甲烷/空气预混射流火焰的大涡模拟

在不同射流速度条件下,对甲烷/空气预混射流火焰进行了大涡模拟.甲烷/空气预混射流气体按化学当量比混合,计算采用两步简化反应机理和WALE亚格子湍流输运模型,3个算例下流场特征和火焰结构计算结果与前人实验结果一致,中心线轴向速度和温度场结果与实验数据相符.通过对不同Karlovitz数条件下甲烷/空气预混射流火焰结构进行分析,并计算Takeno指数,研究了湍流涡对预混火焰的影响.研究发现:在Ka100(Ka=37)条件下,预混射流火焰会出现预热区的增厚,放热区保持完整,湍流火焰保持为预混燃烧;在Ka100(Ka=112)条件下,湍流火焰进入分布反应区模式.Takeno指数显示,由于卷吸和小尺度涡的作用,湍流火焰出现局部的部分预混燃烧.甲烷/空气预混射流湍流火焰的大涡模拟证实了湍流火焰分布反应区模式的特点:未燃气体与燃后气体之间不再有明显的界面,火焰面模型不再适用;反应区增厚,放热区展宽,放热率降低;由于卷吸和小尺度涡对火焰的作用,湍流火焰局部出现部分预混燃烧;湍流火焰温度降低,放热区附近温度场趋向均匀.     

一次风速度对煤颗粒群着火特性影响的实验研究

利用Hencken型平面携带流反应器,研究了一次风速度对两种高挥发分褐煤和一种贫煤射流着火特性的影响.实验结果表明,低雷诺数(Re=878)条件下,贫煤煤粉气流先后发生外层单颗粒着火燃烧和内层颗粒群着火燃烧,煤粉颗粒着火和燃烧轨迹十分规则.但在高雷诺数(Re=4,392)条件下,贫煤煤粉气流更难形成群燃火焰,呈现出暗红色火焰.随着一次风速度的增加,尽管煤粉颗粒的停留时间减小,但湍流强度的增加使颗粒加热速率以及挥发分析出的强化作用占主导,使得煤粉气流的着火距离减小.此外,群燃火焰在挥发分聚集到一定程度后产生,是颗粒群燃烧的特有现象,而煤种挥发分含量的增加和有效聚集有利于群燃火焰的出现.     

二甲基醚（DME）燃烧特性研究

作者在定容燃烧弹上用火焰直接成像法研究二甲基醚 (DME)燃烧过程 ,研究了 DME的滞燃期和火焰传播特性以及不同环境温度和压力对燃烧过程的影响。研究结果表明 ,DME的滞燃期比柴油短 ,燃烧室内的温度和压力升高时 ,滞燃期缩短 ;DME的着火位置靠近喷嘴一侧 ,柴油与 DME的体积相同时 ,DME的燃烧持续期比柴油短 ;DME的燃烧火焰亮度比柴油小 ,表明 DME的燃烧温度比柴油低。燃烧后期 ,燃用 DME时 ,喷嘴有明显的泄漏现象。此外 ,作者在单缸直喷式柴油机上进行了燃用 DME的燃烧特性试验研究 ,研究结果表明 ,DME的预混合燃烧放热率比柴油低 ,缸内最大爆发压力和最大压力升高率比柴油低。由于喷油持续期延长 ,DME的燃烧持续期比柴油长 ,在上止点后 80° CA出现一个较大的放热峰值。     

预燃室火焰射流对双燃料着火燃烧过程的模拟研究

基于计算流体力学(CFD)程序耦合动力学机理,研究了一台大型低速二冲程船用柴油机改装的柴油-天然气双燃料发动机预燃室系统的布置方案对射流火焰发展过程的影响,以及由此对缸内流动、燃烧和有害污染物氮氧化物(NO_x)生成历程的影响。结果表明:预燃室方案造成射流火焰对撞会对碰撞区域及周围流场产生较大扰动,同时在碰撞区域形成富燃区,抑制该区域内NO_x的生成;射流火焰不碰撞则会增大其贯穿距离,实现更大空间范围的多点着火,放热更集中,同时会因较高的温度使NO_x排放上升;此外射流火焰与缸盖、活塞和缸套等壁面接触会显著降低其流动速度和燃烧温度,造成燃烧效率下降,缸内湍动能减小,在实际应用中应尽可能避免。     

柴油在甲醇/空气高温热氛围中的着火和燃烧特性

在定容燃烧弹上进行了柴油分别在空气和在甲醇/空气预混均质混合气中着火燃烧的实验研究.结果表明,与空气热氛围相比,甲醇混合气热氛围延长了柴油的滞燃期和加长了火焰浮起高度.采用正庚烷-甲醇的详细化学反应机理,利用数值模拟的方法计算了零维模型中正庚烷及正庚烷加甲醇的燃烧反应过程和中间产物历程.其结果表明,甲醇的加入使得正庚烷的高低温放热反应开始时刻后移,滞燃期延长,低温放热反应峰值明显下降,且无明显的负温度系数区,高温反应放热峰值高于其在空气氛围中,归其原因在于甲醇大量消耗着火的OH自由基,并将其转化为低温氧化中不活跃的H2O2,使得系统着火前反应活性减弱.实验和计算结果均表现出甲醇具有抑制柴油及其参比燃料着火的作用.     

二甲醚/聚甲氧基二甲醚-3简化机理的构建及验证

采用基于误差的直接关系图法(DRGEP)、敏感性分析法以及同分异构聚合法对二甲醚/聚甲氧基二甲醚-3(DME/DMM₃)的联合详细化学反应机理进行简化，最终构建了一个包括65个组分和308个反应方程式的DME/DMM₃简化化学动力学机理．为了验证其可靠性，分别用二甲醚(DME)和聚甲氧基二甲醚-3(DMM₃)详细机理及试验数据与DME/DMM₃简化机理计算得到的着火延迟、层流火焰燃烧速度和组分摩尔分数等进行了比较，并分析了DME/DMM₃反应路径．最后验证了柴油机转速为1 600 r/min，当量比为0.18和0.34，燃料DME与DMM₃体积配比为1∶9时的仿真与试验的缸内压力和放热率以及CO、CO₂、NO_x和HC排放物．结果表明：该DME/DMM₃简化机理的着火延迟时间、层流火焰燃烧速度及射流搅拌反应器(JSR)中组分摩尔分数、缸内压力、放热率以及CO、CO₂、NO...     

涡流室式柴油机准维相关火焰微元燃烧模型的研究

把涡流室式柴油机不同区域与不同时期的燃烧过程分开处理，将涡流室的燃烧过程分为５个时期，即：低温着火化学动力学反应期，向高温预混燃烧化学动力学反应过渡期，高温预混燃烧化学动力学反应期，向空气和燃料混合控制的扩散燃烧过渡期和火焰微元的扩散燃烧期。而主燃烧室的燃烧只有火焰微元的扩散燃烧期。用Ｓｈｅｌ着火模型、Ａｒｈｅｎｉｕｓ方程和相关火焰微元模型来分别模拟其中的低温着火、高温预混燃烧和扩散燃烧过程以建立准维燃烧模型。模型预测的示功图和燃烧放热率与实验值吻合良好。本文还研究了模型中拉伸因子和耗散因子对示功图的影响。     

船用低速双燃料发动机预燃室引燃火焰的模拟研究北大核心CSCD

以RT-flex50DF船用低速二冲程双燃料发动机为研究对象,通过对模型的仿真计算分析了引燃火焰的流速及火焰面积在燃烧过程中的影响,总结了该低压喷射双燃料发动机引燃火焰的特点及燃烧过程。通过对比预燃室通道直径的方案发现,增大通道直径可以增加缸内的着火面积,加速燃料燃烧;减小通道直径可以达到增强缸内涡流的效果,提高火焰传播速度,但通道直径过大或过小都会对缸内燃烧产生不利影响。预燃室出口结构的方案通过保持出口截面积不变而增大火焰射流的表面积来加快缸内燃烧,避免孔径对缸内的湍流等参数产生影响,结果表明在该方案中合适的小孔尺寸可以提高缸内放热率的峰值,并缩短燃烧持续时间。     

电增压及EGR共同作用下对降低汽油机燃油消耗率的试验研究

基于光学定容燃烧弹试验平台,通过高速纹影摄像系统在相同甲烷燃料初始温度、压力及混合气浓度下,定量分析了不同结构预燃室湍流射流点火（turbulent jet ignition, TJI）的燃烧特性,包括火焰传播速度、火焰面积、火焰形态及燃烧压力等参数。研究结果表明,预燃室孔径越小,相同时间内火焰传播得越远,火焰传播速度和火焰面积增长速度越快,燃烧压力峰值越高。随着预燃室孔径减小,着火机理会由射流中带有火焰的火焰点火转变为火焰过孔时熄灭的喷射点火。喷射点火着火时刻延迟,初始火焰速度减慢,但燃烧压力峰值受影响不大。多级加速预燃室压力升高率与压力峰值与单孔预燃室相比变化不大。虽然火焰出口时速度较慢,但是火焰出口时刻提前且速度衰减较弱,因此多级加速预燃室火焰速度在短时间内超过单孔预燃室,并且压力和火焰面积也更早达到最大值。     

涡流室式柴油机相关火焰微元燃烧模型的三维数值模拟

把涡流室式柴油机不同区域与不同时期的燃烧过程分开处理,将涡流室的燃烧过程划分为３个阶段,即：低温着火化学动力学反应阶段、高温预混燃烧化学动力学反应阶段和相关火焰微元的扩散燃烧阶段,而认为主燃烧室的燃烧只有相关火焰微元的扩散燃烧阶段。用Ｓｈｅｌ着火模型、Ａｒｒｈｅｎｉｕｓ方程和相关火焰微元模型来分别模拟低温着火、高温预混燃烧和扩散燃烧过程。开发了三维数值模拟计算程序并对其进行计算,研究了涡流室中瞬态温度场的变化过程。模型预测的示功图和涡流室中的燃烧放热率与试验值吻合良好。     

二甲醚湍流射流推举火焰的燃烧机理研究

对长、宽、高为650 mm×400 mm×12 mm的半闭口狭窄矩形通道（海伦-肖装置）内的甲烷/空气层流预混火焰传播过程进行了实验研究,探究当量比φ在0.6~1.2范围内、火焰传播角度ω在垂直向下-90°至垂直向上90°区间对火焰前锋轮廓发展及非标准层流火焰速度的影响。结果表明：火焰在通道内的传播分为热膨胀、准稳态传播和端壁效应3个阶段,每个阶段具有各自不同的前锋轮廓特征。由于瑞利-泰勒不稳定性机制的作用,所有当量比工况下向上传播的火焰均在准稳态传播阶段中呈现出明显的锋面褶皱与胞状结构;对向下传播的火焰而言,其在贫燃工况（φ为0.6,0.8）下的胞状不稳定性得到了有效抑制,而在当量比φ=1.0及富燃工况（φ=1.2）下,该稳定性效应并不显著。火焰瞬时速度与标准层流速度的比值Ui/UL,在φ=0.6的极贫燃工况与其他当量比工况下展现出明显不同的发展特性,极贫燃工况火焰向上传播时（ω=90°）,Ui/UL随着传播过程的进行一直增大,直到火焰触碰壁面末端熄灭,整个过程Ui/UL与火焰传播方向呈正相关关系;而对于其他当量比工况,Ui/UL在传播过程中均先升高后下降,火焰触碰壁面末端熄灭前其值趋于稳定,其平均速度与标准层流速度的比值Ua/UL在水平传播（ω=0°）时达到最大值。     

Flame stabilization in a lifted non-premixed turbulent hydrogen jet with coaxial air

To understand hydrogen jet liftoff height, the stabilization mechanism of turbulent lifted jet flames under non-premixed conditions was studied. The objectives were to determine flame stability mechanisms, to analyze flame structure, and to characterize the lifted jet at the flame stabilization point. Hydrogen flow velocity varied from 100 to 300 m/s. Coaxial air velocity was regulated from 12 to 20 m/s. Simultaneous velocity field and reaction zone measurements used, PIV/OH PLIF techniques with Nd:YAG lasers and CCD/ICCD cameras. Liftoff height decreased with increased fuel velocity. The flame stabilized in a lower velocity region next to the faster fuel jet due to the mixing effects of the coaxial air flow. The non-premixed turbulent lifted hydrogen jet flames had two types of flame structure for both thin and thick flame base. Lifted flame stabilization was related to local principal strain rate and turbulent intensity, assuming that combustion occurs where local flow velocity and turbulent flame propagation velocity are balanced.     

Analysis of autoignition of a turbulent lifted H2/N2 jet flame issuing into a vitiated coflow

Due to energy crisis and concern regarding the environmental emission, hydrogen as an alternative clean fuel has received more attention. To develop new devices or upgrade the conventional combustion systems for hydrogen flames, fundamental concepts necessary for burner design need to be investigated. In the present work, characteristics of flame stabilization for a turbulent lifted H₂/N₂ jet flame issuing into a hot coflow of lean combustion are investigated using the Scalar probability density function (PDF) approach. Calculations are carried out for different coflow temperatures, concentrations of species and equivalence ratio. Reaction rate analyses are used to investigate the dominant chemistry at the flame base for a variety of conditions. The results show the occurrence of autoignition at the flame base that is responsible for the stabilization of the lifted turbulent flame. The coflow temperature plays an important role in the relative contribution of elementary reactions and the determination of the dominant chemistry at the flame base. This leads to a high sensitivity of lift-off height to the coflow temperature. Oxygen and water content in the hot coflow could affect the ignition process and lift-off height depending on the dominant chemistry at the flame base. Furthermore, the effect of oxygen content in hot coflow is found to be very important on the reactions controlling the high temperature combustion.     

Autoignited laminar lifted flames of methane, ethylene, ethane, and n-butane jets in coflow air with elevated temperature

The autoignition characteristics of laminar lifted flames of methane, ethylene, ethane, and n-butane fuels have been investigated experimentally in coflow air with elevated temperature over 800 K. The lifted flames were categorized into three regimes depending on the initial temperature and fuel mole fraction: (1) non-autoignited lifted flame, (2) autoignited lifted flame with tribrachial (or triple) edge, and (3) autoignited lifted flame with mild combustion.For the non-autoignited lifted flames at relatively low temperature, the existence of lifted flame depended on the Schmidt number of fuel, such that only the fuels with Sc > 1 exhibited stationary lifted flames. The balance mechanism between the propagation speed of tribrachial flame and local flow velocity stabilized the lifted flames. At relatively high initial temperatures, either autoignited lifted flames having tribrachial edge or autoignited lifted flames with mild combustion existed regardless of the Schmidt number of fuel. The adiabatic ignition delay time played a crucial role for the stabilization of autoignited flames. Especially, heat loss during the ignition process should be accounted for, such that the characteristic convection time, defined by the autoignition height divided by jet velocity was correlated well with the square of the adiabatic ignition delay time for the critical autoignition conditions. The liftoff height was also correlated well with the square of the adiabatic ignition delay time.     

The effect of turbulent jet induced by pre-chamber sparkplug on combustion characteristics of hydrogen-air pre-mixture

Effect of turbulent jet ignition induced by pre-chamber sparkplug (PCSP), a simper version of turbulent jet ignition pre-chamber system without fuel injection, on the air-hydrogen combustion characteristics was conducted based on an optical constant volume chamber under varied equivalence ratio conditions. The dynamic pressure sensor and schlieren system were used to evaluate the heat release and flame propagation characteristics. The results confirm the feasibility of PCSP type turbulent jet. The jet increase the flame propagation speed significantly compared to standard ignition, which shorten ignition delay and combustion duration, advance T50 largely, and increase the maximum combustion pressure slightly. As a result, the combustion intensity is increased largely, especially under lean regime, the combustion intensity index can be as high as 1.7 at certain equivalence ratio. In addition, the PCSP turbulent jet reduces the sensitivity of heat release to variation of equivalence ratio, which is helpful to simplify the combustion controlling strategy. Furthermore, with the enhancement of the flame propagation, the tendency of knocking combustion can be suppressed potentially.     

Chemical explosive mode analysis for a turbulent lifted ethylene jet flame in highly-heated coflow

The recently developed method of chemical explosive mode (CEM) analysis (CEMA) was extended and employed to identify the detailed structure and stabilization mechanism of a turbulent lifted ethylene jet flame in heated coflowing air, obtained by a 3-D direct numerical simulation (DNS). It is shown that CEM is a critical feature in ignition as well as extinction phenomena, and as such the presence of a CEM can be utilized in general as a marker of explosive, or pre-ignition, mixtures. CEMA was first demonstrated in 0-D reactors including auto-ignition and perfectly stirred reactors, which are typical homogeneous ignition and extinction applications, respectively, and in 1-D premixed laminar flames of ethylene–air. It is then employed to analyze a 2-D spanwise slice extracted from the 3-D DNS data. The flame structure was clearly visualized with CEMA, while it is more difficult to discern from conventional computational diagnostic methods using individual species concentrations or temperature. Auto-ignition is identified as the dominant stabilization mechanism for the present turbulent lifted ethylene jet flame, and the contribution of dominant chemical species and reactions to the local CEM in different flame zones is quantified. A 22-species reduced mechanism with high accuracy for ethylene–air was developed from the detailed University of Southern California (USC) mechanism for the present simulation and analysis.     

Lifted flames on fuel jets in co-flowing air

The three principal theories for the stabilization of lifted flames on turbulent jets of fuel are reviewed in the light of the most recent flame imaging experiments in the literature. Most of these experiments have been conducted with a small co-flow of air, but the observations are relevant to lift-off with higher ratios of co-flowing air to fuel jet velocity. The similarity solutions for jets in co-flow are developed, and data from a variety of fluid dynamic sources are assessed to yield the governing parameters for mean flow, turbulence and mixture fraction. New data for lifted flames on a methane jet in diffusing streams of co-flowing air are then presented. These data provide essential information on the intermittency, and on the properties of the jet conditioned on the presence of turbulent fluid. However, the co-flow lifts the flame to stabilize in better-mixed regions than in its absence. The ‘premixture’ model is confirmed for this situation, in which the lift-off heights were more than 20 jet diameters and where there is little intermittency at the stabilization radius. Nevertheless, mixing data for this geometry in the absence of a flame show that, with lift-off heights less than 20 jet diameters, the base of the flame would have been in the outer regions of the jet where the mixture of fuel in air only reaches stoichiometric proportions intermittently, with the passage of large eddies. Trading on many papers from the recent literature where this was the case, both experimental and computational insights as to the processes in this region are reviewed. A question remains about how ignition is maintained in these experiments with low turbulent lift-off. It is hypothesized that the mechanism is the diffusive heating of the slowly moving surrounding air which then provides an energy store for the incoming eddies. Further time-resolved observations of reaction zone and high temperature gas structure are required to test this model.     

二甲基醚/天然气双燃料均质压燃过程详细化学反应动力学数值模拟研究(Ⅰ)--二甲基醚反应机理研究

应用零维详细化学反应动力学模型对二甲基醚均质压燃燃烧反应机理进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明二甲基醚放热反应为典型的双阶段放热反应，经历低温反应、负温度系数区域和高温反应三个过程．高温反应又分为蓝焰和热焰两个阶段。二甲基醚自燃着火由过氧化氢(H2O2)分解所控制，甲醛(CH2O)是过氧化氢的主要来源。基于化学敏感性分析．得到了均质压燃二甲基醚反应的主要途径：首先是二甲基醚脱氢，经过两次加氧后得到甲醛基；然后生成甲酸基(HCO)；最后生成一氧化碳(CO)。在二甲基醚的氧化反应过程中，氢氧根(OH)发挥着重要的作用，它是二甲基醚脱氢反应和CO氧化过程中的主要自由基。     

不同过量空气系数下射流点火发动机燃烧、排放和爆震特性的试验研究

基于单缸试验机研究了过量空气系数对射流点火发动机性能的影响.通过分析发动机性能曲线、缸内燃烧情况及爆震特性探究射流点火最佳运行区间,并与火花点火燃烧方式进行对比.结果表明,射流点火可以有效提升瞬时放热率并拓展发动机稀燃极限,缩短缸内混合气滞燃期与燃烧持续期,同时燃油经济性有一定提升.在稀燃条件下氮氧化物排放极低.爆震方...     

The internal structure of igniting turbulent sprays as revealed by complex chemistry DNS

A parametric study of spark ignition in a uniform monodisperse turbulent spray is performed with complex chemistry three-dimensional Direct Numerical Simulations in order to improve the understanding of the structure of the ignition kernel. The heat produced by the kernel increases with the amount of fuel evaporated inside the spark volume. Moreover, the heat sink by evaporation is initially higher than the heat release and can have a negative effect on ignition. With the sprays investigated, heat release occurs over a large range of mixture fractions, being high within the nominal flammability limits and finite but low below the lean flammability limit. The burning of very lean regions is attributed to the diffusion of heat and species from regions of high heat release, and from the spark, to lean regions. Two modes of spray ignition are reported. With a relatively dilute spray, nominally flammable material exists only near the droplets. Reaction zones are created locally near the droplets and have a non-premixed character. They spread from droplet to droplet through a very lean interdroplet spacing. With a dense spray, the hot spark region is rich due to substantial evaporation but the cold region remains lean. In between, a large surface of flammable material is generated by evaporation. Ignition occurs there and a large reaction zone propagates from the rich burned region to the cold lean region. This flame is wrinkled due to the stratified mixture fraction field and evaporative cooling. In the dilute spray, the reaction front curvature pdf contains high values associated with single droplet combustion, while in the dense spray, the curvature is lower and closer to the curvature associated with gaseous fuel ignition kernels.