油砂分离技术研究进展

随着常规能源的日益枯竭,油砂作为一种储量巨大的非常规能源,其重要性逐渐提高。本文介绍了油砂分离技术,主要涉及热碱水水洗分离技术、溶剂萃取技术、热解干馏技术、超声波分离技术以及离子液体辅助分离技术;提出油砂热解干馏的实质是催化裂化;并分析了现有油砂分离技术存在的问题,提出油砂分离的新方向,为油砂的开发利用提供参考。     

水基提取技术用于油砂分离的研究进展

油砂作为一种重要的非常规油气资源,其分离技术的研究近些年来引起了国内科研工作人员的重视。介绍了目前世界上最重要的油砂分离技术--水基提取技术的基本原理及影响油砂分离的重要影响因素,阐述了油砂结构、特性与水基提取分离的重要关系及分离条件对沥青回收率的重要影响作用,同时探讨了原子力显微镜用于油砂水基分离过程中相关微观机理研究的重要应用,最后对水基提取技术用于油砂工业生产的流程进行了简单介绍。     

国内外油砂分离技术研究

对油砂成矿特性进行分析,并对油砂分离技术进展进行概述。概括了水洗分离技术、溶剂抽提技术、超声波辅助分离技术、热解干馏技术和生物处理技术等室内研究及其分离原理。对各种油砂分离方法的优劣及发展发向进行讨论。     

油砂分离技术研究进展

油砂是非常规能源,随着其重要性的提高,油砂分离技术的研究也逐步完善。本文论述了油砂资源的几种常用分离方法,影响因素,缺点,及改进方法,并提出了建议,为促进油砂分离技术发展提供参考。     

油砂分离技术研究进展

油砂是非常规能源,随着其重要性的提高,油砂分离技术的研究也逐步完善。本文论述了油砂资源的几种常用分离方法,影响因素,缺点,及改进方法,并提出了建议,为促进油砂分离技术发展提供参考。     

油砂萃取技术研究进展

油砂属非常规能源,其储量较大,与传统石油能源相比其开采成本较高,随着石油资源争夺日益激烈,油砂开采与分离技术越来越受到人们的重视,国内大多数油田对油砂采用溶剂萃取法、热解干馏法、水剂处理等技术进行分离。介绍了近年来国内油砂萃取技术研究现状,包括有机溶剂萃取法,超声波辅助萃取法,油砂分离剂萃取法,汽提萃取法,离子液体萃取法,无机热碱水提取法,水洗分离油砂法,对各种方法进行了评价和比较,并对油砂萃取技术今后研究方向提出了建议。     

油砂资源的开发和利用

油砂属非常规石油资源,其储量丰富。随着常规石油资源逐渐减少,油砂的开采和利用已引起人们的高度关注。其文论述了油砂资源的分布、开采方法和油砂的分离方法,可为我国油砂的开发和利用提供有益的信息,促进油砂开采及加工分离技术的发展。     

油砂沥青分离技术研究进展

油砂作为一种储量丰富的非常规石油资源,越来越受到世界各国的广泛关注。对于油砂的加工利用,其前提就是油砂沥青的分离,因此对其技术的研究十分必要。本文首先介绍了油砂的组成及分类,然后着重对几种主要油砂分离技术（热水洗法、有机溶剂萃取法、超临界流体萃取法、超声波辅助萃取法、离子液体萃取法和热解干馏法）的优缺点进行了汇总,并详细分析了它们各自的分离流程。其中,热水洗法、有机溶剂萃取法和热解干馏法是目前研究相对成熟的3种方法,而其他方法虽然分离效果相对高,但是对工艺条件和设备的要求较高,导致较高的投资和运行成本,因此还需要对这些油砂沥青分离工艺进行更加深入的研究,以满足工业化应用的要求。最后,对油砂沥青分离技术的发展前景进行了展望。     

油砂高效分离配方开发及新型分离技术

针对目前油砂分离的难题,即油砂分离配方适应性较差,分离温度较高、能耗较大,分离试剂浓度较大、分离后残渣试剂残留量较大、分离配方中碱含量较大,试剂损耗、设备腐蚀严重等问题,开发了一种无碱环保新型油砂分离剂配方,该配方可对水润、油润等油砂进行水洗分离,适应性较强。研究结果表明,采用该分离试剂处理油砂,在适宜水洗分离剂浓度(5%)、适宜的加热温度(90℃)、适当的加热时间(20min)和剂砂质量比(2∶1)的条件下,油砂分离剂可以将油砂沥青中的沥青与砂粒实现较好的分离,油砂出油率可达94%以上。分离后的水性试剂可循环利用,对环境无污染,应用前景广阔。为了适应日益严格的环保要求,还提出了纯物理无剂处理油砂的新型油砂分离技术,该技术是将一种装有特殊物质的微球放入油砂处理系统中,在搅拌过程中微球产生能量来降低沥青与砂粒的界面张力,不向处理系统内添加任何化学试剂,在处理过程中不排放任何化学物质,故对环境无任何污染。初步研究表明,该技术在工艺上是可行的。因此,本研究成果为进一步研究我国油砂开采、分离提供了另一有效途径,具有十分重要的现实应用意义。     

应用浮选技术分离油砂的实验研究

随着常规能源的日益枯竭,油砂分离技术受到广大研究者的关注。本文应用浮选技术对内蒙古图牧吉水润型油砂进行分离。结果表明,应用浮选技术分离油砂的最佳工艺条件为NaOH浓度0.5%,温度50℃,砂剂比1.5,浮选效率可达到98.1023%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。