Nonverbal behavior: Perspectives, applications, intercultural insights edited by Aaron Wolfgang (1984). This book contains articles based on the papers presented at the Second International Conference on Nonverbal Behavior held at OISE in Toronto in May 1983. The fifteen articles, most of them by well-known figures in the nonverbal area, are divided into three separate sections: theoretical perspectives; nonverbal behaviour in teaching, therapy, and research; and intercultural applications of nonverbal research. The current volume is similar to an earlier work documenting the First International Conference on Nonverbal Behavior (both conferences were organized by Aaron Wolfgang) but differs in some significant ways: specifically, the current book is much more focused on intercultural communication; it expands the range of topics to include paralanguage and gender differences in nonverbal behaviour; and finally, it reflects more accurately the significant number of female researchers in the field. Those with a good background in the field should find some of the articles helpful updates, although perhaps not detailed enough to be as useful as possible. On the other hand, those fresh to the nonverbal area should find certain articles stimulating, particularly those with an intercultural focus, but might find the lack of historical or theoretical organization an unfortunate omission. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Interactive effects of student anxiety, achievement orientation, and teacher behavior on student achievement and attitude.

Explored the effects of student personality and teacher behavior on student achievement and attitude. An experienced social studies teacher taught a 2-wk unit to 4 classes of 9th graders (103 students) according to 4 treatments that varied in amount of structure and student participation. Students completed the Verbal Meaning test of the Primary Mental Abilities Test, the Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, the Anxiety scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and 2 scales of the California Psychological Inventory at the beginning of the study and achievement, attitude, and retention measures at the end of the study. Teacher behavior was observed to demonstrate fidelity of treatment implementation. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that neither personality nor treatments alone contributed significantly to the prediction of achievement, but interactions between them did. Treatment effects depended on the student's verbal ability, manifest anxiety, and achievement orientation. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Attitude prototypes as determinants of attitude–behavior consistency.

Hypothesized that individuals determine their attitudes toward a social group by assessing their reactions to an imagined group representative who embodies the defining or central group characteristics—the prototypical group member. When they encounter a specific group member whose characteristics match well those of the "attitude prototype," individuals display attitude–behavior consistency; when the match is poor, they display attitude–behavior inconsistency. This proposition was tested in 2 experiments with 56 undergraduates: Ss completed questionnaires assessing their attitudes toward various groups, and later their behavior toward prototypical and unprototypical individuals of those groups was evaluated. In each experiment, the attitude–behavior relationship was greater in relation to prototypical than to unprototypical group members. Knowledge of an unprototypical group member had little or no effect on attitude prototypes. Rather, the unprototypical group member was dismissed as atypical, leaving the prototype intact to influence future social behavior. (34 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Alcohol in Munich secondary school students--a study for dissemination of experiences, knowledge, attitude and behavior

The Munich Community Health Service (Medical School-Service Department) conducted an alcohol prevention project in ten public secondary schools. The 423 pupils (11-17 years of age) filled in a questionnaire on alcohol and discussed it afterwards under the guidance of a school physician and a teacher using guideline information. The results of the survey are presented in this paper. Additionally, suggestions for transferring the results to conceptualize and carry out preventive measures are made. The results indicate that the first experience with alcohol occurred early in life. One-fifth of the sample had already tried alcohol at the age of six. Immediate effects of alcohol (e.g. state of drunkenness) were experienced by 35.7 percent of the sample group. Kiosks, shops, and beverage stores were named most frequently as sources for alcohol. The sources of social support varied with respect to sex and age. With increasing age of the children, parents were contacted less frequently whereas the role of peers increased. The present results supply possible paths of action for the development of successful prevention strategies, e.g. by pointing out the early age of onset as well as specific sources of alcohol acquisition.     

Effects of analyzing reasons on attitude–behavior consistency.

In Studies 1 and 2, 58 undergraduates were familiarized with attitude objects (puzzle or photographs), and half were instructed to analyze why they felt the way they did about these objects. Both self-report and behavioral measures of attitudes toward the objects were then assessed. In Study 3, 39 college couples involved in dating relationships were or were not asked to analyze their relationship, and self-report and behavioral measures of adjustment (e.g., whether the couples were still dating several months later) were also assessed. In all 3 studies, Ss who explained reasons for their attiudes (reasons analysis condition) had significantly lower correlations between their attitudes and behavior than Ss who did not explain reasons for their attitudes (control condition). Evidence for the hypothesis that Ss in the reasons analysis conditions changed their attitudes in a less accurate direction is presented, and reasons why this change might take place are discussed. (37 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Internalized heterosexism among HIV-positive, gay-identified men: Implications for HIV prevention and care.

Internalized heterosexism (IH), or the internalization of societal antihomosexual attitudes, has been consistently linked to depression and low self-esteem among gay men, and it has been inconclusively associated with substance use and sexual risk in gay and bisexual men. Using structural equation modeling, the authors tested a model framed in social action theory (C. K. Ewart, 1991, 2004) in which IH is associated with HIV transmission risk and poor adherence to HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) through the mechanisms of negative affect and stimulant use. Data from a sample of 465 gay-identified men interviewed as part of an HIV risk reduction behavioral trial were used to test the fit of the model. Results support the hypothesized model in which IH was associated with unprotected receptive (but not insertive) anal intercourse with HIV-negative or unknown HIV status partners, and with ART nonadherence indirectly via increased negative affect and more regular stimulant use. The model accounted for 15% of the variance in unprotected receptive anal intercourse and 17% of the variance in ART nonadherence. Findings support the potential utility of addressing IH in HIV prevention and treatment with HIV-positive gay men. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Embodiment, agency, and attitude change.

Attitude embodiment effects occur when the position or movement of a person’s physical body changes the way the person evaluates an object. The present research investigated whether attitude embodiment effects depend more on biomechanical factors or on inferential cues to causal agency. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that actual movements of the physical body are not necessary to create attitude embodiment effects when inferential cues imply agency for another person’s physical movements. Experiment 3 showed that actual movements of the physical body are not sufficient to create attitude embodiment effects when inferential cues imply nonagency for those movements. In all 3 experiments, inferential cues to agency played a more important role in attitude embodiment effects than did actual agency, suggesting that theories of embodiment and attitude embodiment need to consider inferential cues to agency alongside biomechanical mechanisms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)