Implications for psychology: Reply to comments.

Replies to the comments of D. E. Leary (see record 1986-07955-001), S. A. Mulaik (see record 1986-07961-001), D. N. Robinson (see record 1986-07966-001), and W. L. Stroud (see record 1986-07976-001) on the earlier presentation of the present authors (see record 1984-00037-001) about the new philosophy of science. The present authors are pleased with what they have been able to communicate and discuss what they feel has been misunderstood. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reply to Deutsch and Green.

Replies to the comments of F. Deutsch (see record 1986-26175-001) and B. L. Green (see record 1986-26216-001) on the present authors' (see record 1986-10770-001) aggressive interchange with B. P. Dohrenwend and P. E. Shrout (see record 1986-10765-001) about confounding problems in studies on stress. It is suggested that Deutsch has joined in the fray and that Green has raised an interesting issue (i.e., the relative predictive power of objective and subjective measures of stressful events). (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relinquishing the placebo: Alternatives for psychotherapy outcome research.

Comments on the article by W. Wilkins (see record 1986-25162-001) on placebo problems in psychotherapy research and suggests a refinement of efficacy research strategies that will allow such comparisons while relinquishing the use of a placebo construct. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Elaborating the constructionist thesis.

Responds to comments from G. Nettler (see record 1986-20944-001) and A. Kukla (see record 1986-20940-001) regarding the present author's (see record 1986-00014-001) article on social constructionist theory by acknowledging potential ambiguities in the article and by clarifying and extending previous arguments related to empiricism, conventional constraints, and reductionism. (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Comments on three recent subliminal psychodynamic activation investigations": Rejoinder to Oliver and Burkham and to Porterfield.

Considers the replies of A. L. Porterfield (see record 1986-11991-001) and J. M. Oliver and R. Burkham (see record 1986-11985-001) to the critique of the present author (see record 1986-12007-001). The original criticisms are seen as valid. A critical deficiency in the design of Porterfield and S. L. Golding's (see record 1986-11992-001) study is viewed as disqualifying it as a fair attempt at replication. It is suggested that although Oliver and Burkham's (see record 1983-01571-001) study was well-designed, statements made in their write-up are unwarranted. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A reply to two critics.

Responds to comments by J. A. Mu?oz (see record 1986-12848-001) and M. B. Smith (see record 1986-12870-001) on the present author's (see record 1985-12952-001) contention that the American Psychological Association should not be involved in social advocacy. The present author questions how social responsibilities are to be recognized and whether it is appropriate to give ethics a corporate voice. (2 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Constructing productions and producing constructions: A case for nuance.

Extends the discussion of the production of psychological knowledge that was initiated in articles by K. J. Gergen (see record 1986-00014-001), S. Scarr (see record 1986-10725-001), and T. E. Schact (see record 1986-11891-001) by reflecting on factors that render the discussion of psychological knowledge difficult and by calling attention to an omission in the constructionist position outlined by Scarr and by Gergen. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The alcoholism controversy revisited.

Responds to G. A. Marlatt's (see record 1986-02189-001) reply to the present author's (see record 1986-02199-001) criticism of Marlatt's (see record 1984-13214-001) earlier article regarding the effectiveness of controlled drinking treatment for alcoholics by refuting Marlatt's defense of the methodology used in M. B. Sobell and L. C. Sobell's (see record 1973-23611-001) research on controlled drinking for hospitalized patients; it is suggested that arguments over the outcome for the Sobell and Sobell experiment are moot since the treatment procedures employed did not result in either sustained controlled drinking or stable abstinence in the abstinence-trained Ss. (6 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Beyond individualism and centralization.

Replies to the comments of C. D. Samuelson et al (see record 1986-17036-001) and P. C. Stern (see record 1986-17038-001) on the author's (see record 1985-30567-001) work on global ecology and individual psychological problems. It is suggested that the most crucial point is that psychological debate cannot be divorced from political ideology. It is important to make explicit individual political perspectives and value priorities and to take clear stands on the range of controversial issues that affect work by psychologists. (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Optimum service delivery to the Black client.

Replies to the comments of H. U. Ashby (see record 1986-17759-001) and P. Bronstein (see record 1986-17774-001) on the author's (see record 1985-26063-001) work on the nondisclosing Black client. Ashby's and Bronstein's objections to the term healthy cultural paranoia are addressed with assertions that the author is not the originator of the term and that the impact of the proposal on the quality of care services to Black clients was not considered by either Ashby or Bronstein. (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Health promotion and coronary heart disease: A comment on consensus.

Responds a 2nd time (for the 1st response, see record 1986-20182-001) to R. C. Lefebvre's (see record 1986-20193-001) critique of the present author's (see record 1985-21441-001) article on health promotion and coronary heart disease by contending that contrary to Lefebvre's view, there is not a clear consensus among epidemiologists about the value of lowering blood cholesterol to prevent coronary heart disease. (5 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On the confounding of "hassles" stress and outcome.

Comments on the argument between R. S. Lazarus et al (see record 1986-10770-001) and B. P. Dohrenwend and P. E. Shrout (see record 1986-10765-001) about confounding problems in studies examining the relationship between stress and psychopathology/symptomatology. It is suggested that neither addressed the major problem: the ability to separate statistically and conceptually the relative contributions of objective events and subjective appraisal of those events. Findings of the present author and colleagues (1981; also see record 1986-04136-001) are discussed to illustrate the point. (8 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Obesity and protection from risk.

Responds to W. B. Webb's (see record 1987-26955-001) and H. E. Yuker's (see record 1987-26956-001) comments on the present authors and J. Plotkin's (see record 1986-12806-001) study of human Ss review board decisions by affirming the need for human Ss review boards and by defending the study's distinction between sensitive and nonsensitive forms of discrimination. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Meeting the critics on their own terms.

Replies to the comments of L. G. Humphreys (see record 1986-10345-001) and V. G. Cicirelli (see record 1986-10327-001) on the present author's work with W. Berman (see record 1984-07983-001) on early childhood education. It is suggested that the term difference is neutral while the term deficit connotes that the cause of differences is inherent in the individual. It is asserted that Cicirelli and the present author agree on the essential point that the Westinghouse study was inappropriately used in the public policy debate. (9 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Invalid evidence for expectancies as causes: Comment on Kirsch.

Contends that shortcomings in the empirical evidence cited by I. Kirsch (see record 1986-13702-001) in his study of expectancy modification leave open to question whether the cognitive state of response expectancy is causally linked to placebo responses and fear reduction. (32 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reply to Lansdell.

Responds to H. Lansdell's (see record 1986-26381-001) contention that the present author's (see record 1986-11050-001) article on the moral status of research animals in psychology may condone immorality, arguing that Lansdell's discussion contains elementary logical fallacies and that nothing in the present author's article entails a position that would condone breaking into laboratories. (3 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

More on temporality in human action.

Responds to the comments of W. L. Stroud (see record 1987-17464-001) and B. B. Barratt (see record 1987-17458-001) on the present authors' (see record 1986-13304-001) discussion of hermeneutic psychology, addressing Piaget's perspective, the use of abstract concepts, the conception of time, and the issue of ideological critique. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Examples, blueprints, and theories in the ecological study of memory: Reply to Hirst and Levine and to Neisser.

Responds to W. Hirst and E. Levine's (see record 1986-08241-001) argument that the present author (see record 1986-03043-001) was not sufficiently directive in his ecological study of memory by providing another illustration of ecological memory research. In considering the nature of future ecological theories of memory as proposed by U. Neisser (see record 1986-08246-001), the present author suggests that specifying relations between mechanisms and functions of memory is generic to all such theories. (6 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On worthwhile icons: Reply to Di Lollo and Haber.

Responds to R. N. Haber's (see record 1986-11000-001) and V. Di Lollo's (see record 1986-10993-001) comments on the study of a procedure to estimate the worth of an icon conducted by the present author et al (see record 1986-00309-001). In response to Haber, the author maintains that icons can be spatiotopic as well as retinotopic, knowledge of icons is necessary for designing video-display systems, and ecological validity should not be a criterion for the scientific investigation of some topics. Responding to Di Lollo, the author argues that this general model does not account for several salient aspects of data by the present author et al. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Nonhuman animal research and historical research.

Responds to J. A. Kelly's (see record 1986-26380-001) criticism of N. E. Miller's (see record 1986-08018-001) defense of behavioral research with nonhuman animals, suggesting that the frank acceptance of humans' dependence on other species will likely produce appropriate human behavior toward all life forms. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)