Modeling and simulation of ac–dc buck-boost converter fed dc motor with uniform PWM technique

PWM controlled rectifiers can efficiently and economically be employed in low and medium power applications of dc drives and in front-end converters of rectifier–inverter systems while maintaining the advantages of design simplicity and operation reliability of naturally commutated schemes. Due to the high dc voltage that is produced which is greater than the peak voltage of the utility supply, the ac–dc buck-boost converter is especially suited as a front-end power source in variable-speed drive systems to convert the utility supply voltage into a variable dc link voltage where a single-phase or a three-phase utilities power supply is available. In this paper, the dynamic model and steady state equivalent circuit of a single-phase ac–dc buck-boost converter fed dc motor with uniform PWM control is presented. The waveforms of voltage and current, the input and output characteristics of the converter are discussed and verified. Measured, computed and simulated results are shown to be very close and the model is proved to be efficient and accurate.     

A single-phase PWM current source type converter coupled with an ac chopper

A current source type converter can easily generate a sinusoidal current on the ac side by employing a PWM strategy. In the converter system for a single-phase supply, however, the dc current pulsates because the dc output voltage of the converter contains an ac component with twice the ac supply frequency. The dc current pulsations cause the ac current waveform to be distorted. Although the use of a dc reactor with large inductance reduces the dc current pulsations, the size and the weight of converter equipment including a dc reactor is large. Two-phase rectification using two full-bridge converters and a converter system with an ac chopper circuit has been proposed for elimination of the dc pulsations. In these converters, the number of switching devices comprising the circuit will unavoidably increase. To solve this problem, we propose a novel single-phase current source type converter coupled with an ac chopper circuit and the PWM method. In this circuit, two switching devices in the main bridge are used to form an ac chopper bridge with two added devices and a capacitor. This paper gives the experimental and theoretical waveforms and the steady-state characteristics. The results prove that a smooth dc current and a sinusoidal ac current are obtained, and that a great reduction of the dc inductance can be achieved by using the proposed converter. © 1998 Scripta Technica. Electr Eng Jpn, 123(3): 36–45, 1998     

基于新型相位幅值控制的三相PWM整流器双向工作状态分析

介绍了一种三相PWM双向变流器的新型间接电流控制系统。采用变流器前端电压与交流电源电压的滞后角度(?) 作为输入变量的新型相位幅值控制方法,并在闭环系统中将 PI调节器输出作为滞后角(?)。重点分析了单位功率因数下 PWM变流器整流和逆变双向工作原理、调制比mr和滞后角(?)的关系并给出了关系曲线。分析了保证系统稳定工作参量(?)变化范围和约束条件和负载扰动时系统调节过程,得出了系统稳定工作条件。新型相位幅值控制简单且容易实现, 通过仿真和实验验证了该系统可双向工作且能实现单位功率因数。     

双PWM变换器励磁的交流励磁发电机励磁系统设计

分析了基于动态同步坐标轴系的交流励磁发电机双通道解耦励磁控制策略,提出了采用具有优良输入、输出特性的双脉宽调制（PWM）控制交 — 直 — 交电压型变频器作为交流励磁发电机的励磁电源。采用高速数字信号处理器TMS320F2812设计实现了双PWM变换器励磁的交流励磁发电机励磁系统实验平台。通过实验研究表明:基于动态同步坐标轴系的双通道解耦励磁控制策略能够实现交流励磁发电机有功、无功和转速的独立调节,发电机具备良好的动态响应能力;双PWM变换器具有功率双向流动、输入和输出谐波电流小、动态性能优良、功率因数可调等优点,是交流励磁发电机的理想励磁电源。     

Advanced control of PWM converter with variable-speed induction generator

This paper describes simple control structures for the vector-controlled stand-alone induction generator (IG) used to operate under variable speeds. Different control principles, indirect vector control and deadbeat current control, are developed for a voltage source pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) converter and the three-phase variable-speed squirrel-cage IG to regulate dc link and generator voltages with the newly designed phase-locked loop circuit. The required reactive power for the variable-speed IG is supplied by means of the PWM converter and a capacitor bank to buildup the voltage of the IG without the need for a battery, to reduce the rating of the PWM converter with the need for only three sensors, and to eliminate the harmonics generated by the PWM converter. These proposed schemes can be used efficiently for variable-speed wind energy conversion systems. The measurements of the IG systems at various speeds and loads are given and show that these systems are capable of good ac and dc voltage regulations.     

电网故障下交流励磁双馈风力发电机变流器建模与控制

双脉宽调制(PWM)电压型变换器作为交流励磁双馈风力发电机的励磁电源,在风力发电系统得到广泛应用.电网故障时,要求网侧变换器直流链电压波动较小和转子侧变换器能有效控制转子电流,来实现发电机的不间断运行.以双PWM变换器的数学模型为依据,在电网故障时,将网侧变换器以转子侧变换器瞬时输入电流波动为附加前馈量的双环电压控制策略,转子侧变换器考虑定子磁链暂态的定子磁链定向控制策略.仿真结果表明了所提出的联合控制方案在电网故障发生和切除时能稳定控制直流链电压和转子电流,提高了DFIG风力发电系统电网故障下的不间断运行能力.     

DC-bus voltage control of three-phase AC/DC PWM converters usingfeedback linearization

In this paper, a fast voltage control strategy of three-phase AC/DC pulsewidth modulation (PWM) converters applying a feedback linearization technique is proposed. First, incorporating the power balance of the input and output sides in system modeling, a nonlinear model of the PWM converter is derived with state variables such as AC input currents and DC output voltage. Then, by input-output feedback linearization, the system is linearized and a state feedback control law is obtained by pole placement. With this control scheme, output voltage responses become faster than those in a conventional cascade control structure. For robust control to parameter variations, integrators are added to the exact feedback control law. Since the fast voltage control is feasible for load changes, it is shown that the DC electrolytic capacitor size can be reduced. In addition, the capacitor current is analyzed for size reduction of the capacitor. As is usual with PWM converters, the input current is regulated to be sinusoidal and the source power factor can be controlled at unity. The experimental results are provided to verify the validity of the proposed control algorithm for a 1.5 kVA insulated gate bipolar transistor PWM converter system     

Performance Analysis of a Novel Microprocessor-Based Controller for a Phase-Controlled Rectifier Connected to a Weak AC System

The performance analysis of a novel fast-response micro-processor-based firing and control scheme for a phase-controlled rectifier is presented. Controller performance and stability analysis are emphasized, particularly when the converter operates in a closed loop fed by a weak ac system. The firing angle control scheme, which relies on real-time projection of the firing delay angle, has been implemented and tested. In this implementation the controller responds within 20?s its to a change in the desired output voltage. The controller is synchronized to the line through a software phase-locked loop (PLL), which adapts to large variations in the line frequency. With this controller the bridge rectifier can operate properly, with a constant steady-state open-loop gain, even when a weak ac system with unregulated frequency feeds the converter. The operation and performance of the microprocessor-based converter with a current feedback loop are described. Two simple stability analyses, one based on system function simplification and the other based on exact system representation, are discussed and experimentally verified. The generation of subharmonics caused by the line inductance and the reference zero-crossing detection circuit is also studied. Experimental results are reported.     

Visualization of PWM Strategy for a Direct Matrix Converter During Input and Output Voltage Periods

This paper presents a visualization of the PWM strategy of a matrix converter during input and output voltage periods. General relations for the duty cycles based on the input current references and the output voltage references are derived. Because the input current references and the output voltage references are treated as continuous values in the time domain, the PWM strategy can be extended to the input and output voltage periods from the control period treated as constant values. At a low carrier frequency compared with the actual frequency, the PWM patterns that reduce the number of commutations for switching loss reduction can be visualized. The PWM strategy can be directly evaluated by using the waveforms of the input current and the output voltage. In the transient state with change of the output voltage reference, the output voltage and input current can be visualized. The effectiveness of the visualization of the PWM strategy has been verified by comparison with the experimental waveforms.     

Direct voltage regulation of DC–DC buck converter in a wide range of operation using adaptive input–output linearization

In this paper, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed for voltage control of the DC–DC buck converter in both continuous and discontinuous conduction modes. The proposed controller is developed based on input–output linearization, which is robust and stable against converter load changes, input voltage variations, and parameter uncertainties. In the proposed approach, all the converter parameters, namely input voltage, load resistance, and other parasitic elements of the power circuit, are assumed to be uncertain and estimated using a suitable Lyapunov function. Using a stand‐alone TMS320F2810 digital signal processor from Texas Instruments, some simulations and experimental results are obtained to verify the proposed control approach. The results are in good agreement and prove the effectiveness and capability of the controller over a wide range of operations. Also, advantages of the designed nonlinear regulator are indicated in comparison with a pulse width modulation (PWM)‐based sliding mode controller. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

PWM开关DC-DC变换器的低频波动

为了揭示PWM开关变换器输出电压出现低频波动的规律，基于电感电流和输出电压包络的波动频率远低于变换器的开关频率的假设，建立了变换器中电感电流和输出电压包络的微分方程，并在s域进行分析，得出了变换器的闭环输出—输入电压传递函数，采用胡尔维茨稳定判据得出了变换器的稳定条件，分析结果表明：反馈环节的滞后是造成变换器输出电压出现低频波动的原因。采用零极点分析的方法确定了变换器低频波动的频率，利用变换器拓扑结构的约束关系，得出了变换器低频波动的幅值。采用SPICE仿真和实验的方法验证了理论分析结果的正确性。     

基于双PWM补偿型单相交流稳压电源的设计

应用PWM整流器代替二极管不可控整流,既减少对电网的谐波污染,又可以实现能量双向流动。电压电流双闭环控制保证了直流侧电压的稳定和交流侧电流对电网电压的跟踪。逆变器采用了固定开关频率的直接电流控制方法中预测电流控制,电流内环采用比例调节,提高了电流响应速度。电压外环采用电压有效值反馈的PI调节,保证对逆变器输出电压的稳定可靠控制。逆变器的输出电压是补偿电压,与稳压电源的输入电压串联叠加得到稳压电源的输出电压。利用Simulink仿真工具,对所设计的电源进行仿真,验证了控制策略的可行性。最后做实验验证了设计结果。     

单开关三相交直流变换器的谐波消除PWM技术

为保证敏感负载的高稳定电能供应,提出一种应用于三相单开关AC-DC Buck变换器的新型谐波抑制脉宽调制技术.通过简单的前馈方式,可以消除整流输出电压包含的所有低次谐波.因此传统二极管整流桥采用的大容量滤波电容被去除,显著抑制了交流输入电流的脉动和谐波成分.尤其是新PWM技术的任意谐波消除能力实现了对交流系统不对称以及谐波畸变的适应能力.文中分析和推导了调制函数的解析式,并给出了详细的实现方案.2 kVA样机的实验结果验证了该技术对谐波电压的良好抑制能力.     

Fault-tolerant switched capacitor–based boost multilevel inverter

This paper proposes a fault-tolerant switched capacitor (SC)–based boost multilevel inverter. The proposed inverter is able to convert a low-level dc voltage into a desired ac output voltage in single-stage power conversion. It can accomplish a high voltage gain by using multiple SC cells arrangement at reduced voltage stresses on the switching devices and passive circuit elements in the boost network. The principle of operation and steady-state analysis of the proposed topology are presented to formulate the mathematical relationship between input dc and output ac voltage. In addition to that, the proposed inverter can also provide reliable electrical power supply at prescribed ac output voltage in the event of open-circuit failure of power switches. The fault tolerability is realized by reconfiguring the pulse width modulation (PWM) control scheme, whereas the reduction in output voltage is compensated by the boosting characteristic of the inverter. The effectiveness of the proposed inverter has been compared with other impedance source multilevel inverters in terms of voltage gain, boosting capability, and voltage stresses. A laboratory prototype of the proposed inverter is developed for experimentation, and its operation is validated by simulation and experimental results.     

一种适用于独立运行风电系统的变流器

小型独立风力发电系统可以有效解决偏远地区的供电问题.研制了一种适用于小型风电系统的变流器,使用三相半控桥作为输入侧整流电路,使变换器可以适应较宽的风速范围,高风速时能够有效限制流入变流器的功率,可以省掉常规使用的卸荷电路.由单片机构成的数字触发电路对晶闸管进行控制,由基于EPROM的数字SPWM调制器实现全桥逆变器的二重移相PWM控制.试验结果表明所选用的电路结构和控制策略实现简单、可靠性高,具有较宽的输入电压范围,能够输出良好的正弦电压波形.     

分时复用控制多路输出开关电源

针对传统的电压型PWM单反馈支路控制多路输出开关电源存在的非反馈支路调节性能差,以及输出支路之间存在交叉影响的问题,采用反激式变换器实现单输入三输出电压,同时引用电压型分时复用控制方法,从而得到稳定可靠的5V、15V、24V三个输出电压等级。详细介绍了主功率电路和控制电路的工作原理,并分析了在DCM(电流不连续模式)下反激变换器三种工作状态的交流小信号动态特性,进而建立了控制对象的开环传递函数并对其进行了仿真分析。分析可知,其低频段斜率为0dB/dec,不能实现无静差;高频段斜率为-20dB/dec,抗干扰能力差。基于此,在电压型控制回路中增加一个单极点—单零点补偿网络后,低频段斜率提高到-20dB/dec,高频段斜率提高到-40dB/dec,从而改善了系统输出性能。最后通过MATLAB软件搭建了分时复用控制多路输出开关电源的模型并进行了仿真,仿真分析可知针对此拓扑电路结构所采用的电压型分时复用控制方法能够得到稳定的、可靠的和调节性能较好的三路输出直流电压。     

Pulsewidth Modulation of Neutral-Point-Clamped Indirect Matrix Converter

An indirect matrix converter is an alternative “all-semiconductor” energy processor proposed recently for converting an ac source with fixed magnitude and frequency to a variable voltage and frequency supply that can meet the requirements of a particular industry application. In principle, an indirect matrix converter is constructed by connecting a front-end bidirectional rectification stage to a conventional two-level inversion stage with no bulky capacitive or inductive energy storage connected to their intermediate dc link. Through the proper modulation and compensation of the resulting converter, sinusoidal input current and output voltage can be achieved with minimized rectification switching loss, rendering the indirect matrix converter as a competitive choice for interfacing the utility grid to, e.g., defense facilities that require a different frequency supply. As an improvement, an indirect matrix converter assembled using a three-level energy processing stage has briefly been mentioned in the literature, but has neither been tested in simulation nor experimentally because its operational principles, pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) control, and index compensation have not yet been discussed in the existing literature. Addressing the previously described issues, this paper focuses on the operational mode analysis of a three-level indirect matrix converter implemented using a neutral-point-clamped inversion stage and the design of a number of PWM and modulation ratio compensation schemes for controlling the converter with improved waveform quality. The performances and practicalities of the designed schemes are verified in simulation and experimentally using an implemented laboratory prototype with some representative results captured and presented in this paper.      

Active power filter based on three-phase two-leg switch-clamped inverter

A novel three-phase two-leg switch-clamped inverter is presented to achieve multilevel pulse-width modulation (PWM) operation, harmonics elimination, reactive power compensation and dc-link voltage regulation. Four active switches with voltage stress of dc-link and two ac switches with voltage stress of half dc-link are used in the proposed inverter. In this paper, the proposed inverter is operated as a controllable current source to supply the necessary active power for the compensation of inverter losses, to suppress current harmonics, and to compensate the reactive power drawn from the non-linear loads. Therefore, the balanced and sinusoidal line currents are drawn from the ac source. Two control loops are used in the adopted control scheme to maintain the constant dc-link voltage (outer loop with low-bandwidth control) and to achieve the line current command tracking (inner 1oop with high-bandwidth control). The mathematical model of the proposed converter for the operation active power filter is derived and the control scheme is provided. Computer simulations and experimental results based on a laboratory scale-down prototype are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.     

变频器用多功能开关电源设计

设计了一种为变频器内部电路供电的多功能开关电源,该电源能通过PWM调节自适应直流输入端大范围的电压浮动,具有稳定的5路直流电压输出。该电源基于峰值电流控制型芯片UC3842,论述了其工作原理和外围电路的设计。主电路中DC-DC变换环节采用单端反激式隔离变压器,着重介绍了其设计过程,包括磁芯的选择、原边及各路输出匝数的计算。经过调试和实验测试,该电源能够在输入电压变化较大的情况下长期稳定的工作,为变频器可靠供电。     

A novel prototype of auxiliary edge resonant bridge leg link snubber‐assisted soft‐switching sine‐wave PWM inverter

This paper proposes a new circuit topology of the three‐phase soft‐switching PWM inverter and PFC converter using IGBT power modules, which has the improved active auxiliary switch and edge resonant bridge leg‐commutation‐link soft‐switching snubber circuit with pulse current regenerative feedback loop as compared with the typical auxiliary resonant pole snubber discussed previously. This three‐phase soft‐switching PWM double converter is more suitable and acceptable for a large‐capacity uninterruptible power supply, PFC converter, utility‐interactive bidirectional converter, and so forth. In this paper, the soft‐switching operation and optimum circuit design of the novel type active auxiliary edge resonant bridge leg commutation link snubber treated here are described for high‐power applications. Both the main active power switches and the auxiliary active power switches achieve soft switching under the principles of ZVS or ZCS in this three‐phase inverter switching. This three‐phase soft‐switching commutation scheme can effectively minimize the switching surge‐related electromagnetic noise and the switching power losses of the power semiconductor devices; IGBTs and modules used here. This three‐phase inverter and rectifier coupled double converter system does not need any sensing circuit and its peripheral logic control circuits to detect the voltage or the current and does not require any unwanted chemical electrolytic capacitor to make the neutral point of the DC power supply voltage source. The performances of this power conditioner are proved on the basis of the experimental and simulation results. Because the power semiconductor switches (IGBT module packages) have a trade‐off relation in the switching fall time and tail current interval characteristics as well as the conductive saturation voltage characteristics, this three‐phase soft‐switching PWM double converter can improve actual efficiency in the output power ranges with a trench gate controlled MOS power semiconductor device which is much improved regarding low saturation voltage. The effectiveness of this is verified from a practical point of view. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(4): 64–76, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20207