铁皮石斛不同部位多糖含量及其抗氧化活性研究

目的测定铁皮石斛茎、叶、花中多糖含量,并对多糖的体外抗氧化活性进行比较,为更充分地开发利用铁皮石斛资源提供实验依据。方法采用苯酚-硫酸法测定铁皮石斛不同部位多糖含量,分别采用DPPH自由基清除法、羟基自由基清除法和超氧阴离子清除法测定铁皮石斛不同部位多糖的体外抗氧化活性。结果铁皮石斛茎、叶、花中多糖含量分别为34.61%,23.51%,13.47%。茎多糖对DPPH自由基的清除率最高,达87.41%;叶中多糖对羟基自由基的清除率最高,达85.39%;茎、叶、花中多糖对超氧阴离子的清除率均不高。结论铁皮石斛茎、叶、花多糖含量丰富,其多糖有良好的抗氧化活性,具有一定的开发价值。     

不同种类荞麦中各种存在形式多酚含量的研究

从全国5个荞麦种植区域中各选取一种甜荞和苦荞,采用反向液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)分析甜荞和苦荞麸皮中8种酚酸、3种黄酮的含量差异。结果表明：同一种植区域不同种类和同一种类不同种植区域的荞麦麸中酚类物质含量存在显著差异。其中,苦荞的自由态酚酸、总酚酸、自由态黄酮和总黄酮含量均高于同一种植区域的甜荞。此外,甜、苦荞中均含有没食子酸、原儿茶酸、香草酸、咖啡酸、p-香豆酸、阿魏酸、儿茶素、芦丁及槲皮素,其中苦荞中对羟基苯甲酸含量丰富。     

麦麸发酵前后不同存在形态酚类物质中酚酸含量的变化及其抗氧化活性分析

以小麦麦麸为培养基,采用三株泡盛曲霉进行固态发酵,分别提取并采用高效液相色谱法测定麦麸发酵前后不同存在形态(游离型、酯苷结合型、糖苷结合型、碱解束缚型和酸解束缚型)的酚类物质中酚酸的含量,并通过DPPH自由基清除试验、还原力试验以及抗脂质过氧化试验,研究这些酚类物质的抗氧化活性。结果表明:未经过发酵的麦麸,束缚型酚酸在总酚酸含量中约占总量的80%,其酚酸类成分主要包括对香豆酸、阿魏酸、丁香酸、对羟基苯甲酸、咖啡酸、绿原酸、没食子酸、香草酸和肉桂酸等。发酵后的麦麸,游离型酚类物质的含量显著提高。抗氧化试验的结果显示,麦麸中碱解束缚型的酚类物质和发酵后麦麸的游离型酚类物质的抗氧化性较强。试验结果说明泡盛曲霉能促使被束缚的阿魏酸游离出来,使游离型酚类物质的含量及抗氧化性显著提高;而且抗氧化活性与酚酸的种类及含量有关,咖啡酸、丁香酸和阿魏酸含量高的酚类物质,其抗氧化性也较强。     

UPLC-PDA-MS鉴定经大孔树脂纯化美藤果壳酚类物质

以经大孔树脂纯化的美藤果壳酚类物质为原料,用预制硅胶板薄层层析法将其粗分为4个条带,富集各个条带中的物质后使用UPLC-PDA-MS检测,确定其中的酚类物质为:1号条带中有香草酸己糖苷,1,2-芥子酰阿魏酸酰龙胆二糖(待定),矢车菊素3-(6″-阿魏酰槐糖苷)-5-葡糖苷,锦葵花色素3-葡萄糖苷,锦葵花色素3-葡萄糖苷二倍体; 2号条带中有香草酸己糖苷,香草酸己糖苷三倍体以及香草酸己糖苷二倍体; 3号条带中有对羟基苯甲酸,羟基苯甲酸己糖苷,对香豆酸己糖苷以及对香豆酸四倍体; 4号条带中有对羟基苯甲酸以及对香豆酸。     

贵州蓝莓蜜的成分分析及其抗氧化活性

以贵州蓝莓蜜为研究对象,对其理化指标、抗氧化活性、多酚成分进行研究。结果显示,贵州蓝莓蜜酸度值44.69 mmol/kg,总糖含量79.30%,葡萄糖含量(40.88%)高于果糖含量(38.41%);总酚酸和总黄酮含量分别为20.27～24.72 mg GAE/100 g和3.88～6.77mg RE/100 g,DPPH和ABTS自由基半抑制率分别为119.04～136.56 mg/mL和140.56～212.34 mg/mL;蓝莓蜜含15种多酚类物质(原儿茶酸、对羟基苯甲酸、香草酸、咖啡酸、对香豆酸、芦丁、阿魏酸、杨梅酮、木犀草素、桑色素、槲皮素、芹菜素、山奈酚、异鼠李素、高良姜素),其中,黄酮类物质含量最高为槲皮素,酚酸含量由高到低为:对羟基苯甲酸对香豆酸阿魏酸咖啡酸香草酸原儿茶酸。研究表明,蓝莓蜜酸度偏高、易结晶,结合槲皮素含量高的特点与酚酸含量高低规律,可作为蓝莓蜜鉴定与检测的参考指标。     

柑橘果肉、果皮中酚类物质含量差异性研究

采用高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatographic,HPLC)对8种橙类和杂柑中10种酚类物质含量进行测定,探讨不同柑橘品种果肉和果皮中酚类物质种类和含量的差异,分析其规律。结果表明,10种物质能在55 min内分离,线性范围为0.25~200 mg/L,相关系数达0.999 1~1,精密度(RSD≤1.90%)、重复性(RSD≤3.52%)和稳定性(RSD≤4.22%)较好,平均回收率为90.26%~118.85%(RSD为0.96%~3.01%),表明方法的准确度较高。在橙类和杂柑中,橙类果皮中芥子酸含量显著高于杂柑,杂柑果皮中芦丁含量显著高于橙类;果肉中酚类物质含量低于果皮;果实中酚酸以咖啡酸和绿原酸为主,类黄酮以芦丁和柚皮苷为主;在8个柑橘品种果肉中,金诺的阿魏酸、没食子酸和芦丁含量最高。在8个柑橘品种果皮中,口之津32号的咖啡酸、阿魏酸、对羟基苯甲酸含量最高,沃柑的新橙皮苷、柚皮苷、没食子酸和绿原酸含量最高。     

铁皮石斛茎、叶、花功能性成分、抗氧化活性及其相关性

目的：探索铁皮石斛茎、叶、花主要功能性成分的差异性、抗氧化能力大小及抗氧化活性的主要贡献成分。方法：以铁皮石斛茎、叶、花为试验材料,分别采用苯酚—硫酸法、NaNO₂-Al₃+NaOH法、福林酚法和酸性染料比色法对其多糖、总黄酮、总多酚和总生物碱含量进行测定比较,研究茎、叶、花的抗氧化能力,并通过相关性分析确定其主要抗氧化活性成分。结果：铁皮石斛茎、叶、花中均含有多糖、黄酮、多酚和生物碱类成分,但含量差异极显著（P<0.01）,其中多糖含量为茎（31.00%）＞叶（15.04%）＞花（8.11%）;总黄酮和总多酚含量均以花中最高,分别为2.133%和15.71%,叶中次之;总生物碱含量以花中最高,达0.022 3%,为茎中的近4倍;铁皮石斛茎、叶、花均具有较高抗氧化活性,且随着浓度的增大,其对DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基的清除能力逐渐增强,其中花的水提物和醇提物清除DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基的IC₅₀均最小,说明其氧化活性最大,较接近于维生素C的。相关性分析发现,铁皮石斛茎、叶、花抗氧化活性与总黄酮、总多酚和总生物碱含量呈正相关,与多糖含量无明显相关性,说明总黄酮和总多酚含量对铁皮石斛茎、叶、花的抗氧化活性贡献最大,总生物碱含量的贡献显著。结论：铁皮石斛叶和花同样具有广阔的应用价值和开发前景。     

南丰蜜桔幼果功能性成分的分析及酚酸的检测

南丰蜜桔幼果的功能成分中,除了VC、VE、类胡萝卜素等以外,黄酮与酚酸等酚类物质也具有重要生物活性,为了深入了解南丰蜜桔幼果的价值,以6种不同产地的南丰蜜桔幼果样品为原料,对其总酚含量、总黄酮含量进行分析。酚酸具有多种生理功能,并广泛存在于植物组织中,采用HPLC-MS测定了南丰蜜桔幼果中6种酚酸的含量,即咖啡酸、对香豆酸、阿魏酸、芥子酸、没食子酸和对羟基苯甲酸。结果显示:南丰蜜桔幼果中以肉桂酸型酚酸为主,苯甲酸型酚酸含量较少;南丰蜜桔幼果中阿魏酸是所测6种酚酸中含量最高的,其次主要是咖啡酸,且可溶性酚酸含量要远远大于束缚酚酸的含量。     

铁皮石斛多糖水解工艺优化及甘露糖含量的测定

优化高温高压辅助硫酸水解铁皮石斛多糖工艺,测定了不同栽培方式的铁皮石斛不同部位多糖及甘露糖含量。利用苯酚-硫酸法测定3种栽培方式的铁皮石斛茎、叶、花多糖的含量;以单因素实验为依据,固定料液比、硫酸浓度,根据中心组合试验设计（Central Composite Design,CCD）原理建立两因素五水平响应面法优化硫酸水解铁皮石斛多糖的温度及时间,采用柱前衍生化-高效液相色谱法测定甘露糖含量。结果表明,以1 mol/L的硫酸溶液为催化剂,料液比1:1.5、水解温度112 ℃（压强0.15 MPa）,水解44 min,甘露糖含量达64.35%±0.76%;同一栽培方式的铁皮石斛茎、叶、花多糖、甘露糖含量表现出极显著差异（P<0.01,茎>叶>花）,茎的多糖及甘露糖含量分别在29.32%~33.78%、18.17%~21.05%;叶分别在15.91%~17.31%、10.28%~11.11%,花分别在8.37%~8.68%、5.30%~5.75%之间。高温高压辅助硫酸水解铁皮石斛多糖工艺高效可行,铁皮石斛茎、叶、花是制备甘露糖的优质天然资源。     

四个圆叶葡萄品种果实品质及主要营养组分的分析比较

比较了4个圆叶葡萄品种‘Noble’、‘Alachua’、‘Carlos’和‘GV’引种到成都的果实品质和主要营养成分。绿色品种‘Carlos’和‘GV’的单粒质量大于紫色品种‘Noble’和‘Alachua’;4个品种果实的可溶性固形物含量(total soluble solid, TSS)均在15%～18%,可滴定酸含量在0.36%～0.52%。酒石酸、苹果酸、琥珀酸和柠檬酸是圆叶葡萄主要的有机酸。4个品种果实中酚类物质含量差异显著,其中‘Noble’果皮中总酚、总黄酮、黄酮醇、单宁含量均最高;‘Alachua’果肉中总酚、总黄酮和黄酮醇的含量最高。葡萄的不同部位单体酚含量差异显著,果皮中阿魏酸和咖啡酸含量较高,而葡萄籽中阿魏酸和对羟基苯甲酸含量较高。综合比较,紫色品种具有更高的抗氧化物质含量和更佳的口感,适合鲜食推广。     

On the phenolic acids of vegetables. IV. Hydroxycinnamic acids and hydroxybenzoic acids of vegetables and potatoes (author's transl)]

Lettuce, endive and chicory exclusively, cornsalad and sweet fennel almost exclusively contain caffeic acid derivatives beside traces of ferulic acid. Parsley exclusively and spinach almost exclusively show p-coumaric acid derivatives. Compared to root, fruit and seed vegetables the contents of phenolic acids in green leaves are considerably high. Rhubarb is the only vegetable, which contains gallic acid (chief phenolic acid) beside hydroxycinnamic, protocatechuic and vanillic acid derivatives. Furthermore hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives (salicylic, gentisic and vanillic acid) occur in cornsalad, sweet fennel, parsley and spinach in small concentrations; cornsalad shows p-hydroxybenzoic acid (ca. 20 mg/kg). Onions (Allium cepa) contain almost only protocatechuic acid beside small amounts of p-hydroxybenzoic and vanillic acid. In the outer dry coloured skins protocatechuic acid reaches concentrations up to 2% of plant material; the internal pulpy tissues show lower concentrations (ca. 20 mg/kg). On the contrary to the bulbs the green leaves of onions like chive and leek contain almost exclusively compounds of ferulic and p-coumaric acid. Garlic even shows a different phenolic acid pattern of skins and internal tissues. The caffeic acid derivatives of potatoes are mainly localized to a 1--2 mm thick outer layer. The different localization of phenolic acids in the different parts of vegetable plants is discussed.     

Can plant phenolic compounds reduce Fusarium growth and mycotoxin production in cereals?

ABSTRACT

To assess the in vitro activity of three phenolic acids (ferulic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid) and two flavonols (quercetin, rutin) on mycelial growth and mycotoxin accumulation of Fusarium graminearum (FG), F. langsethiae (FL) and F. poae (FP), two different approaches were chosen. First, grains from oat varieties were inoculated with a suspension of three FL isolates to determine the influence of phenolic compounds on the accumulation of mycotoxins. The oat variety Zorro showed a tendency for lower accumulation of T-2/HT-2, diacetoxyscirpenol and neosolaniol. Second, a mycelium growth assay was conducted to follow FG, FL and FP growth on cereal based media supplemented with phenolic compounds. Increasing concentrations of ferulic acid substantially inhibited growth of FG and FL, while FP growth was reduced to 57%. In contrast, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, quercetin, and rutin slightly stimulated mycelium growth. Results about mycotoxin production in cereal based media were less conclusive.     

Betalain and Phenolic Compositions,Antioxidant Activity of Tunisian Red Beet (Beta vulgaris L. conditiva) Roots and Stems Extracts

In the present study, betalains content, phenolic composition, and antioxidant activity of different parts of red beet (Beta vulgaris L. conditiva) (i.e., roots and stems) were compared. Crude extract of root showed the highest betalain content with a maximum of 53 ± 4 mg betanin eq and 46 ± 3 mg vulgaxantin I eq g^?1 of extract stems showed higher total phenolic concentration than roots, ranging between 2.0 ± 0.4 and 14.6 ± 0.5 mg gallic acid eq^?1 of extract. Chemical composition was analyzed using LC-MS. Betalains (vulgaxanthin I, betanin, and isobetanin) and phenolics (gallic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, ellagic acid myricetin, quercetin, rutin, kampferol) were identified in roots and stems. Betalain extract obtained from roots showed higher antioxidant activity than extract obtained from stems.     

Phenolic Antioxidants of Soy Protein Hydrolyzates

Soy protein hydrolyzate (SPH) was investigated to identify the phenolic compounds responsible for antioxidant activity. Three isoflavones–genistein, daidzein, and glycitein–were found in SPH. These are the same isoflavones that have been identified in raw soybeans. No isoflavone glycosides were found in SPH. The phenolic acids found in SPH were caffeic, ferulic, p-coumaric, syringic, vanillic, gentisic, and p-hydroxybenzoic acids. The compounds were identified by TLC, GLC and UV spectra. The isoflavones were confirmed by their mass spectra.     

高效液相色谱法分析中国人参不同部位中多酚类化合物

目的：建立一种同时测定中国人参不同部位中18 种多酚类化合物含量的分析方法,明确多酚类化合物在中国人参不同部位中的分布和含量,为吉林长白山人参资源的深度开发和综合利用提供一定依据。方法：利用高效液相色谱技术,分别对红参根、生晒参根、人参茎、人参叶、人参花和人参须中原儿茶酸、龙胆酸、对羟基苯甲酸、丁香酸、绿原酸、对香豆酸、阿魏酸、间香豆酸、邻香豆酸、肉桂酸、柚皮苷、儿茶素、柚皮素、芒柄花黄素、麦芽酚、橙皮素、甲基香兰素、白藜芦醇18 种多酚化合物和总多酚的含量进行测定分析。结果表明：色谱条件为Symmetry?C18色谱柱（4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm）,流动相为0.1%磷酸（A）和乙腈（B）,检测波长为230 nm,在此条件下人参样品中18 种多酚化合物可在35 min内得到较好分离,且重复性好（相对标准偏差（relative standard deviation,RSD）≤3.49%）、精密度高（RSD≤3.02%）、稳定性好（RSD≤2.58%）、加标回收结果准确可靠（平均回收率84%～99%,RSD≤5%）。18 种多酚化合物在人参不同部位中的含量差异较大（P＜0.05）,但均呈现出麦芽酚和儿茶素的含量较高。人参不同部位中总多酚含量差异较大（P＜0.05）,红参根、生晒参根、人参茎、人参叶、人参花、人参须中的总多酚含量分别为（69.47±3.25）、（95.04±5.03）、（175.19±3.26）、（256.91±2.81）、（174.40±6.26）、（99.31±2.90） mg/100 g。其中人参叶中的总多酚含量最高（P＜0.05）,红参根中总多酚含量最低。结论：该方法操作简单、高效、准确、可靠,可用于人参多酚的质量控制。     

On phenolic acids of vegetables. I. Hydroxycinnamic acids and hydroxybenzoic acids of brassica-species and leaves of other cruciferae (author's transl)]

The contents of phenolic acids in vegetables of the species Brassica almost totally consist of hydroxycinnamic acid compounds. In contrary to other species of vegetables sinapic acid is dominant. Leaves of radish (Rhaphanus sativus var. sativus and var. niger) mainly contain compounds of caffeic and p-coumaric acid; leaves of horse radish show only traces of hydroxycinnamic acids. In the group of hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives traces of salicylic and gentistic acid could be determined in almost all species and frequently vanillic acid. Protocatechnic acid was only identified in red cabbage, especially in the head, syringic acid in gardencress and p-hydroxybenzoic acid in horse radish leaves. No other hydroxybenzoic acids or hydroxycoumarins could be detected.     

热泵干燥过程荔枝果肉多酚组成及抗氧化活性变化

以荔枝鲜果为原料,分析高温热泵干燥过程中荔枝果肉多酚的组成及抗氧化性活性变化。对干制过程中荔枝进行取样测定果肉总酚的质量分数、存在形式及酚类化合物组成和其抗氧化能力。结果表明:荔枝经干制后果肉中游离酚、结合酚和总酚质量分数显著降低(P<0.01);游离酚、结合酚和总酚的ORAC抗氧化值显著降低(P<0.01),其中游离酚对抗氧化能力的贡献最大;抗氧化能力和酚质量分数的多少呈显著正相关,酚质量分数越高,抗氧化能力越强。经干制后,荔枝果肉游离酚组成中没食子酸、香草酸、咖啡酸、表儿茶素和芦丁质量分数显著上升(P<0.05);儿茶素显著下降(P<0.05);四甲基邻苯二酚质量分数持续下降,干制成品中未检测到;结合酚中没食子酸、儿茶素、咖啡酸和表儿茶素质量分数显著上升(P<0.05);芦丁质量分数显著下降。     

Naturally occurring phenols: a detoxification strategy for fumonisin B1

Phenolic compounds from plants offer a means for both the prevention and detoxification of mycotoxins that affect human health. This research investigates the control of fungal growth and toxin production by Fusarium verticillioides with plant phenolic compounds, namely chlorophorin, iroko and maakianin, benzoic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and vanillic acid. Inhibition by these compounds of fungal growth was determined by the agar overlay method and their effect on fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) production was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Chlorophorin was the most effective compound in inhibiting fungal growth, followed by iroko, maakianin, vanillic acid and caffeic acid. Chlorophorin also was the most effective compound in reducing toxin production (94% reduction), followed by caffeic acid, ferulic acid, vanillic acid and iroko, which reduced FB₁ levels by 90-91%. The widespread occurrence of fumonisins world-wide and the lack of adequate prevention of fumonisins require 'biologically safe' alternatives to prevent the transfer of fungi and their health hazardous toxins into our daily foods and environment.