Attachment theory as defense: What happened to infantile sexuality?

Nearly a century after the publication of “Wild Psychoanalysis” (Freud, 1910) we struggle to grasp the full scope of one of Freud's seminal contributions and perhaps his most controversial idea, infantile sexuality. In 1905, with the publication of the Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, we observe Freud's theoretical shift from seduction theory to infantile sexuality as he declares the sexual as the subject of psychoanalysis. Despite this incredible discovery, in the past 50 years, our field has steadily moved away from the concept of infantile sexuality in favor of attachment as the central component in psychological development. It is argued in this paper that Freud always recognized the importance of healthy attachment as an important variable in development, but that he was interested in infantile sexuality as a separate, but related, aspect of development. This paper calls for a reevaluation of this endangered concept for the purpose of rediscovering that infantile sexuality with its emphasis on the body as the earliest means of emotional regulation and self-experience is the conduit to understanding our psychosomatic nature that is fundamental, along with related implications for development of gender, anxiety disorders, perversions, and other significant developmental and clinical variables. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Grain refining mechanisms in magnesium alloys — An overview

The literature on mechanisms of grain refinement in magnesium alloys is reviewed with regard to two broad groups of alloys: aluminium-bearing and aluminium-free alloys. While a low level zirconium addition significantly reduces the grain size of the aluminium-free alloys, the understanding of mechanisms of grain refinement in aluminium-bearing alloys is poor and in some cases probably confusing due to the interaction between impurity elements and aluminium in affecting the potency of nucleant particles. Mechanisms of grain refinement in magnesium alloys are dealt based on the experimental results in conjunction with microstructural observations. Informations revealed by this approach identify new directions for further research to focus on obtaining an improved understanding of the detailed mechanisms of grain refinement in magnesium alloys.     

"Experimental neurosis" in cats: Fact or artifact?

Attempted to assess the validity of the phenomenon of "animal neurosis." The behavior of 14 cats exposed to the type of conflict specified by J. Masserman as critical to the development of "experimental neurosis" was contrasted with that of 14 cats simply confined in the conditioning apparatus for the same length of time. Comparison of the groups on the basis of the "symptoms" Masserman considered neurotic did not yield any evidence of neurotic behavior. It is concluded that cats do not become neurotic following exposure to conflict and that Masserman's findings are best explained as artifacts of the experimental procedures employed. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Recovery of rare earth metals through biosorption： An overview

Rare earth metals (REMs) are a series of 17 elements that have widespread and unique applications in high technology, power generation, communications, and defense industries. These resources are also ...     

An example of psychological science’s failure to self-correct.

This paper illustrates the impact of the human element in the scientific process by presenting the history of Broverman, Broverman, Clarkson, Rosenkrantz, and Vogel (1970), one of the most highly cited papers in psychology. Broverman et al. stimulated remarkable interest in sex bias among mental health professionals. Several articles published in major psychology journals demonstrated the paper’s fatal flaws in the 2 decades following its publication. Nonetheless, Broverman et al. was accepted with little resistance. Broverman et al. continues to be cited as empirical support for the sex bias hypothesis among mental health professionals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

What ever happened to ...?: A 10-year retrospective

Current attempts at preventing infections caused by group B Neisseria meningitidis are largely directed on generating immune responses to outer membrane proteins or the lipopolysaccharide of this organism. We suggest an alternative approach: the use of a live, attenuated strain of Neisseria meningitidis which could be delivered mucosally to elicit both local and systemic immune responses.     

The psychoanalytic process and Freud’s concepts of transference and transference neurosis.

The author investigates the concept of psychoanalytic process as it relates to the capability for defining the specificity of psychoanalytic treatments. The concept is traced back to its origin in Freud’s understanding of transference and transference neurosis. The author suggests that this process should be understood as an issue in which via “just-like-interpretations” contents of the patient’s transference enter into consciousness in the guise of a transference neurosis. These newly built substitutive formations are then removed by “just-like-it-was-interpretations” and changed into other substitutive formations. As this process can only be instigated by psychoanalytic measures, it is, therefore, the process itself that defines the specific difference of psychoanalytic treatments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Why do men rape? An evolutionary psychological perspective.

Rape of women by men has occurred throughout recorded history and across cultures. In this article, we discuss rape from an evolutionary psychological perspective. Evolutionary psychology is a powerful heuristic tool that allows researchers to develop and test novel hypotheses about complex behaviors such as rape. Some researchers have argued that men have evolved psychological mechanisms that motivate them to rape in specific contexts. We discuss evidence consistent with this claim, and argue that a more nuanced view of men's rape behavior is necessary. We propose that it may be useful to characterize rapists as belonging to one of several types, distinguished by individual differences as well as by the circumstances in which they are predicted to commit rape. We discuss research evidence in support of each rapist type, as well as the need for future research. Finally, we discuss research concerning women's rape-avoidance psychology and behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Whither the Rorschach? An analysis of the evidence.

In the previous Special Section, the authors presented empirical evidence and logical analysis that were sufficient to demonstrate that the widespread use of the Rorschach in clinical, legal, forensic, and occupational settings is unwarranted on both scientific and ethical grounds (J. Hunsley and J. M. Bailey, see record 1999-11130-004). To expand on their analysis and to respond to issues raised in the previous and current Special Sections, they begin their article by examining a number of conceptual issues that are at the heart of the disagreements about the Rorschach. The focus is then shifted to the central issue of clinical utility, with an emphasis on why current research is insufficient to demonstrate the utility of the Rorschach. Next, the psychometric issues raised by I. B. Weiner (see record 2001-05665-002) are addressed and an alternative perspective on the psychometric viability of the Rorschach is provided. Finally, the authors conclude with some suggestions for future directions that must be taken in research to address the substantive concerns raised by Rorschach critics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Why we respond faster to the self than to others? An implicit positive association theory of self-advantage during implicit face recognition.

Human adults usually respond faster to their own faces rather than to those of others. We tested the hypothesis that an implicit positive association (IPA) with self mediates self-advantage in face recognition through 4 experiments. Using a self-concept threat (SCT) priming that associated the self with negative personal traits and led to a weakened IPA with self, we found that self-face advantage in an implicit face-recognition task that required identification of face orientation was eliminated by the SCT priming. Moreover, the SCT effect on self-face recognition was evident only with the left-hand responses. Furthermore, the SCT effect on self-face recognition was observed in both Chinese and American participants. Our findings support the IPA hypothesis that defines a social cognitive mechanism of self-advantage in face recognition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An introduction to “9/11: Ten years later”.

This special issue of the American Psychologist summarizes much of the conceptual and empirical work that psychological science has offered when considering two closely related questions: What have we learned about the individual and societal impacts of 9/11 specifically, and what have we learned about understanding, preventing, and responding to the threat of terrorism more generally? (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Freud’s debt to stoicism? A critical response to Kirsner.

In “Freud, Civilization, Religion, and Stoicism” Douglas Kirsner (2006a) writes of the neglect in the psychoanalytical literature of mention of “Freud’s debt to stoicism”. His essay, he adds, is an attempt to “develop the idea of Freud as a stoic still further”. What does it mean to say that Freud is, at least to some degree, a Stoic and that he owes a debt to them? If a debt exists, it exists because there are numerous striking similarities that show a direct or significant influence of the Stoics on Freud. In this commentary, I show that the similarities Kirsner notes are indirect and, most importantly, insignificant. Freud is not in any meaningful sense a Stoic and, thus, he owes no debt to them. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Aminoglycoside administration as a single daily dose. An improvement to current practice or a repeat of previous errors?

Despite the availability of newer and safer antibacterials, aminoglycosides continue to play a major role in the management of infections in hospitalised patients. The concept of single daily dose (SDD) regimens was introduced many years ago and is now receiving much attention as an alternative regimen for this class of drugs. To evaluate the rationale and clinical support for SDD schemes, we conducted a 'MEDLINE' search to locate relevant preclinical and clinical literature pertaining to this issue. The results of animal model and noncomparative clinical data tended to be variable and inconclusive. We were able to identify 28 prospective comparative clinical trials; however, only one was randomised, double-blind and of sufficient sample size to detect differences in efficacy between treatment arms, should any exist. Despite these flaws, our review suggests that SDD schemes appear to be no more efficacious and no less toxic, but may be less costly, than traditional multiple daily dose schemes. We also assessed the predicted disposition of tobramycin/gentamicin in 415 patients with known pharmacokinetic parameters. With doses of 7 mg/kg at intervals of between 24 and 60 hours (depending upon renal function), the maximum serum concentration at steady-state (Cmaxss) varied from 8.5 to 55.6 mg/L, while the Cminss was < 2.0 mg/L in the majority of patients. Mid-interval serum aminoglycoside concentrations were < 0.5 mg/L in up to 23% of patients, suggesting possible underdosage in certain patients with this scheme. More conclusive clinical evidence is necessary before SDD schemes should be adopted as standard clinical practice. Empirical weight-based dosage schemes appear to yield widely variable serum aminoglycoside concentrations which could be considered therapeutically inadequate or toxic.     

An Introduction to Lanzhou Aluminum Co.,Ltd.& Its Future Development Scheme

AGeneralAccountofLanzhouAlu－minumCompanyLimitedLanzhouAluminumCompanyLimited（“LAC”）isalimitedshareholdingcompanysetupbyLanzhouA－luminumSmelter（“LAS”）andotherfoursmallershareholderson１４April，１９９９，registeredinLanzhouHigh－TechnologyDevelopmentZonewithregisteredcapitalof２９５．０millionYuan．LAS，astheinitiatorandmajorshareholderofLAC，hasputitsoperativeassets（No．１andNo．２Smelter，CarbonPlant，Me－chanicalPlant，PowerSupplyPlant，etc．）intoLAC，whichwasapp…     

Procedures: Do we really want to know them? An examination of the effects of procedural justice on self-esteem.

This study examined the effects of procedural justice on state-dependent self-esteem using the group-value model and attribution theory to present competing theoretical perspectives. The group-value model predicts a positive relationship between self-esteem and fair procedures. In contrast, attribution theory suggests procedural fairness interacts with outcome favorability to influence self-esteem. Thus, fair procedures will result in higher self-esteem ratings than unfair procedures when the outcome is positive but will result in lower self-esteem ratings than unfair procedures when the outcome is negative. The results of a laboratory and field study provide converging evidence to support the attribution theory predictions. The results of a 2nd laboratory study suggest that self-esteem is influenced by outcome expectancies, not actual outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

When are transgressing leaders punitively judged? An empirical test.

Using Hollander's (1958) idiosyncrasy credit theory of leadership as the theoretical backdrop, we examined when and why organizational leaders escape punitive evaluation for their organizational transgressions. In a sample of 162 full-time employees, we found that leaders who were perceived to be more able and inspirationally motivating were less punitively evaluated by employees for leader transgressions. These effects were mediated by the leaders' LMX (leader–member exchange) with their employees. Moreover, the tendency of leaders with higher LMX to escape punitive evaluations for their transgressions was stronger when those leaders were more valued within the organization. Finally, employees who punitively evaluated their leaders were more likely to have turnover intentions and to psychologically withdraw from their organization. Theoretical and practical implications associated with relatively understudied leader-transgression dynamics are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Response to Intervention: Ready or not? Or, from wait-to-fail to watch-them-fail.

Response to Intervention (RTI) models of diagnosis and intervention are being implemented rapidly throughout the schools. The purposes of invoking an RTI model for disabilities in the schools clearly are laudable, yet close examination reveals an unappreciated paucity of empirical support for RTI and an overly optimistic view of its practical, problematic issues. Models are being put into practice without adequate research and logistical support and neglect the potential negative long-term impact on students with disabilities. Many implementation problems exist: (a) the vagaries of critical details of the model in practice; (b) the lack of consideration of bright struggling readers; (c) the relativeness, contextual, situation dependent nature of who is identified; (d) the worrisome shortcomings of the RTI process as a means of diagnosis or determination of a disability; and (e) the apparent lack of student-based data to guide effective choice of approaches and components of intervention. Practiced as a model of prevention, the authors agree with the concept of RTI. As the authors witness its application to disability determination sans the benefit of a reliable and valid empirical basis, the potential benefits to some children with disabilities remain an unproven hypothesis while the potential detriment to some children with disabilities remains a very real possibility. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An item analysis of How Supervise? using both internal and external criteria.

"Two hundred and eight college graduates who were members of the supervisory staff of a large manufacturing organization took Form M of How Supervise? and were rated for supervisory performance… . Statistical analysis indicated no relation between scores on How Supervise? and rated success in a supervisory position. An item analysis indicated that the items consistently measured some quality, possibly supervisory knowledge. The items in the test were found to be too easy for the group of subjects and for the most part not valid predictors of supervisory success as measured… ." 27 references. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)