Applications of ATM in global networks

This article describes the market drivers, objectives, and consequences of introducing ATM into public and private networks. To serve the diverse needs of environments and applications, ATM presents a broad choice of characteristics to users and providers. To harness this diversity and bring structure to the choices, this article discusses ATM transfer capabilities (ATCs) and quality of service (QoS) classes as specified in ITU-T Study Group 13. Industry aims to achieve consistency between the ITU-T and ATM Forum specifications. This article includes consideration of AALs and interworking in developing network strategies. Providers will offer a selection of the possible services defined for ATM. Also, each provider will communicate their strategy for preferred network utilization and efficient traffic through incentives to users     

TMN-based customer network management for ATM networks

Effective end-to-end management of today's globalized heterogeneous corporate customer networks, a mixture of ATM WANs and ATM LANs, is essential for customers at the cutting edge of technology. ATM WAN and ATM LAN management systems generally have different management policies and management information models. Studies on the customer network management system (CNMS) to realize end-to-end customer network management have thus adopted the telecommunications management network (TMN) interoperability concept, which is based on CNM manager and agent interoperation. This article proposes an end-to-end customer network management method that realizes interoperation. In order to realize configuration management, fault management, and performance management, the CNM agent extracts the information needed by CNMS from the ATM transport network operations system and controls the operations system accordingly     

Distributed network computing over local ATM networks

Communication between processors has long been the bottleneck of distributed network computing. However, recent progress in switch-based high-speed local area networks (LANs) may be changing this situation. Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is one of the most widely-accepted and emerging high-speed network standards which can potentially satisfy the communication needs of distributed network computing. We investigate distributed network computing over local ATM networks. We first study the performance characteristics involving end-to-end communication in an environment that includes several types of workstations interconnected via a Fore Systems' ASX-100 ATM switch. We then compare the communication performance of four different application programming interfaces (APIs). The four APIs were Fore Systems' ATM API, the BSD socket programming interface, Sun's remote procedure call (RPC), and the parallel virtual machine (PVM) message passing library. Each API represents distributed programming at a different communication protocol layer. We evaluated two popular distributed applications, parallel matrix multiplication and parallel partial differential equations, over the local ATM network. The experimental results show that network computing is promising over local ATM networks, provided that the higher level protocols, device drivers, and network interfaces are improved     

The development of performance and availability standards forsatellite ATM networks

ATM services can be transported successfully over satellites provided adequate consideration is given to the specific characteristics of satellite communication systems and their interoperability with the terrestrial network. To establish end-to-end performance and availability standards, the ITU has developed recommendations for ATM intended to provide the quality of service and availability required by the end user. This article discusses the work of ITU-R Working Party 4B in developing recommendations that deal with the performance of ATM over satellites and with the availability objectives for ATM transport over satellites. Several issues are also identified for future work, in particular those pertaining to the characteristics of the new proposed satellites (LEOs, MEOs, GEOs) that will operate at frequencies higher than 15 GHz and those that plan to deploy ATM onboard processing or switching and intersatellite links     

ATM local area networks: a survey of requirements, architectures,and standards

There is increasing interest in deploying ATM technology in local or campus networks. ATM is an ideal technology to overcome many of the limitations of today's LAN technologies. This article focuses on the application of ATM in the LAN environment to interconnect high-end host computers, and on the interworking of ATM-based LANs with legacy LANs. The authors introduce ATM LAN requirements, followed by a discussion of possible ATM LAN architectures to support these requirements. The article then covers current standards and their relation to the possible architectures, and concludes with a discussion of current ATM LAN issues and directions     

ATM technology for corporate networks

Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) technology is discussed in relation to the requirements of corporate networking. An introduction to ATM switch architecture is presented. The various approaches to ATM switch design that have appeared in previously published literature are reviewed. A discussion is presented of some current issues facing the development of the ATM networks. It is argued that much simpler solutions to many of these issues may be adopted in the context of the corporate network than is permissible for the public broadband network     

Protocols for ATM access networks

The development and standardization of ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) and signaling protocols for BISDN (broadband integrated services digital network) are considered. A view of both ATM and signaling protocols in which the key design guideline is service flexibility is presented. The approaches suggested are intended to create a service-independent broadband facility that is also sensitive to both service performance and network efficiency. Key issues are raised that will require serious consideration by standards groups, manufacturers, and service providers as BISDN moves toward production     

Multi-hour, multi-traffic class network design for virtualpath-based dynamically reconfigurable wide-area ATM networks

The virtual path (VP) concept has been gaining attention in terms of effective deployment of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks in recent years. In a recent paper, we outlined a framework and models for network design and management of dynamically reconfigurable ATM networks based on the virtual path concept from a network planning and management perspective. Our approach has been based on statistical multiplexing of traffic within a traffic class by using a virtual path for the class and deterministic multiplexing of different virtual paths, and on providing dynamic bandwidth and reconfigurability through virtual path concept depending on traffic load during the course of the day. In this paper, we discuss in detail, a multi-hour, multi-traffic class network (capacity) design model for providing specified quality-of-service in such dynamically reconfigurable networks. This is done based on the observation that statistical multiplexing of virtual circuits for a traffic class in a virtual path, and the deterministic multiplexing of different virtual paths leads to decoupling of the network dimensioning problem into the bandwidth estimation problem and the combined virtual path routing and capacity design problem. We discuss how bandwidth estimation can be done, then how the design problem can be solved by a decomposition algorithm by looking at the dual problem and using subgradient optimization. We provide computational results for realistic network traffic data to show the effectiveness of our approach. We show for the test problems considered, our approach does between 6% to 20% better than a local shortest-path heuristic. We also show that considering network dynamism through variation of traffic during the course of a day by doing dynamic bandwidth and virtual path reconfiguration can save between 10% and 14% in network design costs compared to a static network based on maximum busy hour traffic     

基于T-S模糊神经网络的ATM网络拥塞控制

本文充分考虑了模糊神经网络的学习功能，提出了利用T－S模糊神经网络算法对ATM网络进行拥塞控制的方案。仿真结果表明，该方法改善了网络对拥塞的实时处理能力，又增加了网络资源的利用率。     

QUARTS-II: a routing simulator for ATM networks

This article presents a discrete-event simulator, called QUARTS-II, that can be used for the design and analysis of routing protocols for ATM networks. This simulator shares many high-level features of the ATM Forum's P-NNI routing protocol; topology-state advertisement, on-demand source routing, call admission control and generic call admission control, hierarchical routing, and crank-back and rerouting. Simulations can be carried out at both the call and cell levels. Although this simulation tool has been designed primarily to simulate routing protocols, it can easily be extended to simulate other elements of an AIM traffic control architecture     

Architectures for ATM network survivability

This article surveys the restoration architectures for asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network survivability that have been actively studied in this decade. Network reliability is critical for recent and future networks that will advance the information era. Moreover, it is one of the biggest factors in designing and managing networks. Since the early telecom network era, many restoration systems have been developed for plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH), synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH), synchronous optical network (SONET), leased lines and so on; and they were surveyed in many papers and books. This article focuses on new restoration techniques for ATM networks. First, the requirement studies are introduced. This includes the scant results published on the influence of failure and the state of failure analysis. Next, restoration schemes are categorized and briefly introduced. Examples include centralized control, automatic protection switch (APS), self-healing ring (SHR), self-healing network (SHN) and failure resistant virtual path (FRVP). In order to achieve adequate restoration probability with minimum cost, a network design scheme is necessary; thus, network design issues are introduced. Finally, this article focuses on the issues, future work, and problems that remain to be solved.     

Engineering ATM networks for congestion avoidance

With the combination of telecommunication, entertainment and computer industries, computer networking is adopting a new method called Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networking. Congestion control plays an important role in the effective and stable operation of ATM networks. Traffic management concerns with the design of a set of mechanisms which ensure that the network bandwidth, buffer and computational resources are efficiently utilized while meeting the various Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees given to sources as part of a traffic contract. In this paper, the most widely recognized congestion control schemes for ABR service are investigated. Some of these schemes show either lack of scalability or fairness while other well‐behaved schemes may require a highly complex switch algorithm that is unsuitable for implementation in cell‐switching high‐speed ATM networks. A new and improved congestion control scheme is proposed to support the best‐effort ABR traffic. This algorithm provides the congestion avoidance ability with high throughput and low delay, in addition to achieving the max–min fairness allocation. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A transceiver circuit for ATM networks

This paper presents a transceiver digital circuit. The circuit is responsible for the emission of packets to the asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network as well as for the manipulation of received ATM packets belonging to virtual connections. It has been designed to support data communication services. The circuit, which can be used in terminals or in interworking units and switches, implements basic functions of the lower layers of the ATM protocol reference model. The transmission functionality includes cell buffering, header error control, cell assembling, rate coupling and information insertion. The receiver realizes information extraction, rate decoupling, cell buffering, header error detection and correction, connection identity fields extraction and identification, cell disassembling and classification, and idle cell discarding functions. The circuit has been implemented on applications specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chips.     

Flow enforcement algorithms for ATM networks

Four measurement algorithms for flow enforcement in asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks are presented. The algorithms are the leaky bucket, the rectangular sliding window, the triangular sliding window, and the exponentially weighted moving average. A comparison, based partly on teletraffic theory and partly on signal processing theory, is carried out. It is seen that the time constant involved increases with the increasing burstiness of the connection. It is suggested that the RMS measurement bandwidth be used to dimension linear algorithms for equal flow enforcement characteristics. Implementations are proposed on the block diagram level, and dimensioning examples are carried out when flow enforcing a renewal-type connection using the four algorithms. The corresponding hardware demands are estimated aid compared     

VIDEO CODING SCHEME FOR ATM NETWORKS

A new variable bit rate layered coding scheme based on subband coding is given in this paper. It can make full use of the merits of ATM transmission, as well as compensation for the quality degradation caused by cell loss, which is an inherent problem of ATM networks, and thus a stable, high quality video transmission is achieved. This paper presents the coding scheme, cell construction and simulation results.     

Connectionless service for public ATM networks

The interconnection of connectionless LANs and MANs over a connection-oriented B-ISDN presents a dilemma with regard to efficient interoperability. In order to provide solutions to this dilemma, there have been many techniques proposed. We describe and evaluate the architectural and conceptual alternatives available for the implementation of a connectionless service for public ATM networks. We also suggest a scheme through which best-effort connectionless service may be provided in public ATM networks using connectionless servers and hop-by-hop flow control. There is as yet no consensus on issues such as bandwidth management, address resolution, connectionless server forwarding modes, or connectionless server topology, and therefore much of the area remains open for research. These research issues must be addressed, however, in order to realize the interoperability, and thereby the acceptance, of ATM     

Polyhedral switching structures for ATM networks

The authors propose switching structures based on regular and non-regular polyhedra which ensure better QoS than the ATM switching networks known to date. The key idea of this solution is based on placing elementary switches on a sphere-shaped surface. Any set of adjacent switches forms a polygon, and the polygons in turn form a polyhedron     

Credit-based fair queueing for ATM networks

A simple and practically attractive rate-based scheduling algorithm for ATM networks is presented. By using simple counters to keep track of the transmission credits earned by each traffic stream, the algorithm decides which stream to serve next, based on their bandwidth shares and the values of the counters     

Credit-based flow control for ATM networks

Simulation, analysis, and experiments on switching hardware have shown that for a wide variety of traffic patterns, credit control is fair, uses links efficiently, minimizes delay, and guarantees no cell loss due to congestion. The credit-based mechanism proposed by the authors provides flow control tailored to ATM networks     

IFQ:一种新的ATM网络业务调度算法

本文提出了插空公平公队列（ＩＦＱ）调度算法。由于该方法考虑了ＡＴＭ网络中不同种类连接的特性,能充分利用网络资源。理论分析和仿真实验表明,ＩＦＱ算法能为Ｇ连接提供预约带宽保证和确定的时延上界,满足业务的实时传输要求。同时ＩＦＱ调度算法还具有连接独立性特点,能灵活地分配带宽资源。