辽代游牧行营景观的空间布局及人地 关系特点解析

辽代契丹行营是中国北方典型的古代游牧景观,行营的空间布局方式在一定程度上反映了当时的社会结构和生活方式。通过解读《辽史营卫志》、明摹宋本《胡笳十八拍》画卷、辽代墓葬壁画以及吉林乾安春捺钵遗址群考古报告中的契丹游牧行营空间意向,阐述契丹行营游牧景观的要素构成特点。同时将行营景观空间解构为游牧空间单元、游牧空间组团和游牧空间社区3种形式,并整理对应的车帐、营盘和聚落空间图式语言。分析辽代游牧行营景观空间的形态结构特征及其与自然环境的紧密依存关系,解读其人地关系特点对当代草原游牧文化建设的启示作用。     

古印度的建筑空间和城市文明——以摩亨焦达罗和哈拉巴古城遗址为分析样本

上世纪20年代,考古学家在印度河流域发现了许多人类遗址。随着考古发掘的不断深入,人们发现这些遗址属于高度发达的城市文明,以摩亨焦达罗和哈拉巴两处城市遗址为中心,年代早于先前认为的古印度文明起源1500年。本文将结合摩亨焦达罗和哈拉巴古城遗址的考古发掘,分析古印度的建筑空间和城市文明。     

汉长乐宫四号建筑遗址F1大殿复原初探

根据近年来考古工作者在汉长安城长乐宫遗址考古发掘中所取得的成果,对长乐宫四号建筑遗址F1大殿进行重点研究,并结合考古资料、汉画像砖石等形象资料对其进行了复原设计探寻,力图真实再现汉时期长乐宫遗址的建筑风貌。     

长白山金代皇家神庙选址浅析

长白山金代皇家神庙是金王朝祭祀其圣山长白山的祭祀建筑群,其遗址是我国东北首次发现的金代国家级山祭遗存。文章以长白山金代皇家神庙遗址为研究对象,在历史文献的基础上,结合考古发掘及实地调研,从山水格局、多元文化、辽金交通线三方面浅析长白山金代皇家神庙建筑群的选址特点,丰富金代祭祀建筑的选址研究。     

考古遗址公园体验式景观应用研究--以谷阳城考古遗址公园为例

本文以谷阳城考古遗址公园为例,将景观体验理论应用于考古遗址公园设计。从个体感知、社会认同和场景塑造三个方面,通过对考古遗址公园的文化发掘和景观设计分析,介绍了遗址公园体验式景观的设计理念和方法。     

考古遗址公园体验式景观应用研究--以谷阳城考古遗址公园为例

本文以谷阳城考古遗址公园为例,将景观体验理论应用于考古遗址公园设计。从个体感知、社会认同和场景塑造三个方面,通过对考古遗址公园的文化发掘和景观设计分析,介绍了遗址公园体验式景观的设计理念和方法。     

黑龙江流域古代汉传佛寺空间形制及地域特点初探

以黑龙江流域古代汉传佛寺为研究对象,通过整理考古发掘报告和相关历史文献记载,追溯汉传佛教在黑龙江流域内的两次发展高峰期和佛寺遗址的区域分布特点;分析渤海国时期和辽金时期黑龙江流域汉传佛寺遗址的总体空间布局和佛殿、佛堂等单体建筑遗址的平面形制特点;阐释渔猎游牧文化等地域文化形态以及寒地低温气候等自然条件制约下的汉传佛寺营造特点。     

黑龙江流域古代汉传佛寺空间形制及地域特点初探

以黑龙江流域古代汉传佛寺为研究对象,通过整理考古发掘报告和相关历史文献记载,追溯汉传佛教在黑龙江流域内的两次发展高峰期和佛寺遗址的区域分布特点;分析渤海国时期和辽金时期黑龙江流域汉传佛寺遗址的总体空间布局和佛殿、佛堂等单体建筑遗址的平面形制特点;阐释渔猎游牧文化等地域文化形态以及寒地低温气候等自然条件制约下的汉传佛寺营...     

圆明园西洋楼遗址开放 北京首推“公众考古”场所

<正>来源:中国网生活北京首处"公众考古"场所日前在圆明园西洋楼遗址开放,市民游客可近距离参观"神秘"的考古现场。今后,北京市文物局会逐步将有条件的发掘现场面向公众开放。目前,西洋楼遗址待发掘区域周边布置了围挡,北京市文物研究所的考古人员正在进行清理工作。众多参观圆明园遗址公园的市民游客,可以在围挡外观摩考古。未来3至5年,北京将分期进行圆明园遗址的考古调查、勘探和发掘,摸清圆明园遗址的整体格局、山形水系和遗址布局。北京市文物局有关负责人表示,邀请公众见证考古过程,能够使大众对文化遗产有着更为感性与深刻的认知。虽然对公     

广州秦汉南越国御苑遗址复原想象设计探析

南越国是在秦末汉初由中原人赵佗在岭南建立的附属国,以蕃禺(今广州市)为都城。南越国的御苑遗址,是中国现存最早的园林遗址之一,成为秦汉园林的实物遗存且具有一定的代表性,可以使我们清晰地认识秦汉帝王园林的真实面貌。介绍南越国御苑遗址的概况,根据考古发掘的照片、图纸及文字资料,对御苑已发掘部分的布局、曲流石渠的设计和水景特色等做初步分析研究,并做了局部复原想象设计,旨在揭示其重要价值。     

Bioconcentration and elimination of bis(tributyltin)oxide (TBTO) and triphenyltin chloride (TPTC) in several marine fish species

Pagrus major, Mugil cephalus and Rudarius ercodes were exposed to bis(tributyltin)oxide (TBTO) and triphenyltin chloride (TPTC) for 8 weeks in a flow-through aquarium system. The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of TBTO and TPTC and the elimination rate constant of TBTO for these fish were determined. The BCF of TBTO ranged from 2400 to 11,000 depending on the fish species and the concentration in the rearing seawater. Out of the three, P. major had the smallest elimination rate constant (0.024 day⁻¹) and bioconcentrated the largest amount of TBTO (BCF: 9400–11,000). On the other hand, the BCF of TPTC of the two fish species examined was similar: 3100–3300 for P. major and 4100 for R. ercodes. These BCFs of TBTO and TPTC of P. major were larger than the values previously reported. TBTO and TPTC were the least accumulated in muscle among the tissues and organs of P. major examined, and no correlation was found between the lipid content and the accumulated TBT or TPT content.     

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in sewage treatment plants

In this study, the concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in the biological units of various full-scale municipal sewage treatment plants were measured. Samples of influent, primary effluent, aeration tank effluent, final effluent and grab samples of primary, activated, secondary and anaerobically digested sludge were collected by 5 sampling events over one year. The two sewage treatment plants (STPs) selected for this study include plant A receiving 95% domestic wastewater and plant B receiving 60% industrial wastewater and 40% domestic wastewater. PFOS and PFOA were observed at higher concentration in aqueous and sludge samples in plant B than that of plant A. Mass flow of PFOS increased significantly (mean 94.6%) in conventional activated sludge process (CAS) of plant B, while it remained consistent after the secondary treatment in plant A. Mass flow of PFOA increased 41.6% (mean) in CAS of plants A and B and 76.6% in membrane biological reactor (MBR), while it remained unchanged after the treatment of liquid treatment module (LTM). Our results suggest that mass flow of these two compounds remains consistent after treatment of activated sludge process operating at short sludge retention time (SRT). Seasonal variations of PFOS in concentrations of raw sewage were found in plant A, while PFOA did not have significant seasonal variation in both plants A and B.     

Determination and differentiation of ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) in freshwater

A fast and simple spectrophotometric method for the determination and differentiation of ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) is described. Principles, detection limits and interferences of other recent methods for the analysis of EDTA and NTA are briefly reviewed. The proposed method is based on the light absorption of cobalt(III) complexes of NTA and EDTA at 555 and 535 nm. After the determination of the sum of EDTA and NTA, the NTA complex is selectively oxidized. The absorbance then represents EDTA only. The sensitivity of the method is 10 μg; with preconcentration of the water sample by means of rotary evaporation a detection limit of 10 μg 1^-1 is observed.     

液化石油气中二甲醚的检测与控制

本文叙述了对液化石油气中掺二甲醚进行检测的必要性,通过检测实践探索了液化石油气中二甲醚的检测方法和对液化石油气气源质量进行控制的措施.     

Removal of As(III) and As(V) by Tin(II) compounds

The retention capacity for arsenic species of new nanomaterials based on tin(II) inorganic oxides or hybrid (inorganic and organic) materials was studied. The synthesis of a polymer-metal complex was performed with poly(acrylic acid) and tin(II) chloride. Poly(AA)-Sn(II) with 10 and 20 wt% of tin and a structure with a mol ratio tin:carboxylate group of 1:1, were characterized. These compounds with 10 and 20 wt% of tin content were used to compare the arsenic removal capability through the liquid-phase polymer-based retention, (LPR), technique. Also, tin oxide was prepared by adding alkaline solution to tin(II) chloride salt. The intermediate tin compound was studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy at different pH values and quantified by potentiometric titration. The solid structure is characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and specific area BET (N₂). Removal of arsenite and arsenate species from solution by hydrolysated tin was carried out by LPR technique with ultrafiltration membranes and a fixed-bed column unsupported or supported on SiO₂. In all these cases, a washing method at constant pH was applied. The arsenic retention ability depended on the class of tin compounds prepared, with a higher efficiency for arsenic being observed at basic pH for soluble complex poly(AA)-Sn(II) than that for tin hydroxide or hydrolysate of Sn⁺².     

Distribution of (210)Pb and (210)Po in boreal forest soil

Vertical distribution and activity contents of ²¹⁰Pb and ²¹⁰Po were investigated in forest soils of Scots pine-dominated (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands from seven different locations in Finland. The mean total inventory in the soil profile, up to 20 cm, of ²¹⁰Pb was 4.0 kBq m^− 2 (range 3.1-5.0 kBq m^− 2) and ²¹⁰Po 5.5 kBq m^− 2 (range 4.0-7.4 kBq m^− 2), the organic soil layer containing 45% of the total inventory of both nuclides. In both the organic and the mineral layers the ²¹⁰Po/²¹⁰Pb ratio was close to unity indicating a radioactive equilibrium between them. In the litter layer there was, however, a clear excess of ²¹⁰Po suggesting that polonium is recycled via root uptake from the root zone to the ground surface. The activity concentration (Bq kg^− 1) of ²¹⁰Pb clearly correlated with organic matter and the Fe, Al and Mn concentrations in soil indicating that radioactive lead is associated both with humic substances and the oxides of iron, aluminium and manganese. Radioactive lead was also seen to follow the behavior of stable lead. No systematic correlation between polonium and soil properties was seen.     

Chemical substitution reaction between Cu(II) and Hg(II) and hydrous CdS(s)

The chemical reaction between hydrous CdS(s) and Cu(II) and Hg(II) were studied by electrophoretic mobility measurements and adsorption experiments. The results show that cation exchange, following readsorption of the released Cd(II) ions onto the freshly-formed CuS(s) and cadmium hydroxide precipitation reactions occur when CdS particles come into contact with these metal ions which have sulfide precipitates less soluble than CdS(s). The effect of organic ligands on the ion exchange reaction, exemplified by EDTA (a strong complexing ligand) and phthalic acid (a weak complexing ligand), was also investigated. Both organic compounds have little effect on the lattice ion exchange reaction unless a large amount of strong complexing agent is present in the system. The dissolution of CdS(s), however, is slightly hindered in the presence of weak complex former such as phthalic acid and greatly enhanced in the presence of strong complex former such EDTA.     

Polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs) in human milk, blood and adipose tissue

Persistent and toxic chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans are able to accumulate in human tissues, especially in fats. In recent years PCBs have frequently been detected in human milk, blood and adipose tissue from the general population and levels in different tissues correspond to the fat content of the samples. In recent years the very rapid development of analytical methods and the lowering of detection limits have resulted in the detection of PCDDs and PCDFs in human tissues from the general population. The levels of PCBs are approximately 10,000 times higher than the sum of the levels of PCDDs and PCDFs, but the latter substances are much more toxic. Accidental or occupational exposures have resulted in much higher tissue levels in exposed individuals than in the general population. The relatively high levels in breast milk result in very high daily intakes of such chemicals by breast-fed infants, and a potential hazard to this risk group. The origin of the residues seems mainly to be environmental pollution from waste disposal, incineration or other high-temperature operations.     

Organochlorines in Greenland glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus) and Icelandic gulls (Larus glaucoides)

Glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus) and Icelandic gulls (Larus glaucoides) were sampled in 1994 from four different areas in Greenland, three on the west coast and one on the east coast. Livers of 93 glaucous gulls and seven Icelandic gulls were analysed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, IUPAC Nos. 28, 31, 52, 101, 105, 118, 138, 153, 156 and 180), DDTs (p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDT), hexachlorocyclohexanes (alpha-, beta- and gamma-HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and trans-nonachlor (TNC). The overall geometric means of the concentrations found in glaucous gull liver were for sigma PCBs 388 (range 20-5557), for sigma DDTs 363 (17-8604), sigma HCHs 7.4 (1-53), HCB 47 (4-594) and trans-nonachlor 19 (3-187) micrograms kg-1 wet wt., respectively. The geometric means of concentrations in Icelandic gull liver were for sigma PCBs 112 (24-435), for sigma DDTs 95 (25-298), sigma HCHs 2.9 (1.4-5.2), HCB 22 (8-58) and trans-nonachlor 5.1 (2.4-8.6) micrograms kg-1 wet wt., respectively. Significantly (P = 0.05) higher concentrations of PCBs, DDTs and HCHs were found in glaucous gulls at Ittoqqortoormiit at the east coast than in gulls from Qeqertarsuaq at the west coast of Greenland. This tendency was also seen for HCB and trans-nonachlor, but the differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.05). A decreasing trend in organochlorine concentrations followed the East Greenland Current, flowing from north to south down the east coast and to the north on the west coast. Gulls taken from the most northerly sampling area of the west coast, however, showed slightly higher concentrations than those from the central west coast. There appeared to be a tendency for higher concentrations to be found in males than females, and in adults compared to young glaucous gulls, but the differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.05). The concentration ranges found in gulls from Greenland were similar to those reported previously for gulls from northern Norway and Russia. A principal component analysis revealed no obvious link between the presence of higher chlorinated PCBs and higher PCB concentrations in glaucous gulls. Significantly higher proportions of higher chlorinated PCBs were found in glaucous gulls than in Icelandic gulls, and in adult glaucous gulls compared to young gulls of 1-2 calendar years. As no such difference was found between female and male gulls it seems that PCBs of all degrees of chlorination may be passed equally well from mother to offspring.     

Mn(II)、Cr(III)在黄土上共存吸附特性研究

重金属是土体污染中最重要的污染物质之一,土中的重金属污染往往是复合污染的形式。通过一系列室内试验,研究了锰铬重金属共存时在黄土上的吸附特性。在Mn(II)、Cr(III)重金属复合体系中,Mn(II)在黄土上的吸附明显受到抑制,吸附量减小14.6%~46.5%,而Cr(III)在黄土上的吸附基本不受Mn(II)的影响。Mn(II)的吸附能较好地符合Langmuir模型,受Cr(III)的抑制而不能很好地符合Fredunlich、D-R模型,Cr(III)的吸附仍能较好地符合Fredunlich、D-R模型。在pH=5~7酸性条件下Cr(III)促进了Mn(II)在黄土上的吸附,Mn(II)对Cr(III)的吸附稍有抑制;在碱性条件下,Cr(III)基本不受影响能完全被去除,而Mn(II)的吸附受到很大的抑制作用。重金属本身的物理属性比如水解常数大小以及黄土中的矿物成分都对Mn(II)、Cr(III)在黄土上吸附特性发挥了重要作用。