废水液滴蒸发的关键影响因素分析

为研究电厂脱硫废水蒸发的规律,对喷入锅炉尾部烟道内的雾化液滴进行数值模拟,分析了运行参数对雾化液滴蒸发时间的影响,并通过拟合得到了烟气温度与喷嘴最佳喷射质量流量的关系式。结果表明:当尾部烟气速度为10 m/s、雾化液滴初始速度为5 m/s时蒸发时间最短;确定了喷嘴最佳喷射质量流量,使得雾化液滴在进入电除尘器前完全蒸发,且烟气温度高于酸露点;喷嘴喷射质量流量与蒸发时间呈线性正相关,与进入电除尘器前的烟气温度呈线性负相关。     

转炉高温烟气除尘文氏管喷淋降温流动与传热性能分析

文氏管内部的流动与传热较为复杂,不仅涉及喷淋液滴与烟气在流动过程中的相互作用,而且涉及喷淋液滴遇到高温烟气发生相变进行的传热传质。视烟气为连续相,喷射液滴为离散相,考虑连续相与离散相在质量、动量和能量的相互作用,建立了转炉烟气文氏管喷淋降温三维瞬态数学模型。通过数值模拟,获得了文氏管内部压力、温度、速度和水蒸气摩尔分数分布,得到了不同烟气量、不同喷射水量条件下,文氏管压力损失和出口温度与挡板开度之间的关系。     

转炉蒸发冷却器结垢前后数值模拟

针对转炉干法除尘系统蒸发冷却器内部结垢现象影响静电除尘器除尘效率的问题,采用FLUENT软件对蒸发冷却器内部结垢前后的速度场、压力场及温度场进行了数值模拟。研究结果表明:烟气进入蒸发冷却器后流速降低,压力逐渐增加;由于雾化水的蒸发冷却作用,烟气温度由800℃降低190℃;蒸发冷却器结垢后烟气压力场与温度场均有所改变,出口平均压力由-104 Pa降低到-229 Pa,平均温度由190℃提高到224℃;出口处烟气温度较结垢前提高了34℃,烟气温度升高导致静电除尘器入口处粉尘比电阻超出最佳电除尘器参数的范围,导致电除尘效率降低。     

脱硫废水在烟道中蒸发运动特性的数值研究

为了研究锅炉尾部烟道中脱硫废水的蒸发运动特性,建立了雾化液滴在烟气中蒸发和扩散的数学模型,利用数值模拟方法研究了脱硫废水雾化液滴在烟气中的蒸发过程,得到了蒸发过程中液滴平均粒径和蒸发距离等参数的变化规律,并比较了烟气和液滴性质对蒸发过程的影响.结果 表明:液滴完全蒸发时间随烟气温度升高、流速增大、水蒸气质量分数降低、液...     

准一维超音速气液两相流数值模拟

采用欧拉-拉格朗日方法对燃气-蒸汽发射动力装置内超音速燃气中的喷雾蒸发的气液两相流进行了准一维数值模拟研究,该方法考虑了面积变化、质量添加、蒸发效应、变物性等各种影响因素。针对不同的喷水孔径、喷水压差以及水气质量比进行了数值模拟计算,分析了各种条件下的液滴蒸发情况以及对气相流场的影响,为燃气-蒸汽发射动力装置的设计优化提供了一种快速有效的方法。     

定容弹中船机相似工况下燃油雾化特性的数值研究

确定了柴油喷雾参数,确保该参数下模拟贯穿距与试验数据吻合较好;然后基于验证的喷雾模型,研究了不同喷油角度时涡流对喷雾形态、贯穿距、燃油蒸发质量和液滴平均粒径(SMD)的影响,以及不同燃油温度和环境温度在涡流作用下对柴油喷雾贯穿距、蒸发质量和液滴平均粒径(SMD)的影响;最终得出优化喷雾特性的策略。结果表明:涡流方向与喷雾方向相反或垂直时,涡流作用可以抑制喷雾轴向贯穿距发展;涡流与喷雾相切时,涡流可以促进喷雾轴向贯穿。涡流能够增强液滴与环境气体的相互作用,增加燃油蒸发质量,降低液滴平均直径。在涡流作用下不同燃油温度和环境温度对燃油贯穿距影响不大,提高两者可以使蒸发质量增加,两者对液滴平均直径的作用不同:燃油温度提高,喷油过程中SMD的峰值增加,最终SMD变化不大;环境温度提高,SMD的峰值和最终值都下降。当400K燃油以涡流切向喷射到温度为900K的环境气体中时,能够实现最优的雾化特性。     

液滴蒸发一维数学模型及其在二甲醚喷雾中的应用

描述了液滴蒸发的一维数学模型及其数值求解方法,并且利用该模型首先对单液滴的蒸发过程和定容燃烧室内二甲醚(DME)的喷雾过程分别进行了模拟计算和分析,然后对二甲醚发动机的喷雾燃烧过程进行了数值模拟,并将模拟结果与KIVA程序中原有的Spalding蒸发模型及实验数据进行了对比.结果表明,一维蒸发模型对蒸发过程的描述较Spalding的零维蒸发模型更为真实.     

直喷汽油机中空锥形燃油喷雾的雾化和蒸发模型

高压旋流中空燃油喷雾日益广泛地应用于缸内直喷(GDI)汽油机中，为此发展了一种适合于模拟这种燃油喷雾雾化过程的薄膜喷雾模型．燃油薄膜的破碎过程采用表面波破碎理论来模拟．对Spalding蒸发模型和油滴阻力模型进行了改进，用来计算油滴的蒸发和阻力变形过程，同时引入初始喷雾液团的计算模块．在多维内燃机计算程序KIVA3的基础上建立了改进的数值计算模型，并对不同喷射条件下的定容压力容器中空旋流燃油喷雾过程进行了数值计算，对计算和实验所得的喷雾特性包括油束外形结构，油束喷雾贯穿度和油滴粒径进行了详细的比较，同时对单液滴的蒸发过程也进行了数值计算，油束模型的计算结果与实验结果吻合良好。     

两次喷射柴油喷雾特性的定量研究

利用复合激光诱导荧光技术,在定容燃烧弹内,对单次喷射和两次喷射时柴油喷雾发展过程及喷雾特性进行研究,结果表明,喷雾发展伴随液滴蒸发和气体卷吸的相互竞争.喷雾发展初期气液相同时形成,液滴蒸发速率较小,气相大部分位于Φ<2区间.喷雾发展中期蒸发速率逐渐升高,喷雾内部形成Φ>2的过浓区.喷雾充分发展后气体卷吸占主导,过浓区减小.两次喷射时,停喷间隙可促进油气混合,降低过浓混合气的质量分数,从而改善碳烟排放;另一方面,两次喷射影响油气空间分布,减小喷雾前锋油气堆积,使过浓混合气与稀混合气燃烧区相分离,有效抑制碳烟的生成.     

基于多组分蒸发模型的柴油喷雾燃烧的LES研究

采用大涡模拟方法结合多组分蒸发模型对定容燃烧室内的柴油喷雾和燃烧过程进行了数值模拟研究.在大涡模拟中,采用动态结构模型模拟亚网格应力项,基于反褶积方法在湍动能的输运方程中增加了源项,表征燃油液滴与环境气体在亚网格尺度的相互作用;在多组分蒸发模型中,采用Gamma函数描述柴油液滴组分的摩尔分布,推导了基于连续热力学方法的气相组分控制方程的大涡模拟形式.将上述模型写入到多维CFD程序KIVA-4中,通过与无蒸发燃油喷雾和有蒸发喷雾燃烧过程相关实验数据的对比,计算得到了更为真实的喷雾形态和碳烟分布等结果,表明了该模型对提高柴油喷雾燃烧过程仿真性能具有巨大潜力.     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

机车车轮多轴疲劳强度安全评定的研究

使用ANSYS8.0软件对高速列车车轮进行了三维有限元分析,计算出车轮在直线、曲线和道岔条件下牵引、制动共6种工况时孔边薄弱部位的应力,分别通过Mises等效平均应力方法、Sines平均主应力方法和应力分量中考虑平均应力方法计算出应力在极值位置时的等效应力幅、等效平均应力,从而进一步算出车轮的安全系数,对其疲劳强度进行评定,并对3种方法进行了比较研究。     

Constructal optimization of the geometry of an array of micro-channels

This paper documents the geometric optimization of an array of circular and non-circular ducts. The optimization was carried out numerically using finite volume method. As optimal dimensions were independent of the array configuration, the numerical simulation was performed on a unit cell. Numerical optimization for circular, square and isosceles right triangle cross-sections of channels was performed. Based on the results of this investigation, some correlations were proposed to predict the optimal hydraulic diameter and dimensionless heat transfer per unit volume. In addition to examining the effect of pressure drop on these parameters, it was showed that among the different geometries of this study, square cross-section has the most efficiency for a given volume. The numerical results of the present study were compared with approximate results reported in the literature which a good agreement was observed.     

固体热辐射Yong性能分析

本文对漫灰均温物体在常物性条件下对外辐射传热的Ｙｏｎｇ值计算建立了数学模型。通过与物体内能Ｙｏｎｇ公式的数值计算比较,得出了辐射能量的Ｙｏｎｇ值不大于内能Ｙｏｎｇ值的结论。从初步的热射Ｙｏｎｇ值计算公式发现。Ｙｏｎｇ与物体表面辐射率有关。     

Measurements of concentration distribution of hydrogen jet using deflection of center of the laser spot

The main purpose of this work is to propose a new method to evaluate the concentration distribution of the hydrogen jet by using a He–Ne laser through the jet. This research attempts to apply the expression of concentration Gaussian distribution, the refraction formula of inhomogeneous refractive index medium, and the concentration inversion function to disclose the displacement of the center of the laser spot at different heights in the gas jet. The spot images of the laser beam passing through the gas jet at three vertical heights z = 10d, 20d, 30d, and different radial positions are obtained. The radial spatial asymmetry of the gas jet is also found in the experiment. Finally, the calculated concentration distribution curve and the fluent simulation curve, it is found that the two results are very similar. Our findings show that the error between the concentration distribution of this method and the simulated concentration distribution reaches 2.43%.     

Heat of vaporization of mixtures

General expressions for the heat of vaporization of mixtures at constant pressure; at constant temperature; and at constant pressure, temperature, and composition are proposed. The last one is related to the liquid-vapor interface where steady vaporization or condensation is taking place. Numerical examples by the proposed expressions are shown for binary mixtures of HCFC22(R22) and (HCFC123(R123) © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 25(1): 12–24, 1996