PolSAR image compression based on online sparse K-SVD dictionary learning

we present a novel polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) image compression scheme. PolSAR data contains lots of similar redundancies in single-channel and massively correlation between polarimetric channels. So these features make it difficult to represent PolSAR data efficiently. In this paper, discrete cosine transform (DCT) is adopted to remove redundancies between polarimetric channels, simple but quite efficient in improving compressibility. Sparse K-singular value decomposition (K-SVD) dictionary learning algorithm is utilized to remove redundancies within each channel image. Double sparsity scheme will be able to achieve fast convergence and low representation error by using a small number of sparsity dictionary elements, which is beneficial for the task of PolSAR image compression. Experimental results demonstrate that both numerical evaluation indicators and visual effect of reconstructed images outperform other methods, such as SPIHT, JPEG2000, and offline method.     

Multi-polarimetric SAR image compression based on sparse representation

The use of sparse representation in signal and image processing has gradually increased over the past few years.Obtaining an over-complete dictionary from a set of signals allows us to represent these signals as a sparse linear combination of dictionary atoms.By considering the relativity among the multi-polarimetric synthetic aperture radar(SAR)images,a new compression scheme for multi-polarimetric SAR image based sparse representation is proposed.The multilevel dictionary is learned iteratively in the 9/7 wavelet domain using a single channel SAR image,and the other channels are compressed by sparse approximation,also in the 9/7 wavelet domain,followed by entropy coding of the sparse coefficients.The experimental results are compared with two state-of-the-art compression methods:SPIHT(set partitioning in hierarchical trees)and JPEG2000.Because of the efficiency of the coding scheme,our method outperforms both SPIHT and JPEG2000 in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio(PSNR)and edge preservation index(EPI).     

基于交叉极化比的SAR图像矿物油膜与生物油膜的区分方法

海洋表面矿物油膜、生物油膜等在SAR图像上都呈现为暗色特征,使得单极化SAR图像对矿物油膜和生物油膜的区分存在困难。分析了矿物油膜和生物油膜后向散射系数的极化比,提出一种基于交叉极化比的多极化SAR图像矿物油膜和生物油膜的区分方法,并用SIR\|C多极化数据验证了该方法的有效性。     

盲信号分离和序贯滤波的SAR影像水体提取

采用一种新的基于盲信号分离（BSS）和序列非线性滤波方法实现多极化合成孔径雷达（SAR）影像相干斑噪声抑制和水体目标快速提取。SAR影像具有强烈乘性相干斑噪声,影像数据为非高斯分布,但其具体分布形式及参数难以获得。利用基于独立分量分析的盲信号分离方法,不需要知道SAR影像的具体分布,通过对数量化将相干斑噪声转化为与图像数据相互独立的加性噪声,从多极化SAR影像中自动分离出图像数据与相干斑噪声,并自动选择相干斑指数最小的分量为图像分量。针对SAR影像水体目标的亮度及形状分布特征,进一步采用序列非线性滤波处理,从分离出的图像分量中提取出水体目标。利用ENVISAT ASAR多极化影像进行了实验,结果表明该方法可以快速准确地提取多极化SAR影像中的水体目标。     

基于ICA和SNF的SAR机场目标提取

针对合成孔径雷达(SAR)影像相干斑噪声强烈且分布形式及参数获取困难的问题,提出一种基于独立分量分析(ICA)和序列非线性滤波(SNF)实现多极化SAR影像相干斑噪声抑制和机场目标快速提取方法。利用ICA从多极化SAR影像中自动分离出图像数据与相干斑噪声,自动选择相干斑指数最小的分量为图像分量。通过SNF从分离出的图像分量中提取出机场目标。采用ENVISAT ASAR多极化影像进行实验,结果表明该方法能快速准确地提取多极化SAR影像中的机场目标。     

Automated delineation of coastline from polarimetric SAR imagery

In this paper we present a new diffusion-based method for the delineation of coastlines from space-borne polarimetric SAR imagery of coastal urban areas. Both polarimetric filtering and speckle reducing anisotropic diffusion (SRAD) are exploited to generate a base image where speckle is reduced and edges are enhanced. The primary edge information is then derived from the base image using the instantaneous coefficient of variation edge detector. Next, the resulting edge image is parsed by a watershed transform, which partitions the image into disjoint segments where the division lines between segments are collocated with detected edges. The over-segmentation problem associated with the watershed transform is solved by a region merging technique that combines neighbouring segments with similar radar brightness. As a result, undesired boundary segments are eliminated and true coastlines are correctly delineated. The proposed algorithm has been applied to a space-borne polarimetric SAR dataset, demonstrating a good visual match between the detected coastline and the manually contoured coastline. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with those of two polarimetric SAR classification algorithms and two edge-based shoreline detection methods that are tailored to single polarization SAR images. Experimental results are shown using polarimetric SAR data from Hong Kong.     

基于小波包分解的 SAR图像压缩 *

针对 SAR图像含有丰富的中、高频信息 ,而基于小波变换的图像压缩方法会丢失高频细节信息 ,提出了基于小波包分解的 SAR图像编码算法。小波包变换对 SAR图像进行完全分解 ,再用与后续编码器相关联的代价函数进行最佳基搜索 ,然后根据各子带小波包系数的重要性进行加权 ,采用多级树集合分裂算法 ( SPIHT)编码。实验结果表明 ,该算法更好地保留了 SAR图像的细节信息 ,获得了同压缩比下优于传统 SPIHT算法的编码性能 ,更有利于后续图像处理。     

基于小波系数特性的低比特率图像压缩编码算法

以层树分集（SPIHT）编码方案为基础,结合最低频子带系数分布特点与高频子带系数相关性,提出了一种新的低比特率小波域图像压缩算法.该算法首先对原始图像进行小波变换;然后对最低频子带系数进行优化处理,并自适应确定高频子带系数扫描次序;最后利用SPIHT编码思想完成图像的压缩.仿真实验结果表明,文中算法是一种高效的图像压缩编码方法,其压缩效果明显优于SPIHT编码方案（特别是低比特率下）.     

A jointly optimal fractal/DCT compression scheme

In this paper a hybrid fractal and discrete cosine transform (DCT) coder is developed. Drawing on the ability of DCT to remove inter-pixel redundancies and on the ability of fractal transforms to capitalize on long-range correlations within the image, the hybrid coder performs an operationally optimal, in the rate-distortion sense, bit allocation among coding parameters. An orthogonal basis framework is used within which an image segmentation and a hybrid block-based transform are selected jointly. The selection of coefficients in the DCT component of the overall block transform is made a part of the optimization procedure. A Lagrangian multiplier approach is used to optimize the hybrid transform parameters together with the segmentation. Differential encoding of the DC coefficient is employed, with the scanning path based on a 3rd-order Hilbert curve. Simulation results show a significant improvement in quality with respect to the JPEG standard, an approach based on optimization of DCT basis vectors, as well as, the purely fractal techniques.     

Applications of ICA for the enhancement and classification of polarimetric SAR images

Independent components analysis (ICA) based methods for polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image speckle reduction and ground object classification are studied. Several independent components can be extracted from polarimetric SAR images using ICA directly. The component with lowest speckle index is regarded as the scene after speckle reduction. The disadvantage of this method is that only one image is kept and most polarization information will be lost. In this paper, we use ICA‐sparse‐coding shrinkage (ICA‐SPS) based speckle reduction method, which is implemented on each individual image and can keep polarization information. It is carried out on the combined channels obtained by Pauli‐decomposition rather than original polarization channels in order to keep relative phase information among polarization channels and get better performance. After ICA‐SPS, the effect of speckle suppression on SAR image classification can be compared favourably with other methods by combining the channels into a false colour image. At last, a new ICA‐based classification method is presented. In this method, four independent components are separated by ICA from five polarization and combined channels. One of these independent components which includes little ground object information is regarded as speckle noise and therefore be discarded. The remaining three components can be treated as subordination coefficients of three kinds of targets. A classified image can be obtained based on the components. And by composing these three channels in RGB colour pattern, a false colour image can be constructed.     

Measurement of ocean surface slopes and wave spectra using polarimetric SAR image data

Methods have been investigated which use fully polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image data to measure ocean slopes and wave spectra. Independent techniques have been developed to measure wave slopes in the SAR azimuth and range directions. The azimuth slope technique, in particular, is a more direct measurement than conventional, intensity based, backscatter cross-section measurements.In the azimuth direction, wave-induced perturbations of the polarimetric orientation angle are used to sense the wave slopes. In the range direction, a new technique involving the alpha parameter from the Cloude-Pottier H-A-? (Entropy, Anisotropy, and (averaged) Alpha) polarimetric scattering decomposition theorem is used to measure slopes. Both measurement types are sensitive to ocean wave slopes and are directional. Taken together, they form a means of using polarimetric SAR (POLSAR) image data to make complete measurements of either ocean wave slopes, or directional wave spectra.These measurements must still contend with fundamental nonlinearities in the SAR image processing (i.e., azimuth direction “velocity bunching”) that are due to wave velocity and acceleration effects.NASA/JPL/AIRSAR L-, and P-band data from California coastal waters were used in the studies. Wave parameters measured using the new methods are compared with those developed using both conventional SAR intensity based methods, and with in situ NOAA National Data Center buoy measurement products.     

深度置信网络在极化SAR图像分类中的应用

目的 深度置信网络能够从数据中自动学习、提取特征,在特征学习方面具有突出优势。极化SAR图像分类中存在海量特征利用率低、特征选取主观性强的问题。为了解决这一问题,提出一种基于深度置信网络的极化SAR图像分类方法。方法 首先进行海量分类特征提取,获得极化类、辐射类、空间类和子孔径类四类特征构成的特征集;然后在特征集基础上选取样本并构建特征矢量,用以输入到深度置信网络模型之中;最后利用深度置信网络的方法对海量分类特征进行逐层学习抽象,获得有效的分类特征进行分类。结果 采用AIRSAR数据进行实验,分类结果精度达到91.06%。通过与经典Wishart监督分类、逻辑回归分类方法对比,表现了深度置信网络方法在特征学习方面的突出优势,验证了方法的适用性。结论 针对极化SAR图像海量特征的选取与利用,提出了一种新的分类方法,为极化SAR图像分类提供了一种新思路,为深度置信网络获得更广泛地应用进行有益的探索和尝试。     

基于视觉特性的Contourlet域图像压缩编码算法

为了有效克服小波变换难以准确捕获图像特征、而Contourlet变换存在冗余等不足,本文提出了一种基于视觉特性的Contourlet域图像压缩编码算法.该算法首先对原始图像进行小波分解,并对中高频小波子带进一步实施自适应方向分解;然后根据人眼视觉特性(HVS),对变换系数进行加权处理;再结合小波分解与方向分解特点,构造扩展的空间方向树结构;最后采用SPIHT编码思想完成图像的压缩.实验结果表明,本文提出的Contourlet域图像编码方法是一种高效的图像压缩算法,不仅其压缩效果明显优于SPIHT、WBCT等图像压缩方案(特别是低比特率下),而且具有比较强的通用性与适应性(SPIHT与WBCT对于Barbara之类纹理图像压缩效果较差,然而本文算法的压缩效果却较理想).     

River channel segmentation in polarimetric SAR images: Watershed transform combined with average contrast maximisation

This publication presents a computer method allowing river channels to be segmented based on SAR polarimetric images. Solutions have been proposed which are based on a morphological approach using the watershed segmentation and combining regions by maximising the average contrast. The image processing methods were developed so that their computational complexity is as low as possible, which is of particular importance in analysing high resolution SAR/polarimetric SAR images, where it has a measurable impact on the total segmentation time. What is more, compared to the existing solutions known from the literature review: (1) in the proposed approach, there is no need to execute further steps necessary to eliminate objects (i.e. background components) located outside the river channel from the image as a result of the segmentation carried out, (2) there is no need to sample the entire image and carry out a pixel–wise classification to prepare the segmentation process. If the steps listed in items (1) – (2) are performed, they can, unfortunately, extend the segmentation time. The experiments completed on images acquired from the ALOS PALSAR satellite for different regions of the world have shown a high quality of the segmentations carried out and a high computational efficiency compared to state–of–the art methods. Consequently, the proposed method can be used as a useful tool for monitoring changes in river courses and adopted in expert and intelligent systems used for analysing remote sensing data.     

一种基于Contourlet的图像低码率SPIHT算法

Contourlet是一种优于小波的不可分离图像表示方法,它除了具有一般小波变换的多尺度、局部性外,还具有方向性、各向异性。为此,本文提出了一种基于Contourlet变换的SPIHT编码方法。首先,对图像Contourlet变换各子带系数的分布情况进行了统计分析;进而设计了一种基于Contourlet变换的空间方向树结构,该结构具有类似图像小波变换域中“零树”的特性;在此基础上实现了一种基于Contourlet变换的渐进式编码算法（CSPIHT）,该算法除了具有一般基于小波变换的零树编码算法的特性外,还具有方向性和各向异性的特点,特别对图像的边缘方向信息和纹理信息具有很好的捕捉能力和解码的视觉效果。实验结果表明,所提出的算法CSPIHT在低码率下其重构图像的PSNR要高于SPIHT算法;而对于中等码率,尽管重构图像的PSNR略低于SPIHT,但重构图像纹理和边缘区域的视觉效果要优于SPIHT。     

基于视觉敏感特性的小波域图像编码算法研究

以层树分集(SPIHT)编码方案为基础,结合人类视觉系统的对比度敏感性,提出一种新的小波域图像压缩编码算法.该算法首先对原始图像进行小波变换;然后根据小波系数分布特点,结合人类视觉的对比度敏感性对小波系数进行加权处理;最后利用SPIHT编码思想完成图像的压缩.仿真实验结果表明,文中算法是一种高效的图像压缩编码方法,其压缩效果明显优于SPIHT编码方案(特别是低比特率下).     

低比特率混合域图像压缩编码算法研究

为了更有效地进行图像压缩,提出了一种新的混合域低比特率图像压缩编码算法。该算法首先对原始图像进行小波分解,并对中高频小波子带进一步实施自适应方向分解;然后根据小波系数统计特性,优化处理最低频子带系数;再结合小波分解与方向分解的特点,构造了一种扩展的空间方向树结构;最后采用SPIHT编码思想完成图像的压缩。实验结果表明,该混合域图像编码方法是一种高效的图像压缩算法,不仅其压缩效果明显优于SPIHT、WBCT等图像压缩方案(特别是在低比特率下),而且具有比较强的通用性与适应性。     

超光谱图像的三维小波嵌入零块压缩编码

超光谱图像作为一种三维图像,其海量的数据导致在有限带宽信道上传输和存储非常困难,必须对它进行有效的压缩编码.提出了一种基于非对称三维小波变换(3D wavelet transform,简称3DWT)和三维集合块分裂的超光谱遥感图像压缩方法.因为大多数超光谱图像在各个方向上具有非对称的统计特性,所以利用非对称三维小波变换去除图像的谱间和空间冗余.与传统的对称三维小波变换相比,非对称的三维小波变换能够更有效地去除相邻谱段间的冗余.提出了一种改进的3DSPECK(3D set partitioning embedded block)算法--非对称三维集合分裂块算法(asymmetric transform 3DSPECK,简称AT-3DSPECK),并被用于编码变换后的系数.根据变换系数的能量分布特点,三维零块分裂和三维octave子带分裂方法被有效地结合在所提出的AT-3DSPECK算法中.为了优化率失真和加速编码速度,也给出了一种零块优化排序的快速算法.实验测试表明:AT-3DSPECK算法的平均PSNR(peak signal to noise ratio)分别比AT-3DSPIHT(asymmetric transform 3D set partitioning in hierarchical trees)和3DSPECK算法高0.4dB和1.4dB.此外,AT-3DSPECK还具有比零树算法更快的编码速度.     

An enhanced one-dimensional SPIHT algorithm and its implementation for TV systems

In general, to achieve high compression efficiency, a 2D image or a 2D block is used as the compression unit. However, 2D compression requires a large memory size and long latency when input data are received in a raster scan order that is common in existing TV systems. To address this problem, a 1D compression algorithm that uses a 1D block as the compression unit is proposed. 1D set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) is an effective compression algorithm that fits the encoded bit length to the target bit length precisely. However, the 1D SPIHT can have low compression efficiency because 1D discrete wavelet transform (DWT) cannot make use of the redundancy in the vertical direction. This paper proposes two schemes for improving compression efficiency in the 1D SPIHT. First, a hybrid coding scheme that uses different coding algorithms for the low and high frequency bands is proposed. For the low-pass band, a differential pulse code modulation–variable length coding (DPCM–VLC) is adopted, whereas a 1D SPIHT is used for the high-pass band. Second, a scheme that determines the target bit length of each block by using spatial correlation with a minimal increase in complexity is proposed. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm improves the average peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) by 2.97 dB compared with the conventional 1D SPIHT algorithm. With the hardware implementation, the throughputs of both encoder and decoder designs are 6.15 Gbps, and gate counts of encoder and decoder designs are 42.8 K and 57.7 K, respectively.     

Polarimetric SAR statistical analysis using alpha-stable distribution and its application in optimal despeckling

In this article, the statistical model of the polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) single-look complex image is analysed using alpha-stable distribution. It is better to use alpha-stable distribution than Gaussian distribution to represent the statistical characteristics of the polarimetric SAR image. A polarimetric SAR covariance matrix estimation method based on fractional lower-order statistics (FLOS) is proposed. Based on this model, an adaptive polarimetric SAR optimal despeckling method based on FLOS is developed. This algorithm adaptively estimates the characteristic exponents of each channel and uses these estimated alphas to calculate the parameters for the optimal despeckling adaptively. The experiments using polarimetric SAR data demonstrate that the proposed method not only reduces the blurs that occur in the area of impulsive reflectors in the result of the original optimal despeckling method, but also maintains the speckle reduction ability (equivalent number of looks).