Transient performance of substation structures and associatedgrounding systems

When lightning strikes an electric substation, large currents generated by the stroke flow in the above ground structures and grounding system and dissipate in the soil. The electromagnetic fields generated by such high currents may cause damage to equipment and may be dangerous to personnel working nearby. In this paper, the frequency and time domain performance of a substation subjected to a lightning strike is described and discussed. The computed scalar potentials, electric fields, and magnetic fields are presented graphically as a function of spatial coordinates. As a function of time and as a function of both. Two cases are considered. The first case examines the substation grounding system only, while the second case includes an above-ground structure as well. It is believed that the results of the second case have not been published before. A double exponential lightning surge current is injected at one corner of the substation. The response of the grounding system to the frequency domain electromagnetic spectrum of this signal is computed by a frequency domain electromagnetic field analysis software package. The temporal and spatial distributions of the electromagnetic fields inside and near the substation are obtained by an inverse Fourier transformation of all these responses. The presence of a soil with an arbitrary resistivity and permittivity is accurately taken into account. The analysis sheds some new light on the understanding of the effects which take place at the higher frequencies     

An electromagnetic model for transients in grounding systems

The development and application of a computer model for analyzing the transient performance of grounding systems based on electromagnetic field theory is described. The use of a combination of numerical integration techniques, method of moments, adaptive interpolation, and fast Fourier transform constitutes the basis for the computation of various physical quantities such as the electric fields in the ground, longitudinal and leakage currents in the ground conductors, and ground impedances. It is shown that the analysis of conductors energized by current waves can require computations at frequencies higher than the significant frequencies in the spectrum of the excitation signal, while simpler models may fail to predict accurately the transient performance. The main limitation of the computer model is the time required for the analysis of large or complex grounding systems     

An advanced computer model for grounding system analysis

An advanced methodology and a computer model for analysis of practical grounding systems based on the method of moments are presented. The practical methodology is applicable to both simple and complex grounding systems. The grounding system may consist of cylindrical conductors as well as rectangular earth conductors or metallic surfaces buried in earth or located on the surface of the earth. The method consists of computing an equivalent circuit model of the earth embedded electrodes and conductive soil. Uniform or two-layer soil can he accommodated. The problem of computational efficiency is addressed. Several innovations have been introduced to minimize execution time, including adaptive segmentation of grounding structures and adaptive computation of self and mutual impedances. The procedure enables accurate computation of touch and step voltages, body currents, grounding system impedance, voltage profile, etc. The method and computer program have been validated with actual system measurements     

超高压输电线路铁塔附近三维电场的数值计算

提出了一种基于矩量法的在频域下计算超高压输电铁塔附近三维电场分布的数值方法。该方法在频域下使用复电阻率的概念，将空气和土壤联合起来视为多层介质，待求变量为各段导体的漏电流，激励源既可以为电压源又可以为电流源。该方法可以分析频域下由输电线路、铁塔以及铁塔接地部分产生的三维电场分布。对同一例题下的由该方法和电力系统电磁分析软件包CDEGS计算的结果进行了比较，两者结果是吻合的。在500kV输电线路的实测结果也验证了该方法的有效性。     

应用静止无功补偿器抑制次同步谐振的仿真研究

针对华北地区某大型坑口电厂（A电厂）串联补偿送出系统次同步谐振（subsynchronousresonance,SSR）引发发电机组轴系扭振的问题,采用基于电力系统计算机辅助设计和电磁暂态模拟程序软件（powersystemcom-puteraideddesignandelectricmagnetictransientinDCsystem,PSCAD／EMTDC）的时域仿真与频域仿真分析相结合的方法,通过大量的仿真计算,对静止无功补偿器（staticvarcompensator,SvC）抑制SSR的工作原理、控制策略及其影响因素等进行了系统的研究和验证。仿真结果与实际工程应用结果均表明,SVC能有效抑制SsR的发生。该方法可解决南方电网系统内交流串联补偿输电工程中的SSR问题。     

直流大地运行时交流系统直流电流分布的预测方法

直流输电线路在系统调试或发生故障情况下,会处于单极大地回路电流运行方式。当直流输电系统的大地回流很大时,可能造成部分交流输电系统中的变压器处于偏磁状态。该文提出了分析直流大地运行时交流系统直流电流分布的数值方法。该方法使用矩量法分析复杂大地结构中由直流接地极、交流变电站接地网及其它埋地金属管道构成的多接地系统所产生的地中电流场。同时将电路理论与矩量法相结合,从而将多接地系统与地上交流输电网络联系起来。分析了贵广直流输电线路以大地为回路运行时,直流电流在广东春城变电站周围220kV及以上电网的分布,并与现场测试结果作了比较。     

电力调度大楼计算机系统防雷接地设计探讨

电力调度大楼内除有通信系统外,还有信息中心和调度自动化两个计算机系统。目前它们和接地设计的,通信系统接地与大楼接地装置组成联合接地体,而计算机的工作接地则接到楼外单独设置的接地装置上。若大楼遭雷击时,两个接地系统有较大的电位差,将对计算机甚至人身产生危险影响。为此,提出计算机工作接地系统应接到大楼接地装置的看法。     

Two-layer soil model for power station grounding system calculation considering multilayer soil stratification

Two-layer soil models are commonly used for the design of power station grounding systems. Calculations based on such models usually give correct values for the gound resistance of grounding electrodes and for the step and touch potentials on the surface of the ground. However, the two-layer model of the actual soil can give absurd results if incorrect values of the layer resistivities and the first layer thickness are used. Conventional methods of fitting the apparent resistivity curve in order to obtain those parameters do not give good results in all cases. This may happen when the soil has a multilayer structure and certain combinations of different layer resistivities exist. In this paper, an analysis of critical cases was carried out, and a novel calculation method for the parameters of the two-layer soil model is presented. The proposed method is valid for an arbitrary number of soil layers with arbitrary values of resistivity, and it is applicable to simple as well as complex grounding systems. The numerical results of this method were compared with electromagnetic field calculations carried out with a computer program based on the finite-element method. The proposed model permits the use of computer programs based on the method of images and a two-layer soil model for the design of station grounding systems buried in horizontal multilayer soil stratifications. Thus, the risk of serious calculation errors that may appear by application of the apparent resistivity fitting method can be avoided.     

Nodal frequency analysis of grounding systems considering the soilionization effect

Soil ionization takes place when the current leaking into the earth is high enough to produce an electric field intensity greater than a critical value. This phenomenon lowers the ground impedance and it is similar to an apparent increase in the electrode dimensions. Soil ionization has a great influence on the performance of small grounding electrodes fed by currents of high magnitude (i.e., lightning waves). In this paper, a new way of including the nonlinear soil ionization in the grounding system analysis is proposed. The study of the grounding system is performed in the frequency domain by means of an equivalent electric circuit     

Exponential approximation of the Heidler function for the reproduction of lightning current waveshapes

In this paper the lightning current function proposed by Heidler is approximated by a linear combination of exponential functions in the time domain, which is afterward analytically transformed into the frequency domain. The unknown coefficients of the exponential approximation for the most frequently used values of the current steepness factor are computed using the least squares method. The developed exponential approximation is general with respect to the current steepness factor in the Heidler function. Approximation of the Heidler function with a linear combination of exponential functions enables the approximation of various Heidler function based lightning current functions. Heidler function in the frequency domain can be used for transient analysis of electromagnetic phenomena that include lightning protection, grounding grid analysis and electromagnetic compatibility problems.     

变电站接地网的断点诊断方法

为提高变电站接地网导体断点诊断的效率和精度,提出了通过测量地表磁感应强度的诊断方法。利用变电站接地网频域电磁场计算软件包进行仿真计算,在对仿真计算结果分析的基础上,研制了专用信号激励源,结合变电站实际电磁干扰环境,研制了信号采集、处理系统,基于电磁感应原理探测地表磁场,诊断变电站接地网导体的断点故障,通过仿真计算、模拟地网试验和现场应用,证明了该方法的可行性和诊断定位的准确性。     

两种常见接地极电流分布的探讨

针对目前接地极电流分布计算方法较为复杂等的不足,从电流场和静电场的等效性出发,探讨了水平直线和并联垂直型2种常见形状接地极导体中电流分布不均匀的问题,提出了计算电流分布的一种简化方法。根据电流场和静电场的等效性,将接地极等效为有限长的线电荷模型,根据力学平衡计算了模型上的电荷分布,由此得到入地电流沿接地极轴线的分布规律。结果表明,对于水平直线型接地极端部电流是中间部位的数倍,倍数随接地极长度的增加而增大;对并联的垂直接地极,电流分布的不均匀度随接地极根数的增加而增大,导体的利用率也随之降低。     

基于PSCAD/EMTDC的电力系统中性点接地方式研究

电力系统中性点的运行方式涉及系统的电压等级、电力网络结构、绝缘水平、通信干扰、接地保护方式和保护整定等许多方面,是一个综合性的复杂问题。目前,对电力系统的中性点接地方式的选择,多基于以往运行经验。本文利用PSCAD/EMTDC软件建立了电力系统的中性点运行方式的仿真模型,模拟了各种运行方式下,线路上发生单相接地故障时,电气参数的变化情况,并综合考虑系统可靠性、绝缘水平和继电保护的要求,确定了各种运行方式的适用范围。文中所建模型及结论对于分析高阶、非线性的电力系统暂态过程具有借鉴意义。     

民用低压直流供电系统电压等级和接地方式研究

电动汽车充电、分布式发电和储能在民用领域具有广阔的推广应用前景,而低压直流系统可以提供更加高效灵活的接入条件,近些年受到广泛关注。由于低压直流供电技术在民用领域的应用经验还比较缺乏,针对电压等级、接地方式和主接线形式等,还未形成比较统一的意见。围绕安全性和经济性这2个核心要素,在总结直流建筑示范项目工程实践经验的基础上,提出触电危险分级标准,用于对供电系统的电击防护性能进行对比,并利用供电负荷距和单位负荷距线缆成本开展经济性评价;在此基础上,以民用建筑为例,梳理了系统方案之间相互影响的关系,介绍了计算方法和选择步骤,给出了电压等级、接地方式和主接线形式的设计建议;最后,针对IT接地系统特点,分析了触电危险隐患及其产生的条件,提出通过工作接地电阻的合理设计,借助剩余电流保护和绝缘监测2种措施的配合,提高IT接地系统电击防护性能,并给出了设计方法。     

小电流接地故障暂态监测新技术

介绍了小电流接地故障暂态信号频域特征，基于暂态零序电流特征频段(SFB)分量幅值、极性和无功功率流向关系的故障线路选择算法，以及在此基础上研制的XJ-100小电流接地故障选线及监测系统。该系统结构合理、功能完善，检测灵敏度、可靠性高，不受消弧线圈、不稳定电弧影响，可适用于配网自动化系统和变电站综合自动化系统，并可利用瞬时接地故障信息对线路绝缘监测提出预警。     

110 kV古冶变电站接地系统设计方案及其实施效果

唐山110kV古冶变电站的地质结构,土壤电阻率从上到下逐渐增大可分为3层,针对其具体地质和地形条件进行设计时将接地系统在水平方向适当外延,结合深井爆破和压灌低电阻率材料方法对该电站接地系统进行施工。测量结果表明,该接地系统的实测接地电阻与设计值非常接近,做到了精确设计。随着计算机技术和数值分析技术的发展,接地系统的设计有必要从传统的简单设计方法转变为采用计算机精确设计。     

Determination of frequency in three-phase electric circuits with autocorrelated noise

Ascertaining the frequencies in three-phase systems is an important element in the automation of power systems. In three-phase systems, none of the individual phases can precisely describe the entire system and its properties. Thus, for a reliable frequency assessment, information on all three phases should be considered. This paper considers a real signal that is obtained via the Clarke transform and that contains information on all of three phases. The objective of this study was to develop methods for adaptive determination of the frequency of three-phase electric circuits on the basis of identification of the parameters of the second-order autoregression. The least-squares (LS) method has become most widespread in technical applications. However, estimations of the autoregression parameters that were obtained with this method from the noise observations are biased. Using such frequency estimations reduces the reliability of power-system automation. Therefore, the application of methods for frequency assessment that allow unbiased estimations to be obtained is an urgent task. In this study, an algorithm for the frequency assessment based on the method of instrumental variables (IV) was used for the first time. It makes it possible to obtain unbiased frequency estimations for both white-noise and autocorrelated-noise interference. Different variations of the algorithms on the basis of the total least-squares (TLS) method for various classes of noise are considered. Recurrent modifications of the LS method, the method of instrumental variables, and the total leastsquares (TLS) method are analyzed, which allow one to determine the frequency in real time. A computer experiment showed that the IV and TLS methods make it possible to obtain more accurate estimations for the cases of correlated and uncorrelated noise than does the LS method. The obtained results can be used to improve the efficiency of the diagnostics and analysis of electric systems.     

发电厂和变电站直流系统接地故障检测总体方案

分析了低频信号注入法的原理及存在的缺陷,针对其缺陷提出了基于小波变换的直流系统接地故障检测方案.发生接地故障后,向直流系统正负母线注入低频正弦电压信号,利用各支路的电流互感器检测出支路中的低频电流信号,通过小波变换从中提取出与注入信号同频的正弦电流信号,计算某支路电流信号中的阻性分量即可求得该支路的接地电阻值,从而判断出故障支路.大量的数值仿真和实验研究验证了该方法的可行性.     

对中压配电网中性点接地方式的研究

分析了武汉地区中压电网中性点接地方式的现状，包括经消弧线圈接地、小电阻接地及不接地方式。在电力系统中，应根据配电网的绝缘水平，电网电容电流的大小选择不同的接地方式。对于以电缆线路为主的城市栩电网，电容电流超过100A时，中性点应以低电阻接地方式为宜。以架空线为主的配电网，一般采用中性点经消弧线圈接地方式。对一些重要枢纽变电站，运行方式变化频繁，中性点与电容电流超过50A时，应采用低电阻接地方式。     

一种基于时域响应的控制系统频率特性分析方法

频域分析法是控制系统设计、分析和参数调整最经典的方法之一。理论上,对象或系统频域特性是通过以正弦波或余弦波频率信号为激励信号的频率响应实验获得。由于实际生产过程条件所限,经典的频率响应实验法难以实施,致使过程控制系统频率特性难以发挥其理论指导工业实践的优势。在计算机技术高度发展的今天,传统的频率响应以及系统或对象频率特性获取的方法得到了根本性的突破。该文提出了一种采用数字无源LCR振荡器从时域过程响应数据提取对象或系统的频率特性的方法,该方法为过程控制系统频率特性分析提供了一种较为简便和有效手段。仿真实验和实际应用结果表明了该方法的正确性和有效性。