Terminal voltage regulation characteristics by static var compensator for a three-phase self-excited induction generator

In this paper, the practical impedance approach steady-state analysis in the frequency domain for the three-phase self-excited induction generator (SEIG) with squirrel-cage rotor is presented along with its operating performance evaluations. The three-phase SEIG is driven by a variable-speed prime mover(VSPM) in addition to a constant-speed prime mover (CSPM) such as a wind turbine and a micro gas turbine for clean alternative renewable energy in rural areas. The basic steady-state characteristics of the VSPM are considered in the three-phase SEIG approximate equivalent circuit and the operating performance of the three-phase SEIG coupled with a VSPM and/or a CSPM are evaluated and discussed online under the conditions related to the speed changes of the prime mover and the electrical inductive load power variations with simple computation processing procedures. A three-phase SEIG prototype setup with a VSPM is implemented for small-scale clean renewable and alternative energy utilizations. The experimental performance results give good agreement with those obtained from the simulation results. Furthermore, a proportional-integral (PI) closed-loop feedback voltage regulation of the three-phase SEIG driven by the VSPM on the basis of the static var compensator (SVC) composed of the thyristor phase-controlled reactor in parallel with the thyristor switched capacitor and the fixed-excitation capacitor bank is designed and considered for the wind generation as a renewable power conditioner. The simulation analysis and experimental results obtained from the three-phase SEIG with SVC for its voltage regulation prove the practical effectiveness of the additional SVC with the PI-controller-based feedback loop in steady-state operation in terms of high performance with low cost.     

Transient performance of a single-phase self-regulated self-excited induction generator using a three-phase machine

This paper presents the transient behavior of a three-phase star connected self-excited induction generator (SEIG) using three capacitors connected in series and parallel with a single-phase load. The voltage regulation of this generator is very small due to the effect of three capacitors. The dynamic model of the above generator has been developed based on stationary reference frame d–q-axes theory incorporating the effect of cross-saturation. The steady-state model of the scheme has also been developed. The simulated results of both the transient analysis for the different dynamic conditions, such as initiation of self-excitation, load perturbation and short-circuit and the steady-state analysis are compared with the experimental results. Both the simulated and experimental results are in close agreement with each other.     

角接三相异步发电机单相带载稳态分析

给出三角形接法三相自激异步发电机为单相负载供电时系统的连接方式,通过对系统中独立节点电量关系的推导,将发电机基值频率下的正序和负序等值电路通过简单的阻抗元件连接,构成合成等值电路。根据Kirchhoff定律,以合成等值电路中回路阻抗模值为零作为系统稳态运行的条件和分析计算的基础。采用优化方法计算了不同电容组合下系统的负载电压,求取了负载电压一定时电机所需并联的电容组合,并根据不同稳压电容组合下系统的负序电流所占比重求得最佳平衡状态下的稳压电容值。计算值与实验值相互吻合,验证了该分析方法的有效性和准确性。     

串联电容稳压的单相自励感应发电机

针对单相自励感应发电机电压变化率大的问题,本文提出通过串联电容稳压的接线方式.利用对称分量法对三相感应电机自励单相发电运行进行了分析,导出了基本方程式和等效电路进而推出电机的性能计算公式,给出了电容的选取原则和方法.样机实验证明了分析的正确性.     

Self-regulated self-excited brushless three-phase synchronous generator

For lightweight and compact implementation of a generation set, many attempts have been made by some researchers to develop a brushless self-excited synchronous generator without an ac exciter. A previous paper proposed a novel self-excitation scheme by which the second-space harmonic component of armature mmf is used for exciting the rotor field system. In this excitation scheme the effect of the series excitation characteristic, as well as a self-excited and brushless implementation without an ac exciter is automatically obtained. However, in the case of system configuration of the generator already reported, voltage regulation in the inductive load condition was very large. To remove this problem, this paper presents a new system configuration of the generator with a self-regulating feature that can compensate voltage regulation automatically. The new generator consists of a stator installing two three-phase windings, externally connected to a load and a capacitor bank, respectively, and a rotor with field and harmonic windings. In this paper the system configuration and theoretical concepts of the presented generator are described and detailed experimental investigations with a laboratory machine are also shown.     

Brushless self-excited three-phase synchronous generator without exciter

This paper describes principles together with analytic and experimental studies of an exciterless, brushless, and self-excited three-phase synchronous generator which was devised by authors. Since traditional brushless and dc self-excited three-phase synchronous generators without exciter did not have the self-exciting function by series characteristic component proportional to the load current inside the generator, they need auto-voltage regulating equipment or a transformer with three windings and condensers to obtain constant voltage characteristics. It also has the following problem in the case of two-pole traditional generator: oscillatory tension is generated at the shaft of the rotor caused by the magnetic force between magnetic poles of stator and rotor windings, and it causes mechanical vibration and noise. This paper proposes a new brushless and self-excited three-phase generator solving the aforementioned problems: the ratio of poles of the windings for providing power to load (armature and field windings) to the windings for supplying exciting power (stator and rotor exciting windings) is 1 to 5. Then oscillatory tension does not generate theoretically. Furthermore, a self-exciting three-phase generator using the 5th-harmonic component of armature reaction which makes series characteristic component proportional to the load current, currently is available. In this paper, the winding construction, the electric circuit, and the principle of the aforementioned generator are described, and the experimental results of the trial-produced generator show that the three-phase terminal voltage waveforms are almost sinusoidal and also balanced, and the voltage can be kept almost constant for the change of load. This generator has high reliability because of its simple construction.     

SemihexTM联接的单相自励感应发电机

对Semihex^TM联接的单相自励感应发电机进行探讨，首先利用对称分量法导出了稳态运行时的等效电路和性能计算公式，并讨论了对称运行条件。样机实验与理论分析结果一致。结果表明，Semihex^TM联接的单相自励感应发电机具有较大的电压变化率。     

Dynamic behavior of a single-phase self-excited induction generator using a three-phase machine feeding single-phase dynamic load

This paper is motivated to analyze the transient behavior of a single-phase self-excited induction generator (SEIG) using a three-phase machine due to switching of single-phase dynamic load like induction motors. The generator consists of a three-phase star connected induction machine excited with three-capacitors and a single-phase induction motor (IM) load. The developed dynamic models of the SEIG and the motor are based on stationary reference frame d–q axes theory incorporating the effect of cross-saturation in the magnetic circuit of the machine and the equations of excitation capacitors are described by three-phase abc model. The system suffers from heavy transients during switching of induction motor and becomes unstable. These problems may be due to resonance caused by series capacitors and the inductive motor load. The use of damping resistors across one series capacitor is proposed to damp out the starting transients for the stable operation. The motor can be started up successfully using the damping resistor. The variation of the damping resistance with the increase in load on the motor after successful starting to maintain constant terminal voltage has been presented. The eigenvalue technique is also employed to examine the transient conditions in the studied SEIG-IM system. The simulated and experimental results are presented for both the unsuccessful and successful starting of the motor. These results are in close agreement with each other, which show the effectiveness of the approach.     

Analysis of the self-excited three-phase synchronous generator utilizing the second space harmonic for excitation

In a previous paper, we proposed a new self-excited three-phase synchronous generator in which the second space harmonic component of the armature reaction field is used for exciting the field system, and clarified its operating principles and basic characteristics by experiment. The new generator has a series excitation characteristic, and responds quickly to a sudden change of load, because an excitation power can be directly obtained from the armature reaction field. This paper introduces a method for analyzing the steady-state performance of our new generator. In the analysis, an equivalent circuit of the generator is derived from a duality between interlinked electric and magnetic circuits. A simple determination method of parameters in the equivalent circuit is also shown. Calculated results are compared with the experimentally obtained values on a laboratory machine, and good agreement between both values has been observed. The proposed analysis is useful for simulating the steady-state performance of the generator by taking into account the nonlinear effect of the iron core due to magnetic saturation. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 121(1): 70–81, 1997     

小型带不可控整流负载异步发电机自激电容确定

针对异步发电机带整流系统稳态运行后其电路为多回路、变拓扑结构,直接采用电流回路法分析极为困难复杂的特点,根据异步发电机定、转子边的电势平衡关系列写电压方程式,然后把方程式折算到基值频率,得到能够进行稳态分析的电机一相等值电路。在忽略整流桥有功损耗的前提下,引进功率平衡法将直流侧、交流侧联系起来,结合电机的等值电路,建立了异步发电机带整流负载系统的完整数学模型,该模型不仅分析过程简便,而且具有较高的分析精度。     

A new variable speed constant voltage controller for self-excited induction generator

A new variable speed, constant voltage controller for self-excited induction generator (SEIG) is presented in this paper. The proposed PWM controller regulates the induction generator (IG) terminal voltage against varying rotor speed and changing load conditions. This scheme does not require any real time computations and information regarding rotor speed for calculating the excitation current, thereby minimizing the electronic hardware and the cost of the controller. A simple, over-current protection is incorporated to protect the inverter switches. Computer simulation and experimental results show satisfactory operation of an induction generator with the proposed control scheme.     

双馈风力发电机三相短路电流分析

为了研究双馈风力发电机组的低电压穿越控制问题,分析了双馈风力发电机定子端三相短路时短路电流的产生机理,给出了双馈风力发电机在空载同步转速条件下的定转子短路电流的近似解析表达式.在此基础上,根据双馈风力发电机内部的电磁关系,分析了发电机故障前不同转速、输出有功功率及无功功率等运行状态对双馈发电机短路电流的影响.在理论分析的基础上,建立了3 MW双馈风力发电机的模型,对发电机定子端三相短路故障状态进行了仿真研究.仿真结果表明:通过定转子短路电流的近似解析表达式和发电机故障前的初始状态可以有效对双馈发电机短路电流进行定性分析,为进一步研究双馈风力发电机的低电压穿越能力提供了理论依据.     

Basic characteristics of a self-excited induction generator under secondary excitation at constant voltage

A self-excited wound-rotor induction generator excited with a capacitor can be used as an independent source for small-capacity wind power generator. With constant excitation capacitance, the secondary-circuit power of the induction generator is returned to the primary circuit through a converter, an inverter and a transformer; the power is controlled at the inverter so that the generator voltage is always maintained constant in spite of the changes of generator speed and load. The basic characteristics of the generator under the above conditions are analyzed. The fundamental waves of both the main circuit and the feedback circuit are determined. Using these results, the equations for various portions of the generator are derived, the performance characteristics of the generator are then analyzed and compared with experimental results.     

双馈风力发电机机端三相短路电流分析

为研究双馈风力发电机的低电压穿越问题以及风电场的继电保护问题,分析了双馈风力发电机在空载同步转速下机端发生三相短路时定、转子短路电流的近似表达式.在此基础上,从双馈风力发电机内部的电磁关系出发,分析了电压跌落程度、无功功率、转速等运行状态对双馈发电机短路电流的影响,并以0.85 MW双馈风力发电机直接接入电网为例进行仿真研究,其结果验证了双馈机机端发生三相短路时定、转子电流的暂态特性,由此也为研究双馈机低电压穿越能力及风电场继电保护问题提供了理论依据.     

双馈风机三相短路电流特性分析

双馈风机(DFIG)短路电流特性与传统电机相比存在显著差异。根据机端电压的跌落程度,分析了计及Crowbar保护动作和计及RSC控制两种情况下DFIG的短路电流特性。针对撬棒(Crowbar)保护动作后转子磁链的频率含量以及定、转子电流的解析表达式并未完全统一的问题,建立了DFIG数学模型,分析Crowbar保护动作后DFIG定、转子磁链的暂态过程。在此基础上采用拉氏和反拉氏变换法推导了转子磁链的表达式,通过数学解析的方法得到了计及Crowbar保护动作的DFIG定、转子电流计算表达式。同时根据DFIG数学模型和转子侧变流器(RSC)控制模型,采用解微分方程法详细地推导了计及RSC控制的双馈风机定、转子短路电流的表达式。最后在Matlab/Simulink平台上建立DFIG电磁暂态仿真模型。仿真验证计及Crowbar保护和计及RSC控制两种情况下DFIG短路电流表达式的正确性,进而分析了电压跌落程度、Crowbar阻值以及PI控制参数对短路电流的影响。     

Application of static var system auxiliary controllers to improve the transient performance of series compensated long transmission lines

The paper presents a comparative assessment of the static var system (SVS) bus frequency and line reactive power auxiliary controllers for the transient performance enhancement of series compensated long transmission lines. A new controller, namely, the combined reactive power and frequency (CRPF) auxiliary controller, has been developed and incorporated in the static var control system located at the middle of the transmission line. The series compensation is provided at the sending end of the line. The application of the auxiliary controllers considerably enhances the system damping and the unstable system modes are stabilized. A digital computer simulation study has been performed to compare the effectiveness of the auxiliary controllers under disturbance conditions and the superiority of the (CRPF) auxiliary controller has been established over the other auxiliary controllers.