A response to Lykken on the polygraph.

Responds to D. T. Lykken (see record 1975-07223-001), noting inaccurate statements concerning the guilty knowledge test, definition of the control question of the lie detector approach, and the admissibility of polygraph results in the courtroom. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cues to deception.

Do people behave differently when they are lying compared with when they are telling the truth? The combined results of 1,338 estimates of 158 cues to deception are reported. Results show that in some ways, liars are less forthcoming than truth tellers, and they tell less compelling tales. They also make a more negative impression and are more tense. Their stories include fewer ordinary imperfections and unusual contents. However, many behaviors showed no discernible links, or only weak links, to deceit. Cues to deception were more pronounced when people were motivated to succeed, especially when the motivations were identity relevant rather than monetary or material. Cues to deception were also stronger when lies were about transgressions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychosis and psychoticism: A reply to Bishop.

This brief rejoinder to D. V. Bishop's (1977) critique of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and in particular the concept of psychoticism (P), emphasizes that when all the evidence available is taken into account and when the theory is seen in its proper development, the criticisms advanced by Bishop will be seen not to be tenable. It is concluded that there is much evidence for the viability of the concept of psychoticism and for the validity of the questionnaire measurement of P. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Homophobia and psychoanalysis: A reply to Roughton.

Replies to R. E. Roughton's (see record 1994-27310-001) response to D. K. Flaks's (see record 1993-23357-001) article on homophobia and the psychologists's role in psychoanalytic training institutes. Flaks commends attempts by the American Psychoanalytic Association to combat homophobia within the organization but notes potential problems that might limit its success. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychology and cancer: A reply to Stachnik.

T. J. Stachnik's (see record 1980-10503-001) call for work in the area of prevention contains a naive assumption that we know what to do to prevent cancer. However, oncologists and epidemiologists involved in cancer research disagree about this very issue. Current research suggests that alterations in the tumor–host relationship, mediated at the biochemical level by endocrine or immune function and influenced by psychological response to the disease state, should not be ignored. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Discontinuity and correlation: A reply to Eysenck.

"Our original point was to underscore Eysenck's own carefully stated reservations concerning the application of criterion analysis. We erred in not making this sufficiently clear. Here, we have tried to rectify this error and to amplify a suggestion made implicitly in the earlier paper (see 33: 1700), for an experimental approach to the validation of factor analytic procedures in relation to discrete genotypic determinants of human behavior." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A reply to Scott.

"… Scott [see 31: 2349] reports a failure to confirm our findings on the basis of a study which was not a replication of ours. To the extent that his animals were closely analogous to one of our 5 groups (the interrupted relationship group), his findings tend to confirm one of our major findings, viz., that an interrupted relationship seriously disrupts the behavior of the previously handled animals." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A reply to McNemar.

Corrections made by the present author (see record 1970-05886-001) for suggested spuriousness in Q. McNemar's (see record 1951-05872-001) formula for determining the validity of a short form of the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale were rejected by McNemar (see record 1974-24264-001) as being based on fallacious reasoning. The present author replies that correlated errors responsible for the spurious correlation given by McNemar's formula affect only the covariance, not the variances, of the full scale and the short form. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Learning to detect deception.

Administered a lie detection test—a videotape presenting the faces and voices of senders delivering truthful and deceptive messages—to 191 undergraduates. For each message, Ss were asked to judge whether the sender was lying or telling the truth. Information identifying messages as truthful or deceptive was given to some Ss (learning conditions) but not to others (control). The information was provided either after Ss recorded their judgment on a particular item (post-message) or before the item itself was presented (premessage). The number of items for which information was provided was also varied. Accuracy of lie detection was calculated for all experimental conditions (when premessage information was given). In general, the more information (either pre or post) about deceivers' messages, the more accurate the detection of lies enacted by the same deceivers. However, the increase in accuracy did not generalize to accuracy of detecting lies enacted by other deceivers. (13 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A reply to Melzack.

Presents a reply to the comments by Melzack (see record 1989-30022-001). Melzack comments that psychological theory is at a standstill and that the nature of self, mind and reality continue to elude us. I recall realizing during my educational training that we had not agreed upon conceptual understanding of self, let alone mind or reality. As an undergraduate student, I was introduced to, as Melzack states, a "profusion of little theories" and, as a graduate student, to a profusion of bigger clinical theories, without however, any conceptual clarity of these important terms. As I prepared for my dissertation, I found myself frustrated reviewing journal articles on self. Despite masses of studies laboriously investigating implications of self, self was being utilized as a vaguely defined dependent variable. As Melzack concluded, masses of facts are compiled with no agreed upon theoretical framework to hold them together. I would like to describe how I came upon a new avenue toward understanding self, mind and reality which has provided profound meaning to my clinical practice. I believe the ideas presented by Melzack have direct relevance for applied psychological theory. Substituting the term "phantom self for "phantom limb" can have many interesting parallels; when a person says "me," that implies "self" though the "self" described is a phantom as the phantom limb. As the search continues for the brain processes that generate qualities of experience for "self." I strongly recommend the consideration of Buddhist ideology for anyone concerned with defining self, mind and reality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Worker control: A reply to Ronan.

Argues that W. W. Ronan (1980) presents a one-sided picture of "work force control" by the "entrepreneur–capitalist–management group" and discredits the contributions of many psychologists to workers' well-being. Ronan's contentions that (1) psychological concepts are applied to programs that are motivated by management's desire to avoid unionization, (2) psychological experiments and interventions are unilaterally imposed on workers by management, and (3) economic benefits of psychological interventions should be shared equally with workers are discussed. It is concluded that psychologists have every reason to be proud of their colleagues' contributions to making companies more profitable while improving the work environment for employees. (1 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Measuring attendance: A reply to Ilgen.

D. R. Ilgen's (1977) objections to the use of attendance as a performance criterion are discussed in terms of R. L. Thorndike's (1949) criteria for criteria, namely, relevance, reliability, freedom from contamination, and practicality. The argument is made that trying to interpret correlations involving an absenteeism measure that has little or no stability is relatively futile, regardless of whether other estimates of reliability (e.g., interobserver) are high. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Casting stones: A reply to Humphreys.

Contends that the critique by L. G. Humphreys (see record 1982-24859-001) of the present author's (see record 1981-06882-001) article is vitiated by the facts that (a) the article he criticizes was an invited position paper and not an original presentation of data, so that detailed statistical testing would have been inappropriate to the purpose of the article; (b) Humphreys commits in his reply some of the "misdeeds" of which he accuses the present author; (c) contrary to Humphrey's assertion, the number of cases in the 3 nonentrenchment experiments (74) is more than adequate for drawing conclusions of the sort made; and (d) Humphreys misinterprets his own z tests. (2 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A reply to Garfield.

Responds to S. L. Garfield's (see record 1978-02320-001) comment on the authors' (1975) article, with specific reference to the adequacy of the measure of social class used in previous studies and to the interpretation of the data offered by Garfield. Several specific questions that Garfield asks about the Stern et al article are answered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A reply to Weinstock.

Contends that although R. B. Weinstock's (see record 1973-02058-001) recent review of the role of deprivation schedules reveals several significant differences as well as similarities resulting from different maintenance techniques, his strong recommendation to use an adjusted vs fixed-percentage weight loss is based on weak or inappropriate data. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On models and assumptions: A reply to Smith.

Responds to E. R. Smith's (see record 1979-25963-001) critique of the present authors' (see record 1978-31808-001) model depicting the effects of dating, thought, reality constraints, and initial love on current feelings of love toward an individual one has dated. The present authors conclude that (a) their analysis was appropriate given their assumptions, (b) their assumptions are tentative, and (c) their conclusions would still be reasonable even admitting Smith's alternative assumptions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Of promises and evidence: A reply to Engel.

Although the authors basically agree with B. T. Engels's (see PA, Vol. 51:Issue 6) criticism of their definition of "clinically significant effect," very strong exception is taken to his overall evaluation of the clinical biofeedback field. It is argued that inconclusive evidence for clinical efficacy of biofeedback in cardiovascular problems chiefly reflects the faulty methodology of the studies reviewed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Practice effects and composition: A reply to Anderson.

J. R. Anderson (see record 1989-24857-001) argues that our results (R. A. Carlson et al; see record 1989-24864-001) confirm several predictions of the ACT* account of skill acquisition, including the occurrence of composition. The ACT* theory does include mechanisms that can account for the major ordinal results of our experiment. However, the quantitative implications of the mechanisms that Anderson invokes to support the occurrence of composition result in unreasonable or inconsistent predictions for this data set. These mechanisms do not account for the observed effects in our control experiment, make the composition hypothesis difficult to falsify, and involve assumptions that negate the processing speed advantage that composition would provide. We also discuss several other points made by Anderson. Our results do provide weak support for some aspects of ACT*, while emphasizing the importance of quantitatively examining interrelations among mechanisms in complex models of skill acquisition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Political ideology and science: A reply to Eysenck.

Comments on an article by H. J. Eysenck (1982) in which he suggested that Marx, Engels, and Lenin failed to support environmentalism. It is contended that Eysenck ignored the overwhelming evidence of radical environmentalism in Marxist theory. (10 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)