Impact of SVC on the protection of transmission lines

The impact of Static Var Compensator (SVC) on the apparent impedance seen by the transmission line distance relay is investigated in this paper. Analytical results are presented and verified by detailed simulations. It is shown that the connection type of the windings of the shunt coupling transformer of the SVC has a remarkable effect on the apparent impedance seen by the distance relay. Six different phase to phase and phase to ground measuring units of the distance relay are simulated to resemble the behavior of the relay. The impact of SVC is more pronounced on the apparent impedance seen by the phase to ground fault measuring units than the others as is shown by the results. Simulation results include different power system operating conditions, SVC control system settings and different fault-type scenarios. The impact of SVC on the relay tripping boundaries is also clearly demonstrated. Detailed and sophisticated models are used for simulating distance protective relay in a digital simulation environment.     

STATCOM/SVC impact on the performance of transmission line distance protection

The impact of 48‐pulse STATCOM/SVC on the apparent impedance seen by the transmission line distance relay is investigated in this paper. Analytical results are presented and verified by detailed simulations. The STATCOM/SVC control systems are modeled in full details and practical constraints are applied. It is shown that the presence of a current limiter in the control system of STATCOM could significantly mitigate the impact of STATCOM on the relay's calculated apparent impedance. Six different phase‐to‐phase and phase‐to‐ground measuring units of the distance relay are simulated to resemble the behavior of the relay. It is shown that the impact of SVC on the apparent impedance seen by the phase‐to‐ground fault measuring units is more pronounced. Different power system operating conditions, STATCOM/SVC control system settings and fault scenarios are considered in the simulations. The STATCOM/SVC effects on the distance relay tripping characteristics are also analyzed. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Realistic insights into impedance seen by distance relays of a SSSC-compensated transmission line incorporating shunt capacitance of line

In practice, the series compensation is applied to medium-/long-length transmission lines. Such lines include significant shunt capacitance, neglecting of which is expected to noticeably influence the impedance seen by distance relays. Taking the shunt capacitance of a transmission line compensated by the static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) as well as other affecting factors into account, this paper derives precise mathematical expressions governing the apparent impedance seen by the distance relay of the line. Through the acquired expressions, the research conducts sensitivity studies considering different compensation scenarios and locations for the SSSC. The studies make an attempt to produce realistic insights into ideal tripping characteristics of the distance protection of the under studied line, and also into the susceptibility of the impedance seen to output parameters of the SSSC. In addition, the research’s findings well demonstrate the extent to which neglecting the shunt capacitance of the line would contribute to mis-operation of the distance relay.     

阻抗继电器与距离继电器分类的必要性分析

距离保护测量元件在线路保护中有广泛的应用。距离保护测量元件的研究是电力系统继电保护领域的重要课题。论文对距离保护测量元件为什么要分类,以及为什么把距离保护测量元件分为阻抗继电器与距离继电器两大类进行了分析。对阻抗继电器与测量阻抗的关系,距离继电器与直接阻抗的关系作了说明。对阻抗继电器与距离继电器特性的差异进行了说明。分析表明,距离保护测量元件分为阻抗继电器与距离继电器两大类,用测量阻抗分析阻抗继电器,用直接阻抗分析距离继电器,概念清楚,思路清晰,方法简捷。有利于对距离保护测量元件的研究与分析,有利于在实际应用中对距离保护测量元件性能的把握。论文建议,应该改变长期以来,阻抗继电器与距离继电器表示同一类事物的传统习惯。     

Optimal economic operation of isolatedcommunity microgrid incorporatingtemperature controlling devices

Flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) controllers, especially the series-FACTS controllers, affect the operation of distance relays and can lead to the relays under/over-reaching. This paper aims to demonstrate the effects of static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) and series capacitive compensation (SCC), as two important series compensators, on the distance protection using theoretical and computational methods. The results of the investigation are used to develop a feasible and adequate method for eliminating the negative effects of these devices on the distance relays. The developed method measures the voltages at terminals of the SSSC and SCC by phasor measurement units (PMUs) which are then transmitted to the relay location by communication channels. The transmitted signals are used to modify the voltage measured by the relay. Different operation types and conditions of SSSC and SCC, and different faults such as phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground faults are investigated in simulations. Since the modeled distance relay can measure the fault resistance, trip boundaries are used to show the performance of the presented method. Results show that the presented method properly eliminates the negative effects on the distance relays and prevents them from mal-operation under all fault resistance conditions.     

Active power based distance protection scheme in the presence of series compensators

Flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) controllers, especially the series-FACTS controllers, affect the operation of distance relays and can lead to the relays under/over-reaching. This paper aims to demonstrate the effects of static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) and series capacitive compensation (SCC), as two important series compensators, on the distance protection using theoretical and computational methods. The results of the investigation are used to develop a feasible and adequate method for eliminating the negative effects of these devices on the distance relays. The developed method measures the voltages at terminals of the SSSC and SCC by phasor measurement units (PMUs) which are then transmitted to the relay location by communication channels. The transmitted signals are used to modify the voltage measured by the relay. Different operation types and conditions of SSSC and SCC, and different faults such as phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground faults are investigated in simulations. Since the modeled distance relay can measure the fault resistance, trip boundaries are used to show the performance of the presented method. Results show that the presented method properly eliminates the negative effects on the distance relays and prevents them from mal-operation under all fault resistance conditions.     

非全相运行状态下距离保护行为的分析和改进

主要分析了电力系统输电线路非全相运行对线路保护装置中距离判据的影响.通过大量的分析得出,在非全相运行时,相间方向阻抗继电器和接地方向阻抗继电器有可能误动作,若系统振荡将加大误动的几率.对各种距离继电器在非全相状态下的动作特性进行了详细的推导及分析,最后得出了实用的非全相距离保护的实现方法.     

基于改进小波包熵的SSSC串补线路故障位置识别

静态同步串联补偿器(SSSC)的应用会对距离保护的测量阻抗产生影响,使得距离保护发生拒动或超越.文中采用改进小波包熵分析了SSSC串补线路保护安装处的暂态故障电流特征,结果表明:故障点在SSSC之前和之后时串补线路的小波包熵值明显不同,故障点在SSSC之前的小波包熵值远大于故障点在SSSC之后时的小波包熵值.根据该特征...     

直流偏磁对输电线路距离保护的影响分析

高压直流输电运行于单极大地回路方式时,太阳耀斑活动产生的地磁感应电流会使变压器或保护用电流互感器产生直流偏磁现象。当直流偏磁电流进入交流系统后,阻抗继电器的测量阻抗中会产生一个附加阻抗,使阻抗继电器的测量阻抗变大,从而导致距离保护出现欠范围拒动作。文章建立了相应的输电线路距离保护系统模型,推导出了直流偏磁条件下阻抗继电器测量阻抗表达式,同时为了直观的衡量直流偏磁电流对测量阻抗的影响,定义出了直流偏移系数,通过分析不同直流偏移系数条件下的距离保护动作特性,并利用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件在不同直流偏移系数条件下进行仿真分析,验证了理论分析的正确性。     

阻抗继电器与距离继电器分类的补充说明

给出阻抗继电器与距离继电器新的定义。进一步阐明了阻抗继电器与距离继电器的特点。说明了阻抗继电器是建立在测量阻抗概念上的一类继电器 ;距离继电器是建立在补偿电压特点基础上的一类继电器。规定了测量阻抗动作特性和支接阻抗动作特性的适用范围。提出了阻抗继电器的两条性质 ,并给出这两条性质的应用实例。最后对距离继电器的进一步发展给予展望     

同杆并架双回线跨线不接地故障的距离保护

从理论上分析了同杆并架双回线跨线不接地故障时距离继电器测量阻抗的变化规律。提出只有将高频通道、超范围距离元件配合构成允许式纵联距离保护，才能保护同杆双回线跨线不接地故障。还对超范围阻抗如何整定进行了讨论。EMTDC仿真试验证明了理论分析结果是正确的。     

新型自适应距离继电器

距离保护测量到的阻抗由于受对侧系统助增电流的影响会偏离故障线路的实际值,从而引起距离保护发生超越或者缩短保护距离。实际应用中往往利用零序电抗元件来解决这个问题,但对于相间故障则无能为力。通过分析发现,无论对于相间故障还是接地故障,当线路经过渡电阻故障时,距离保护测量阻抗随着过渡电阻变化的轨迹是一段圆弧,利用故障前保护测量到的电压、电流量可以估算出其圆心和半径。文中利用对阻抗变化轨迹的估算,提出了一种基于自适应电抗元件的四边形距离继电器的原理以及实施方案。理论分析和仿真计算都表明,所提出的自适应距离继电器除了能够有效防止区外经过渡电阻故障时发生超越,在区内故障时其耐受过渡电阻的能力也较常规四边形继电器有所提高。     

短线路的自适应阻抗继电器方案的研究

本文在分析了圆特性方向阻抗继电器、电抗继电器和四边形阻抗继电器的基础上，从短线路本身特点及其故障特点出发，根据小定值的特点，提出了一种适用于短线路的阻抗继电器，该方案充分利用微机的计算能力和判别能力，采用电抗继电器和圆特性阻抗继电器的组合，即电抗继电器测量短路阻抗，圆特性方向阻抗继电器作为方向元件及负荷限制元件。该继电器整定方便、选相能力强、方向明确、容易实现阻抗继电器的自适应，具有较强的躲负荷能力和较强的抗过渡电阻能力。     

阻抗继电器与距离继电器的特点

把距离保护测量元件划分为阻抗继电器与距离继电器两大类。分别讨论了阻抗继电器与距离继电器的特点。对测量阻抗、支接阻抗这两个概念进行了分析。     

特高压交流长线路零序电抗继电器动作特性分析及改进

特高压交流长线路上,测量阻抗与故障距离呈双曲正切函数关系,因此接地阻抗继电器的动作特性受过渡电阻的影响严重,无法直接使用。传统高压、超高压线路普遍采用零序电抗继电器来提高抗过渡电阻能力,本文评估了零序电抗继电器在特高压线路上的适用性;针对存在的保护动作区缩小、灵敏度降低的问题,采用负序电流作为极化量,并考虑了负荷电流的影响,提出了一种适用于特高压交流长线路的负序电抗继电器,仿真结果表明该继电器具有保护区稳定、灵敏度高的优点。     

A Distance Protection Relay for a 1000-kV UHV Transmission Line

A traditional distance protection relay uses a lumped parameter model of the transmission line. For a long 1000-kV UHV line with large distributed capacitance, such a simplified line model is inadequate and can cause malfunction of the relay due to large errors in the impedance measurement. This paper presents a new line model for a distance relay and the procedure of reliable fault impedance measurement and relay setting. It describes the proposed application of the relay developed to a 645-km 1000-kV UHV transmission line including shunt reactor compensation, which is currently being constructed in China. Tests are carried out on an RTDS (real time dynamic system) to evaluate the relay performance, showing significant improvement compared to a more traditional distance relay. The new distance relay is shown to satisfy the requirement of 1000-kV UHV transmission line protection.     

Impacts of the SSSC control modes on small-signal and transient stability of a power system

In order to accomplish specific compensation objectives a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) may be controlled by several ways. The most common control modes of the SSSC are: (1) constant voltage mode, (2) constant impedance emulation mode, and (3) constant power control mode. Moreover, to improve the dynamic performance of the system, a SSSC may be equipped with supplementary controllers, such as damping controls. Therefore, this paper investigates the impacts of different SSSC control modes on small-signal and transient stability of a power system. The performance of different input signals to the power oscillation damping (POD) controller is also assessed. The stability analysis and the design of the SSSC controllers are based on modal analysis, non-linear simulations, pole placement technique, and time and frequency response techniques. The results obtained allow to conclude that the usage of the SSSC in the constant impedance emulation mode is the most beneficial strategy to improve both the small-signal and transient stability.     

同杆并架双回线保护中的距离保护

距离保护应用于同杆并架双回线时其动作性能会受线间零序互感的影响.为此,分析了在同杆并架双回线上发生接地故障时距离继电器的性能,以及在跨线不接地故障时距离继电器测量阻抗的规律,提出在距离继电器动作方程中加本线零序电流补偿,可以改善距离继电器的性能,尤其适用于同杆并架双回线的超范围纵联距离保护.     

自适应碗形阻抗继电器

在详细分析了圆形和四边形阻抗继电器的基础上，提出了自适应碗形阻抗继电器新原理。它通过扩大常规姆欧继电器的动作区，极大地提高了允许过渡电阻的能力，具有动作判据简捷、速度快、技术成熟、整定方便、选相能力强、方向明确、测距精确、躲负荷阻抗能力强、便于实现自适应等突出优点，仿真计算和整机试验验证了理论分析的正确性，并已在最新研制的微机距离保护中得到应用。     

SSSC对阻抗继电器动作特性的影响分析

将SSSC安装于线路中点,根据SSSC在故障范围之内和之外2种情况,对阻抗继电器的测量阻抗进行了分析,且通过SSSC的不同注入电压和补偿方式,以及过渡电阻的变化,仿真了阻抗继电器的动作特性。结果表明,SSSC在故障范围之内时对阻抗继电器的测量阻抗产生了很大的影响,应该采取措施减小SSSC对阻抗继电器的影响;另外,过渡电阻的影响同样不可忽略。