Practical Low Voltage Equipment Ground Fault Protection for Solidly Grounded Systems with Wye-Connected Source Transformers

A low voltage equipment ground fault protection system for solidly grounded radial systems is described. The protection provides primary protection for source substation buses. It is capable of providing selective operation with downstream ground fault trip devices or phase-overcurrent devices set to detect ground faults. It also provides source transformer protection for phase-to-ground through faults to supplement transformer primary phase-to-phase and three-phase through-fault overcurrent protection.     

变压器空载电流非线性变化原因研究

变压器空载试验是诊断变压器铁芯故障的重要试验。文中通过对一台35 kV三相双绕组变压器空载试验以及在不同试验接线情况下空载试验数据的分析,研究了小容量高电压等级变压器空载试验时试验电压从0升高至规定试验电压过程中空载电流呈现先上升后下降再陡增的非线性变化现象。试验研究分析表明导致此类变压器出现该现象的主要原因是试验电压三相不平衡。变压器中性点接地时,零序电流是造成此现象的主要原因,而非传统文献认为的电容电流,研究结论对分析判断变压器空载电流变化具有参考意义。     

单相变压器供电的高压钠灯降压节电试验

城市道路照明负荷是单相负荷,将原三相变压器供电改由单相变压器供电,组成V／V0-V/V单相变压器-高压钠灯节电照明系统,降低了低压配网损耗,工程造价相对减少,提高了供电可靠性,同时可以达到下半夜路灯自动降压节电的节电效果。     

The minimization of voltage sag effect for specially connected transformers with a sensitive load and distributed generation systems

This paper improves the voltage sag for a distributed generation (DG) system with three-phase to two-phase connected transformers. The proposed connection system is compared with the systems designed by Scott and Le Blanc. A particle swarm optimization method with nonlinear time-varying evolution (PSO-NTVE) is used to determine the design values. This analysis considers sensitive loads and the coordination of over-current relays. The model uses a node admittance matrix for voltage sag calculation, in order to calculate the severity of system sag after single or two-phase faults. The analytical equations are useful in the mathematical optimal planning method. The PSO-NTVE is then used to derive suitable transformer impedances and relay time multiplier parameter values. The search for a global optimal solution for the voltage sag problems involves tests on the Scott and Le Blanc connected transformer power systems, in order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Finally, the results show that the severity of the voltage sag is reduced by tuning the transformer impedances and relay settings.     

基于负荷监测系统的配电网故障测寻方法

根据负荷监测系统实时采集的配电网杆上变压器(简称杆变)低压侧三相电压数值变化情况,对配电网中的故障部分进行分析定位。在发生单相断线故障时,通过对比分析配电馈线部分位置上的配电变压器低压侧三相电压数值判定单相断线发生的地点,进一步结合配电变压器绕组接线模式确定断线线路的相位信息。对于杆变内部故障引起的馈线开关跳闸、重合成功,通过该杆变的低压侧电压数值的有无判定故障原因和故障地点。对发生在松江电网实际故障的处理过程可以看出所提出方法在配电网故障处理中的正确性和有效性。     

Control of Electronic Power Transformer with Star Configuration under Unbalanced Load Conditions

The electronic power transformer has many advantages, such as reactive power compensation, voltage regulation, harmonic suppression, and power factor correction. When a three-phase electronic power transformer with a star configuration is applied in the distribution network, three-phase load unbalance will cause three-phase DC voltage unbalance if the electronic power transformer controller generates improper asymmetric voltage signals, which may trigger over-voltage protection. The effects of three-phase load unbalance to the work condition of the electronic power transformer are analyzed, and a control algorithm is proposed to balance three-phase DC voltages in this article. Meanwhile, input stage control, isolation stage control, output stage control, and individual DC voltage balancing control are presented. Simulation and lab experimental results show that the electronic power transformer still works properly even under serious unbalanced load conditions.     

三相电力变压器的场路耦合模型及突发短路过程计算

电力变压器在电网中运行,受到电网电压约束,分析其突发短路时的电磁过程,一般需要采用场路耦合的方法。T法具有求解变量少、计算代价小的优点,引入绕组的耦合电压项后,可用于电力变压器的计算。本文建立了三相变压器基于T-T0-W表述的场路耦合三维有限元模型,通过考虑变压器绕组的不同联接方式及多种负载情况,对变压器在不同短路情况进行了计算、分析。结果表明,在复杂短路过程中的短路电流可能超过突发三相短路时的最大电流。     

一起JSZF-10G1型电压互感器电压异常情况分析

结合10kV旧式三相五柱式电压互感器对10kV不接地系统单相接地时JSZF-10G1型电压互感器出现二次电压异常情况进行分析,并提出10kV不接地系统应用JSZF-10G1型电压互感器的二次电压回路设计建议和注意要点。     

Assessment of the number of voltage sags experienced by a largeindustrial customer

Circuit theory models are used to estimate the number of voltage sags in the supply to a paper mill. For every voltage level, the radius of the exposed area (the critical distance) gives the expected number of sags. As the main sensitive load is formed by large adjustable-speed drives, a classification of sags into four types is used. The conclusion of the paper is that the equipment should first be made resilient against sags due to single-phase faults at 400 kV. These faults cause the majority of sags. Sags due to three-phase faults are more severe (especially due to faults at 11 kV), but are less common     

Protection and commissioning of multifunction digital transformer relays at medium voltage industrial facilities

The application of multifunction digital relays to protect medium voltage power transformers has become a common industrial practice. Industrial transformers, unlike utility transformers, frequently use neutral grounding resistors to limit ground current during faults to the 200-400-A level on medium voltage systems. This paper will discuss why these types of transformers require sensitive ground differential protection. The paper will also discuss the basics of transformer protection including phasing standards, through-fault withstand capability, differential/fusing/overcurrent protection, slope, current transformer (CT) requirements, and harmonic restraint, and communicating these properly to new digital relays. The rationale for providing transformer overexcitation protection on all major transformers within mill facilities is also addressed. Advancements in digital technology have allowed relay manufacturers to include more and more relay functions within a single hardware platform as well as address increasingly more transformer winding configurations. This has resulted in digital transformer relays requiring an Einstein to set and an Edison to commission. Since there are few Einsteins or Edisons among us, the next generation of transformer relays needs to concentrate on this complexity issue in addition to technical improvements. This paper addresses these issues that the author believes are the major shortcomings of existing digital transformer protective relays.     

之字形自耦变压器移相角影响分析及Matlab仿真

自耦变压器较传统隔离式变压器在一定程度上减小了整流系统的体积,同时自耦变压器由于其对称的设计结构使其在消除谐波、降低负载电压纹波系数方面也优于传统隔离式变压器。为适应升压场合,优化了传统移相角。分析了移相角对12脉波整流系统输入侧电流和负载电压的影响,及对12脉波整流系统之字形自耦变压器等效容量和平衡电抗器等效容量的影响。给出了新的移相角,使之字形自耦变压器能适用于二次侧电压稍大于一次侧电压的升压场合。仿真结果表明,在同匝比条件下,之字形自耦变压器较传统隔离式移相变压器容量小33%且结构对称。     

Adaptive static VAR controller for simultaneous elimination of voltage flickers and phase current imbalances due to arc furnaces loads

The present paper aims at utilizing the Static VAR Compensator SVC for simultaneously load balancing and voltage flicker elimination due to arc furnace loads. The SVC of thyristor controlled reactor-fixed capacitor TCR-FC type is considered. The effective susceptance of SVC is controlled and adapted by varying the thyristors firing delay angle. The three-phase imbalanced currents of arc furnace load is balanced by adjusting the effective susceptance of SVC Further, at the same time, the voltage oscillations due to arc furnace load currents are eliminated by updating the thyristor firing delay angle of SVC. An equivalent power system comprises a constant voltage source connected to arc furnace load through transmission system and step down transformer. The proposed SVC is connected at the terminal of the arc furnace load. To validate the effectiveness of the SVC in sense of load current balancing, improvement of power factor, and voltage flicker elimination due to arc furnace load, the above power system is simulated digitally over a wide range of arc resistances. The digital simulation results prove the power of SVC in terms of a constant terminal voltage and three-phase balanced unity power factor line currents with varying arc furnace currents.     

基于恢复电压拍频特性的超高压SPAR优化策略

为弥补当前基于恢复电压阶段单相自适应重合闸(SPAR)故障识别可靠性低的缺陷,有必要探究一种SPAR优化算法,使得断路器在重合前准确识别故障状态,可靠重合于瞬时性故障。通过计算分析中性点小电抗电压和故障相端电压特性,对比两种故障状态下故障相端电压在恢复电压阶段的差异,选取中性点小电抗电压作为基准值,利用故障相端电压理论值与实测值之差比上中性点小电抗电压,考虑到故障相端电压存在拍频振荡误判区,将比值经过一个拍频周期的检测,只有当所有采样点处比值都大于1时,才确定为永久性故障;若检测到某采样点处比值小于1,则确定为瞬时性故障,结束检测,发出合闸指令。EMTP-ATP仿真数据表明,该优化策略可有效判别故障状态,并且不受故障位置和过渡电阻影响。     

分布式光伏接入对110 kV主变中性点电压的影响分析

110 kV主变在非直接接地运行方式下,当变压器低压侧存在分布式光伏接入时,发生单相接地短路故障等情况可能会引起变压器中性点过电压问题,对中性点的绝缘造成威胁。分析了发生故障后网络的故障特性、线路保护的动作情况以及中性点电压偏移问题;在此基础上,分析了线路保护动作后分布式光伏接入对中性点电压偏移问题可能造成的恶化,并讨论了光伏容量和本地负荷的影响;给出了含分布式光伏配电网110 kV主变加装间隙保护的相关建议。     

Scott接线变压器后备距离保护研究

为了满足牵引变压器后备保护的特殊需求,针对Scott接线变压器,构造了一种基于相间电压和相电流后备距离保护。从数学模型出发,讨论了Scott变压器高低压侧之间的电压和电流变换关系,并分析了变压器的等值漏阻抗。理论分析表明,三相-两相变换导致Scott变压器高压侧的相地阻抗和相间阻抗无法直接反映低压侧故障。由于无中性点接地,Scott变压器高压侧无法测得相电压,根据电压关系用相间电压和相电流构成了适用于Scott接线变压器的距离保护。仿真结果表明,基于相间电压和相电流构成的距离保护能够明确区分短路阻抗和负荷阻抗,从而正确动作于故障。     

含光伏的主动配电网非对称故障条件下对并网点电压影响的研究

对于地区二次变电站其中性点一般不直接接地,随着高密度分布式电源的接入,若输电线路发生接地故障,会导致该变压器中性点电压升高,甚至会击穿,进一步影响并网点电压。文中针对含光伏的主动配电网,分析了主变中性点击穿前后、线路保护动作前后,影响并网点电压的主要因素,并画出含光伏的主动配电网的各序网络图,推导光伏电源并网点电压理论计算公式,同时,文章通过PSCAD仿真验证了公式的正确性,比较了主变中性点击穿前后,分布式电源并网点电压变化规律。     

一例核电站电压互感器三相电压不平衡缺陷的分析与处理

某核电站高压备用变压器在某次检修送电后,出现低压侧电压互感器测量的三相电压不平衡现象。采用节点电压法对此现象进行了分析,确定是由于负荷中性点的位移导致了电压不平衡。但在消除了负荷中性点位移后,仍有1台电压互感器测量的三相电压不平衡,检查发现是由其熔断器底座的故障所致,消除此缺陷后,电压测量值恢复了正常。     

基于负序电流判别的变压器差动保护零序电流自动补偿方法

对于星形/三角形(Y/d)连接组的变压器,形成差动量一般采用2种转角方式:Y侧电流移相转角(Y→d)和d侧电流移相转角(d→Y)以实现二次电流的幅值和相位校正.为了避免中性点直接接地侧外部单相接地短路时差动保护误动,2种转角方式都消去了差动电流中的零序分量,但因此降低了差动保护反应内部单相接地短路和匝间短路的灵敏度.直接利用中性点零序电流对差动电流进行自动补偿可以兼顾区内外接地短路时保护的可靠性与灵敏度,但实际上由于三相电流互感器(TA)与中性点零序TA的不同型问题,也可能导致差动保护的误动.研究表明,充分利用变压器各侧负序电流在区内外接地短路时的不同相位特征,可以对差动电流进行零序电流的自动补偿,既提高了区外接地短路时保护的可靠性,又保证了区内接地短路时保护的灵敏度不会降低.该方法无需增加额外的零序TA二次接线,也避免了零序TA极性校验问题.     

变压器低压侧故障远后备保护分析及解决方案

对于线路一变压器接线形式的110 kV线路保护的远后备保护,保护的范围为变压器低压侧母线处故障情况下,须考虑到由于变压器的接线组别、变压器的阻抗值等情况对线路保护元件的影响.针对变压器低压侧母线处故障时进行了详细的分析,根据故障时的正、负序电压和电流等分析,采用了不反应负荷阻抗、三相短路、系统振荡的多相补偿阻抗继电器和仅反应三相短路的上抛圆特性阻抗继电器相结合的解决方案,并进行了完整的变压器远后备保护方案的分析和Hypersim验证,不论从软件算法上、可靠性上都给予肯定,而且整定简单.便于现场运行实施.     

Fast assessment methods for voltage sags in distribution systems

Based on a simple voltage divider model, a relation is derived between the load sensitivity to voltage sags (expressed as a critical voltage) and the exposed area (expressed as a critical distance). The critical distance increases about linearly with voltage level. The relation found is remarkably similar to relations found in power quality surveys. An equivalent expression is found for the critical distance as a function of the critical phase-angle jump. Realizing that faults downstream of a transformer do not significantly influence the expected number of sags, it is possible to estimate the number of sags at a specific load location. The method is extended to some nonradial systems: simple subtransmission loops, local generation, feeding from two substations, and operating with a normally open breaker