Optimal controllers designs for automatic reactive power control in an isolated wind-diesel hybrid power system

The paper presents the bacterial foraging optimization algorithm (BFOA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm based robust controllers for voltage deviations due to the variation of reactive power in an isolated wind-diesel hybrid power system. The isolated wind-diesel system consists of wind energy conversion system (WECS) utilizing a permanent magnet induction generator (PMIG). Further, a synchronous generator (SG) is used with the diesel engine set for power generation. The mismatch between generated and consumed reactive power in the system causes voltage fluctuations, which will occur at generator terminals. These oscillations further causes reduction in the stability and quality of the power supply. The static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) are used to suppress voltage fluctuations in an isolated wind-diesel hybrid power system. The STATCOM is used as a reactive power compensator and the AVR is used to keep the terminal voltage constant for the synchronous generator. Both STATCOM and AVR are having proportional and integral (PI) controllers with single input. In modeling for the system, a normalized co-prime factorization is applied to show the possible unstructured uncertainties in the power system such as variation of system parameters and generating and loading conditions. The performance and robust stability conditions of the control system are formulated as the optimization problem, which is based on the Hα loop shaping. BFOA and PSO algorithms are implemented to solve this optimization problem and to achieve PI control parameters of STATCOM and AVR simultaneously. In order to show the efficiency of the proposed controllers, the performance of the proposed controllers is compared with the performance of the conventional controller and genetic algorithm (GA) based PI controllers for the same wind-diesel system. The dynamic responses of the system for four different small-disturbance case studies has been carried out in MATLAB environment.     

Firefly Optimization Algorithm for the Reactive Power Control of an Isolated Wind-Diesel System

This paper investigates the application of firefly optimization algorithm to design an optimal control for voltage stability of a stand-alone hybrid renewable generation unit based on reactive power control. The studied renewable generation unit mainly consists of a permanent magnet induction generator driven by wind turbine and a synchronous generator driven by diesel engine. A STATCOM is used to stabilize the terminal load bus voltage via compensating of reactive power. The main control objective aims to stabilize the terminal load voltage against any disturbances in load reactive power and/or input wind power by adjusting the total system reactive power. This is accomplished by controlling STATCOM phase angle and hence to control the load bus voltage and also by controlling the excitation voltage of the synchronous generator. The proposed renewable energy power system based on the proposed optimal controller has been tested through step change in input wind power and load reactive power. The system performance based on the proposed control is compared with model predictive control, a robust H_∞ control, and a classical PI control.     

基于超级电容器储能的STATCOM对直驱风力机并网性能改善的研究

本文主要研究了采用基于超级电容器的静态同步补偿器(STATCOM)的永磁(PMSG)直驱变速风力机控制策略。基于Matlab/Simpower实现对风力发电机侧整流器最大功率提取、电网侧逆变器和STATCOM的控制策略,采用不同容量超级电容器储能的STATCOM系统在电网出现故障或者受到干扰时提升风力发电系统稳定状态和动态性能。大量仿真结果表明:与传统的STATCOM相比,采用基于超级电容器的STATCOM能有效改善并网过程中出现的电压闪变及波动,减小频率的波动,并能对故障期间的电流进行有效控制,从而较为显著地改善了直驱风力发电系统的有功、无功功率,提升了风电并网系统故障穿越能力和动态性能。     

小型并网永磁直驱风电系统控制的研究

该文讨论了一种低成本的小型并网永磁直驱风力发电系统。该系统由永磁同步发电机(PMSG)、二极管整流电路、Boost斩波电路和三相电压型PWM逆变器组成。通过控制Boost斩波电路,实现风力发电系统的最大功率跟踪。利用电网电压定向控制技术控制三相电压型PWM逆变器,采用双闭环矢量控制结构,调节直流电压并控制流向电网的无功功率。最后,以15 kW的样机的实验结果验证了系统控制策略的可行性。     

直接驱动型风力发电系统低电压穿越控制策略

提出了直接驱动型永磁同步风力发电系统在电网故障前后的控制策略。采用基于二阶广义积分闭环电网电压跌落检测方法,可精确得出电网电压故障信号、正序分量幅值、相位角。电网电压故障信号送给变桨距执行机构,最大限度地调节桨距角,屏蔽部分输入功率,提高系统低电压穿越能力;探索直驱风电系统在电网电压跌落发生后的控制策略,并实现与正常运行模式的快速平滑切换。故障前,网侧变流器运行在单位功率因数状态,保持直流侧电压恒定;故障后运行在STATCOM模式,依据检测环节所提供的电网电压正序分量幅值和相位角来决定变流器所发无功电流的量值,为电网提供动态无功支持。基于超级电容器的双向DC/DC变换器作为直流侧保护电路,来快速维持直流侧电压稳定。     

基于STATCOM的超级电容储能系统的风电并网

为了提高电网的电能质量,探讨了一种与永磁同步发电机(PMSG)相连接的电网控制和运行策略。该电机以直驱变速风电机组和静止同步补偿器(STATCOM)为基础,STATCOM的应用是通过风力涡轮机的不脱网运转能力来提高了系统性能,发电机侧变换器的控制策略是应用STATCOM控制器实现传输效率最大化。通过Matlab对其进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明,带有STATCOM的超级电容器能量存储系统能够提高风能系统电网故障或扰动时的稳态和动态性能。     

Analytical Comparison of Static and Dynamic Reactive Power Compensation in Isolated Wind–Diesel System Using Dynamic Load Interaction Model

This article presents static and dynamic reactive power compensators together for a self-excited induction generator and synchronous generator based isolated hybrid power system. Reactive power is required for excitation of the induction machine and for load under steady-state and transient state operations in an isolated hybrid power system. For small perturbation of load reactive power and input wind power, the use of a dynamic compensator alone may give better voltage stability but at a high cost; in contrast, the static compensator reduces the cost on compromising with the voltage stability. The proper rating selection of both compensators used may give the optimum solution between the voltage stability as system performance and cost of compensation. The fixed costs and voltage profiles are compared for the different participations of the fixed capacitor bank and STATCOM. The interaction of the dynamic load model is also introduced to make the system more reliable and hence a new power balance equation is derived. A 10% step disturbance in the dynamic load model as well as wind power input is considered for the system study. Four different cases designed for unique participation of static and dynamic reactive power compensators are presented. The analytical comparison is based on cost, rating selection, and voltage stability under transient condition.     

Neural-network-based sensorless maximum wind energy capture with compensated power coefficient

This paper describes a small wind generation system where neural network principles are applied for wind speed estimation and robust control of maximum wind power extraction against potential drift of wind turbine power coefficient curve. The new control system will deliver maximum electric power to a customer with light weight, high efficiency, and high reliability without mechanical sensors. The concept has been developed and analyzed using a turbine directly driven permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). In addition, the proposed method is applied to a 15-kW variable-speed cage induction machine wind generation (CIWG) system. The simulation studies of a PMSG small wind generation system and experimental results of a CIWG are provided to verify the validity of the method.     

永磁直驱风电机组的双PWM变换器协调控制策略

永磁直驱风力发电系统中可采用全功率双脉宽调制（PWM）变换器作为永磁同步发电机（PMSG）的并网电路,当风速变化时,双PWM变换器的直流链电压会随着PMSG输出功率的改变而出现大幅度波动,这将不利于变换器功率器件的安全运行及整个发电系统的稳定运行。结合永磁直驱同步风力发电系统的运行特点,提出一种适用于永磁直驱风电机组的双PWM变换器协调控制策略。系统仿真和实验结果验证了所提出的控制策略的正确性,该方案可显著提高风速变化时双PWM变换器的直流链电压的稳定性,有助于提高发电系统的安全稳定运行能力。     

直驱永磁同步风力发电机的最佳风能跟踪控制

与双馈交流励磁风力发电系统相比,直驱永磁同步风力发电系统具有结构简单、发电效率及运行可靠性高等优点。文章采用双脉宽调制(pulse-width modulation,PWM)变换器作为直驱永磁同步发电机的并网电路,根据风力机和发电机的运行特性提出了一种基于最佳功率给定的发电机最大风能跟踪控制策略。建立了基于双PWM变换器的直驱永磁同步风力发电实验系统,实验结果验证了所提出控制策略的正确性。该发电系统可实现最大风能跟踪控制、并网有功和无功功率独立控制以及变速恒频发电运行。     

Functional Predictive Control for Voltage Stability Improvements of Autonomous Hybrid Wind–Diesel Power System

This study investigates the application of the model predictive control technique for voltage stability of an isolated hybrid wind–diesel power system based on reactive power control. The proposed generation system mainly consists of a synchronous generator for a diesel-generator system and an induction generator for a wind energy conversion system. A static VAR compensator is used to stabilize load voltage through compensating reactive power. Two control paths are used to stabilize load bus voltage based on model predictive control. The first control path is used to adjust the total reactive power of the system by controlling the static VAR compensator firing angle. The second is proposed to control the excitation voltage of the synchronous generator. Model predictive control is used to determine t optimal control actions, including system constraints. To mitigate calculation effort and reduce numerical problems, especially in a large prediction horizon, an exponentially weighted functional model predictive control (F-model predictive control) is applied. The proposed controller was tested through step change in load reactive power plus step increase in input wind power. The performance of the proposed system with the proposed controller was compared with classical model predictive control; moreover, this scheme is tested against parameter variations.     

永磁直驱风电机组故障穿越优化控制策略研究

永磁同步发电机构成的直驱型变速恒频风力发电系统通过全功率变流器与电网连接,当电网发生严重故障时,不仅对HVDC设备造成损害,甚至可能影响风力发电系统的整体安全稳定运行。对系统故障期间直流电压失稳的机理进行了分析,基于永磁同步发电机转子的惯性储能特性以及网侧换流器的无功补偿能力,提出一种适用于提高永磁直驱风电机组故障穿越能力的优化控制策略。在网侧故障期间通过分段式转速控制调整风机侧输入的有功并对网侧无功进行补偿,减小了中间直流系统注入的不平衡功率,抑制了故障期间直流电压的骤升。应用PSCAD/EMTDC电磁暂态仿真软件建立单机系统模型,仿真结果验证了所提出的控制策略的有效性。     

相同风速功率下两种风电机组响应电网短路故障的对比分析

介绍了双馈和直驱风力发电机组的结构区别。从二者数学模型入手,其交直交变频器采用相同的控制策略,机侧变频器采用解耦控制,网侧变频器采用恒功率因数控制。在EMTPWorks中分别搭建了具有相同风速功率曲线的直驱和双馈风电机组的仿真模型。并在相同条件分析了电网发生三相、单相短路故障时的二者的暂态特性差别,得出了PMSG在故障期间的无功变化幅值要比DFIG要大,但机端母线电压跌落、机组有功功率输出、变频器直流电容电压变化幅度以及频率波动均比DFIG要小,对风电机组的选型具有十分重要的意义。     

分散式风电孤岛运行特性与孤岛检测试验研究

分散式风电靠近电网负荷端,风电机组必须自主实现孤岛状态的辨识。基于风电机组孤岛运行特性及功率扰动对并网点电压、频率影响的灵敏度分析,提出基于无功功率-频率正反馈与传统过欠压、过欠频相结合的风电机组孤岛检测方法,并进行了风机变流器无功功率扰动控制环设计。在Matlab/Simulink中建立了2.0 MW永磁同步风电机组仿真模型,实现了风电机组孤岛运行与孤岛状态辨识的全过程仿真。利用RLC负荷模拟装置,在2.0MW永磁同步风电机组上进行了孤岛检测现场试验。仿真与现场试验证明了理论分析的正确性与孤岛检测策略的有效性。     

基于储能装置的柔性直流输电技术提高大规模风电系统稳定运行能力的研究

大规模风电集中接入电网对直流输电技术提出了更高的要求。为此,提出了基于储能装置的柔性直流输电并网传输系统拓扑结构。根据dq同步旋转坐标系下VSC-HVDC(Voltage Source Converter HVDC)系统的数学模型,设计了相应的换流器直接电流控制策略。其中送端换流站解耦控制器实现了风电场输出有功功率和无功功率的独立控制,受端换流站采用将储能装置充放电功率偏差值作为直流电压控制器附加信号的控制策略。最后,以配备双馈风电机组的风电场经柔性直流输电系统接入电网进行仿真分析,针对风电场在噪声风引起的输电功率波动、受端换流站侧交流系统短路故障等情况进行仿真验证,结果表明该控制方案有效可行。     

Grid integration improvement for single-phase inverters of small wind turbines under distorted voltage conditions

In this work, an enhanced control method for the grid-tied single-phase inverter in small wind turbines based on PMSG (permanent-magnet synchronous generator) under grid voltage distortion is introduced. Composite observers are designed for decomposing harmonic and fundamental components of the grid current and voltage accurately, which facilitate current control action and synchronize the inverter with the grid. Grid voltage phase angle is detected by an advanced PLL (phase-locked loop) scheme based on the grid voltage fundamental component. The inverter current is adjusted by multi-PR (proportional-resonant) controllers, where its harmonic components are regulated to zero resulting in a sinusoidal grid current. In this scheme, the DC-link voltage is maintained at constant by a DC boost converter, while generator output power is controlled by the grid-tied inverter. An MPPT (maximum power-point tracking) operation of wind turbine is obtained, with which generator speed is estimated from the input voltage and current of the DC boost converter, thus avoiding the use of an expensive and complex mechanical sensor. The presented method is proved through experimental investigation, where experimental results show that the THD (total harmonic distortion) of grid current is about 3% under 12.25% THD of the grid voltage.     

混合三端直流输电系统在风火打捆并网中的应用及其控制策略

针对大规模风电外送可靠性问题,提出风火打捆经混合三端直流输电并网系统拓扑结构并设计各换流器的控制策略。混合三端直流输电系统的发电端由两个自然换相(LCC)整流器组成,受端由一个电压源型逆变器(VSC)与外电网相连。风电场群侧LCC1换流器采用定有功功率的控制策略,可以追踪最大功率;火电厂侧LCC2换流器采用定直流电流控制策略,可以平抑风功率波动。受端换流站控制器VSC采用定直流电压和定无功功率控制策略,能有效应对换流站侧交流系统短路故障和负荷突变等工况。仿真结果表明所提控制方案的有效性。这种输电模式能够综合利用常规直流输电和轻型直流输电各自的优点,有效扩展常规风火打捆直流输电系统的适用范围。     

并网永磁直驱风电机组故障穿越能力仿真研究

随着电力电子器件成本下降,拥有全功率变换器的永磁直驱风机成为各国关注热点。风电场容量不断增大,要求风电机组具有故障穿越能力。本文以直驱同步风电发电机组为研究对象,利用matlab/simulink搭建了直驱同步风电机组的动态数学模型,对直驱同步风电机组故障穿越能力进行仿真研究,试验结果表明：在风电场接入点发生故障时,直驱同步风电机组具有故障穿越功能。尤其在电网发生电压跌落时,直驱风机能为系统提供一定的无功支撑。有效防止系统电压过多降落。提高了系统故障运行的稳定性。     

基于变频控制的风电提水系统关键技术研究

针对全直驱型风力发电提水系统中各主要构件之间难以实现最佳匹配的问题,对其中的一些关键技术进行了研究,旨在提高系统运行效率.采用现代流线型风力机、永磁同步发电机、通用三相交流电动水泵以及变频控制技术,通过变频控制器调节水泵的转速,实现不同风速下的最大功率点跟踪(MPPT).系统配置具有较大的灵活性,采用多重判据MPPT控制方法,具有良好的动态响应和跟踪效果,仿真和实验结果表明风力机工作在较高的风能利用系数下,系统运行效率得到明显提高.     

基于Crowbar保护的双馈风力发电机低电压控制策略研究

针对双馈风力发电机在电压大幅骤降时投入Crowbar电路后引起直流侧过电压和动态无功补偿的问题,基于反馈线性化理论,提出了对网侧变频器进行非线性控制策略。通过协调控制STATCOM对电网进行动态无功补偿。仿真表明:网侧非线性控制器在电压骤降过程中能很好地抑制直流侧过电压;通过引入STATCOM补偿装置,很好地满足系统无功需求,证实了所提出控制策略的正确性,提高了系统的低电压穿越能力。