不同电压等级四回线双端故障测距原理研究

由于存在互感和故障类型众多,不同电压等级四回线的故障分析和故障测距愈加困难.为此采用六序分量矩阵叠加方法对不同电压等级的四回线进行解耦,可以将阻抗阵转换为一个特殊的对角阵,非对角线上不为零的元素只有2个,表明四回线的同向零序网存在互感,其它的非对角线元素为零,表明四回线的反向正序网之间不存在互感.采用六序分量矩阵叠加方法对四回线系统的2条同杆双回线两端的电流分别进行矩阵变换,得到2组反向正序电流,利用反向正序电压在故障点相等的特点,实现不同电压等级四回线的双端故障测距.该双端故障测距方法不需要考虑不同电压等级同杆双回线的参数归算,测距精度不受故障类型、故障点过渡电阻、系统运行方式的影响.仿真结果表明,该双端故障测距方法具有有效性和实用性     

基于电流双反相量的同杆四回线故障选相方法

为了解决同杆四回线故障情况复杂,跨线故障时无法应用单回线故障选相方法的难题,提出了一种基于故障电流双反相量的同杆四回线故障选相方法。同杆四回线发生一回线内或两回线间跨线故障时,对四回线各相电流进行变换,可得故障相电流的双同及双反相量。通过对故障电流边界条件的分析可知,不同类型故障时故障电流的3个双反相量分别具有不同的幅值和相位特点。以此为基础,提出了在一回线内故障和两回线间跨线故障时能够准确识别故障回线和故障相的同杆四回线故障选相方法。仿真表明本方法在不同的负载电流、过渡电阻、故障位置及故障类型下均能进行有效的故障选相。     

正常运行方式下跨电压等级四回线零序电流补偿系数整定

跨电压等级同塔四回线路中某一条线路发生接地短路时,故障线路不仅受到同一电压等级非故障线路零序互感的影响,还受到不同电压等级线路零序互感的影响,同时对于超高压线路多采用长距离输电,电容电流的影响也不容忽视。综合分析了四回线路正常运行方式下,一线路发生接地短路时非故障线路零序互感和长线路零序电容电流对零序电流补偿系数的影响,根据公式提出了新的零序电流补偿系数整定方式。最后利用PSCAD仿真结果验证了本文方法更能准确地反映故障位置,且能使两侧的距离Ⅰ段保护范围有交叉,提高了线路接地距离保护性能。     

输电线路加权数据融合故障测距算法研究

高压输电线路故障测距具有多种不同的方法,如基于稳态量的单、双端测距和基于行波信号的单、双端测距等。由于电力系统存在许多不确定性因素及干扰,单一测距方法都有其固有的局限性。将多传感器数据融合技术引入电力系统故障测距,充分利用多测距源提供的冗余信息,提出自适应加权数据融合测距算法。该算法利用先验知识或仿真数据获取各单一测距算法在不同工况下的加权系数,然后对单一算法的测距结果进行加权融合,最终获得可靠精确的测距结果。应用PSCAD/EMTDC建立500 kV输电系统模型,通过模拟不同故障情况对算法进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明,融合测距算法基本不受过渡电阻、故障位置、故障类型、分布电容等因素的影响,具有良好的可靠性、精确性和鲁棒性。     

A combined impedance and traveling wave based fault location method for multi-terminal transmission lines

A new fault location method suitable for multi-terminal transmission lines that combines the advantages of both impedance and traveling wave based methods has been developed and presented in this paper. The proposed method first determines whether the fault is grounded or ungrounded by comparing the magnitude of the ground mode wavelet coefficients at the measurement end. Next, the impedance based method is used to identify the faulted half of the line in the case of two-terminal line and the faulted line section as well as the faulted half of the line section in the case of multi-terminal lines. Finally the fault location is determined by taking the time difference between the first two consecutive aerial modes of the current traveling waves observed at one end of the multi-terminal line. The proposed method has been tested on four- and five-terminal transmission lines with different types of faults, fault resistances and fault inception angles using ATP simulation.     

A single ended directional fault section identifier and fault locator for double circuit transmission lines using combined wavelet and ANN approach

Fault section identification and determining its location are important aspects to reduce down/repair time, speed up restoration of power supply and to improve the reliability. In this paper combined wavelet and artificial neural network based directional protection scheme is proposed for double circuit transmission lines using single end data to identify the faulty section and its location with reach setting up to 99% of line length. The proposed method requires the three phase currents and voltage to be measured at one end of the double circuit transmission line modelled using distributed parameter line model which also considers the effect of shunt capacitance. Approximate coefficients feature vector of the three phase voltage and current are extracted using discrete wavelet transform to train the ANN with Levenberg Marquardt algorithm. The proposed scheme involves two stages. The first stage identifies the zone/section of the fault and the second stage calculates the fault location from the relaying point. The proposed combined Wavelet and ANN based fault location scheme is also compared with ANFIS based fault location scheme. The test results of the proposed scheme show that the fault section identification and location estimation is very accurate and the average percentage error in fault location estimation is within 0.001%. This method is adaptive to the variation of fault type (both forward and reverse), fault inception angle, fault location and fault resistance. The main advantage of the proposed scheme is that it offers primary protection to 99% of line length using single end data only and also backup protection to the adjacent forward and reverse line sections.     

A practical method for evaluation of ground fault currentdistribution on double circuit parallel lines

The paper presents an original analytical procedure for quick and, for practical purposes sufficiently accurate evaluation of the principal components of the ground fault current. The procedure is valid for faults at any of the towers of a double 3-phase circuit line with an arbitrary number of spans. The method is obtained by application of relatively simple and exact equations for uniform ladder circuits of any size (for any number of pis, from one to infinity) and for any terminal conditions. The method can be applied to solve several practical problems: the evaluation of the maximum substation grounding system fault current, the selection of a ground wire capable of withstanding the fault currents and the prediction of step and touch voltages near the transmission towers. In the case of a double circuit 3-phase line, the solution of these problems is additionally complicated by the mutual inductive coupling between the two parallel lines     

同塔四回输电线路故障选线新方案

从参数不对称同塔四回输电线路入手,结合四回线内部存在的线间及相间电磁耦合的特点,分析推导出适合的相模变换矩阵对各回线阻抗进行解耦处理,并且通过仿真对比的方式论证了解耦方法的正确性。基于解耦出的独立模量间的关系,定义4个参数K_1—K_4,根据这4个参数在不同回路故障时的取值不同,构造新的故障选线判据。大量的PSCAD/EMTDC仿真数据表明,所提出的故障选线方案速度快、简单、可靠,且不受故障距离、过渡电阻以及负荷电流和系统运行方式的影响。     

同塔混压四回线下的单回线故障零序方向元件动作特性分析

同塔混压四回线发生故障时,由于近距离物理条件,不仅要考虑相间互感,也要考虑不同电压等级系统之间的互感对故障分析及保护产生的较大影响。针对弱电强磁与强电联系两种场景下同塔混压四回线中单回线发生接地故障的情况,首先阐述零序去耦等值电路的建立依据,然后对零序方向元件的动作特性及主要影响因素进行理论分析。结果表明对于弱电强磁场景,不同电压等级之间的零序互感对零序方向元件动作行为的影响可以忽略不计。对于强电联系场景,零序互感、电气强度及故障位置综合影响零序方向元件的动作行为。基于ATP-EMTP建立1 000 kV/500 kV同塔混压四回线模型,对单回线故障条件下的零序方向元件动作行为进行了建模仿真,验证了理论分析的正确性。     

A Novel Fault Location Algorithm for Double-Circuit Transmission Lines based on Distributed Parameter

1 IntroductionWith the development of the power system,thedouble circuit transmission lines have been widely used.The increased complexities of power transmission systemmake the transmission line fault location studies morecomplicated and important.The fault location for thesemore complex lines has raised great attentions.Differentfault location algorithms can be developed depending onthe extracted data from one or both ends of thetransmission lines.The method using one end data isaffected by…     

超高压电缆-架空线混合线路故障测寻方法

提出一种超高压电缆架空线混合线路故障测寻的新方法。首先利用有效的判据确定故障发生在电缆侧或架空线侧,然后利用故障区域首末端电压、电流突变量值递推算出故障点。经过简单的改进,该方法同样适用于更复杂的超高压架空线电缆架空线混合线路。新方法不要求双端数据同步,不受线路两端系统阻抗和过渡电阻的影响,不存在伪根判别问题,易于实现。仿真结果显示这种算法具有较高的测距精度和实用价值。     

复杂输电网行波故障定位方法

为了解决故障发生在双回线路(或多回线路)或故障线路两端某个变电站行波定位装置时间记录失败时,可能出现的双端行波定位算法失灵的问题,论文提出了复杂输电网行波故障定位方法。该方法依次假设电网中每一条线路为故障线路,采用保留故障线路的Dijkstra算法得到经过故障线路的计算路径。若计算路径存在冗余,则根据网络定位算法直接得到故障定位结果;若计算路径不存在冗余,则对输电网络实施单端行波定位装置增配方案,确保网络中任一行波定位装置时间记录失败时故障定位的可靠性。其次,论文还提出了一种复杂测量网络简化方法,能够简化网络定位算法的计算过程,提高定位计算的速度。最后对株洲实际电网进行仿真验证分析,结果表明,该方法实现简单,定位可靠性高,工程实用性强,能够解决复杂输电网的故障定位问题。     

架空线路电弧故障的非线性估计单端测距方法

电弧闪络在架空输电线路故障中占很大比例,而大多数故障测距研究没有考虑到电弧的非线性特性。文章提出了一种基于电弧特性的单端故障测距新方法,研究了Mayr模型下线路闪络时交流电弧的频谱特征,依据超高压输电线路首端测量数据构造观测方程,并采用非线性状态估计的方法求解电压特性与故障电弧特性最接近的位置,为电力线路故障测距问题的研究提供了一种新的思路。仿真结果表明,该方法具有较好的稳定性和较高的测量精度。     

A practical fault location approach for double circuit transmission lines using single end data

Double circuit transmission lines are frequently subjected to a variety of technical problems from the perspective of protection engineering. These problems are mainly due to the mutual coupling effects between adjacent circuits of the line. In this paper, a new fault location approach for double circuit transmission lines is introduced. It depends only on the data extracted from one end of the line. This practically facilitates implementing and developing this approach, as it needs no information from the other end. The approach is based on modifying the apparent impedance method using modal transformation. Depending on modal transformation, the coupled equations of the transmission line are converted into decoupled ones. This greatly eliminates the mutual effects resulting in an accurate estimation for the fault distance in a straightforward manner. Also the effects of prefault currents, charging currents, and the unknown fault resistance on the estimation accuracy are compensated. The proposed approach was tested via digital simulation using ATP-EMTP in conjunction with MATLAB. Applied test results corroborate the superior performance of the proposed approach.     

风电场并网输电线路单相接地故障单端测距方法

采用故障后及单相跳闸后2个时间断面的信息构建方程描述输电线路两侧断路器之间的网络拓扑,能够实现输电线路故障单端精确测距。但该方法假设2个时间断面下量测点对端系统阻抗保持不变且故障支路恒定,使得现有立足风电场并网输电线路系统侧开展测距的常规做法失效。针对该问题,提出了立足风电场侧面向于系统侧开展测距研究的思路,克服了量测点对端系统阻抗在2个时间断面下变化的问题;针对测距算法中使用迭代搜索解法带来的风电场侧电流量测值偏小导致的高阻故障测距精度显著下降的问题,提出了不受故障类型影响的直接求解方程测距新算法,能够直接计算得到故障距离和过渡电阻值,不仅实现了精确测距且对于后续的自适应重合闸研究提供了新思路。     

Transmission line fault location using digital fault recorders

A technique for the location of transmission line faults using voltage and current measurements from one end of the faulted line is presented. The method differs from past approaches in that a time domain rather than a frequency domain representation of voltage and current is used. A phase network model is used, permitting explicit treatment of self and mutual impedance effects for either a single three-phase circuit or two parallel three-phase circuits. The algorithm will be used as one of the analysis functions for a digital fault recorder. Test results are presented to illustrate the performance of the algorithm under various system conditions and configurations. Results compare favorably with those obtained using previously reported fault location methods. Estimated fault locations are within 3 to 4% of the actual fault location. Most cases show errors within 2% of the actual fault location     

一种基于微分方程法的串补线路精确故障测距算法

串联补偿电容的接入使得从线路两端测得的稳态时的电压电流关系不再一一对应,用代数法无法区分故障发生在串补电容的哪一侧,这给以前常用的代数方程定位算法增加了新的困难。文中利用在线路两侧同步采集(用全球定位系统(GPS)进行同步)的电压、电流信号,采用微分方程数学模型并结合串补线路的特点推导了一种新的故障定位算法。该算法分别假定故障点在串补电容的两侧,通过计算得到2个故障定位解,其中一个为真根,另一个为伪根。针对定位过程中出现的真伪根,由暂态过程中电容两侧发生故障时的电压波形不同这一事实,根据线路两侧获取的数据分别计算出的故障点电压应相等这一原理,提出了一种简单、可靠地找出真根去除伪根的方法,可正确判定事故地点。仿真研究表明,该算法具有较高的精度和较强的适应性,能可靠区分真伪根,精确确定事故地点。     

An accurate fault location algorithm for parallel transmission lines using one-terminal data

An accurate fault location algorithm for parallel transmission lines, using fundamental frequency components of post-fault voltage and current measured at one terminal, is described in this paper. Parallel transmission lines can be decoupled into the common component net and differential component net. In differential component net, the current distributing coefficient is a function of fault distance, and the differential component current at the fault point can be expressed in terms of the current at the local terminal. Therefore, for asymmetrical faults, the phase fault current can also be expressed as a function of local terminal current and fault distance. With the fault boundary conditions for a given fault type, the fault location equations can then be derived. Based on distributed parameter line model, the proposed algorithm achieves superior locating accuracy, with mutual coupling between circuits, source impedance and fault resistance having very little influence on the locating accuracy. The performance of new algorithm is verified by computer simulation results for transposed and non-transposed lines.     

同塔四回输电线路双端故障测距实用算法

基于输电线路的分布式参数模型,提出了一种适用于同塔四回输电线路差动保护装置的故障测距新算法。该算法首先对输电线路参数进行相模变换,选取相互独立的双端同向正序故障分量,依据输电线路双端口理论建立故障测距方程,从而得出精确的故障距离。该算法原理简单,计算量小,避免了一般测距算法需要计算双曲函数、超越方程、牛顿迭代法和搜索法的复杂过程。PSCAD/EMTDC仿真结果表明,该算法测距精度较高,且不受故障距离、过渡电阻、故障类型和两侧电源功角差的影响,有很强的工程实用价值。     

MMC-HVDC输电线路双端非同步故障测距方法

提出了一种基于模块化多电平变换器的高压直流(MMC-HVDC)输电线路双端非同步故障测距方法。首先,通过分析MMC-HVDC系统直流侧线路故障时的电流环路,将跳闸后的双端MMC的两侧环路分别等效为RLC串联电路,并先后控制双端MMC桥臂子模块的投入,为两侧RLC串联电路提供一个初始电压;然后根据RLC电路的零输入响应特性,分别提取双端MMC子模块电容电流的最大值以及该时刻的电压;最后利用双端非同步测量的数据计算故障距离。该方法不依赖于电容的初始电压,并且不受过渡电阻影响,可重复测量,提高了测距的可靠性。在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建了21电平的MMC-HVDC模型,并对所提故障测距方法进行仿真,验证了其有效性。