冰鲜鸡肉品质及其货架期的研究进展与展望

相对于热鲜鸡肉和冷冻鸡肉,冰鲜鸡肉在口感、风味、新鲜度以及营养等方面具有很大优势,具有很好的市场发展前景。但冰鲜鸡肉的品质在生产加工和流通过程中容易发生腐败变质。随着消费者食品安全意识的日益提高,冰鲜鸡肉的品质及其货架期受到越来越多的关注。本文总结了冰鲜鸡肉的品质表征指标;阐述了微生物因素、物理因素以及化学因素对冰鲜鸡肉品质的影响;比较了化学、超高压和辐照等6种保鲜技术对冰鲜鸡肉保鲜的效果及特点;结合食品货架期预测模型,梳理了已有预测冰鲜鸡肉货架期的相关研究;最后分析了冰鲜鸡肉品质及其货架期的研究现状,并对其未来的研究趋势进行了展望,指出随着研究技术、手段和保鲜技术的不断发展,冰鲜鸡肉货架期的研究也将不断向实用和智能化的方向发展。     

超高压杀菌对冰鲜鸡肉感官品质及微生物的影响

研究了超高压杀菌对冰鲜鸡肉的感官品质和微生物的影响,分析了150、250、350、450MPa处理压力,保压时间为5、10、15min对冰鲜鸡大胸、琵琶腿、鸡翅中冷藏过程中感官品质及微生物的影响,结果表明:处理压力是主要影响因素;250MPa、保压时间10min为冰鲜鸡大胸、琵琶腿、鸡翅中的最佳处理参数;超高压处理显著延长冰鲜鸡肉产品货架期2~3d。     

湿鲜鸡肉面条的加工工艺研究

湿鲜鸡肉面条以鸡胸肉、淀粉和面粉为主要原料并以湿鲜状态保藏，其蛋白质含量比普通面条高出2～3倍，具有鲜明的特征。本试验确定湿鲜鸡肉面条的最佳配方为：鸡肉糜45％（其中食盐3％、复合磷酸盐0．5％）、混粉55％（其中木薯淀粉与特制精粉的比例为1：1．5）、味精0．2％、鸡粉1，0％、蛋清2．0％。lOOg煮熟面条中蛋白质含量为7，41％、脂肪含量为0．26％、碳水化合物含量为17．83％、盐分0．36％、水分73％。     

添加亚麻籽粉和番茄粉对鸡肉香肠品质特性的影响

研究亚麻籽粉添加量（0%、3%、5%）、番茄粉添加量（0.0%、1.5%、3.0%）和贮藏时间（4 ℃贮藏1、14、21、28 d）对鸡肉香肠理化特性和感官特性的交互作用。结果表明：亚麻籽粉和番茄粉的添加显著降低了鸡肉香肠亮度值（L*）、pH值、亚硝酸盐残留量和水分含量（P＜0.05）,显著提高了黄度值（b*）、蛋白质、碳水化合物、灰分和总膳食纤维含量（P＜0.05）;亚硝酸盐残留量在贮藏期间下降;亚麻籽粉的加入使鸡肉香肠中亚麻酸含量增加;添加3%以上的亚麻籽粉对鸡肉香肠的感官评定参数具有负面作用;亚麻籽粉×番茄粉交互作用对鸡肉香肠的水分含量、灰分含量、L*、红度值（a*）、b*、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARs）值、亚硝酸盐残留量、pH值、脂肪酸组成及感官评分均具有显著影响（P＜0.05）,亚麻籽粉×番茄粉×贮藏时间交互作用对鸡肉香肠的L*、a*、b*、TBARs值、亚硝酸盐残留量和pH值均具有显著影响（P＜0.05）。     

鸡肉冷藏成熟过程中新鲜度和嫩度与肽含量关系

为研究冷藏成熟过程中鸡肉新鲜度和嫩度与肽含量的关系,以刚屠宰的鸡胸肉为研究对象,探究宰后鸡肉常规冷却与快速冷却过程中的肽含量与其感官评分、新鲜度和嫩度的相关性。结果表明：鸡肉中肽含量随冷藏时间的延长先下降后上升,在冷藏0.5 d时达到最低值,冷藏3 d后逐渐上升,且常规冷却组鸡肉肽含量极显著高于快速冷却组（P＜0.01）;鸡肉中总游离氨基酸含量与肽含量变化趋势相反;冷藏0.5 d后,随着冷藏时间的延长,鸡肉中肽含量与pH值、菌落总数及挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）含量同步上升,而剪切力及感官评分逐渐降低。快速冷却能够延长成熟的时间,有利于鸡肉贮藏保鲜。冷藏期间,2 组鸡肉中的肽含量与菌落总数、pH值和TVB-N含量呈显著或极显著正相关（P＜0.05、P＜0.01）,肽含量可用于评价鸡肉的新鲜度。     

基于UPLC-MS/MS和GC-IMS技术分析采前套袋与未套袋油?果实品质差异

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS）和气相-离子迁移谱（gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS）技术结合多元统计分析方法，分析采前套袋对油?果实代谢产物、代谢途径以及挥发性成分的影响。结果表明，采前套袋后油?果皮和果肉着黄色。基于UPLC-MS/MS技术鉴定到604个油?果实代谢物，采前套袋改变果实代谢特征和代谢途径，筛选出显著差异代谢物58个，上调物质22个，下调物质36个；其中，与滋味相关的糖类和有机酸等物质含量差异不显著，而与滋味相关的氨基酸部分差异显著。基于GC-IMS技术鉴定到油?果实含有醛类14种、酯类5种、醇类4种、酮类3种和其他1种共27个挥发性物质，多数酯类物质在未套袋果实中含量较高，多数醇类物质在套袋果实中含量较高。采前套袋与未套袋油?果实挥发性成分具有不同的指纹图谱。基于中药数据库和已鉴定代谢物查询到199个活性成分，根据筛选标准得到37个关键活性...     

ε-聚赖氨酸接枝壳聚糖的成膜特性及其对鸡肉保鲜效果

本研究采用2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶（2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine,TEMPO）氧化体系合成了一种新型ε-聚赖氨酸（PL）接枝壳聚糖膜（TO-CH-PL膜）。以壳聚糖膜（CH）和聚乙烯膜（PE）为对照，通过水蒸气透过率、氧气渗透率和机械特性测定了膜的物理特性，采用傅里叶变换红外光谱和扫描电镜对TO-CH-PL膜的理化性质进行了表征，最后考察了10℃贮存6 d过程中TO-CH-PL膜对鸡肉的保鲜效果。结果表明，PL通过氧化交联成功地接枝到壳聚糖分子上，得到的TO-CH-PL膜比其他对照组薄膜具有更高的物理性能。在保鲜效果方面，TO-CHPL膜显著延缓了鸡肉菌落总数、TVB-N和TBARS的增加，以及鸡肉的pH和颜色的变化，对鸡肉样品具有较好的保鲜效果。因此，TO-CH-PL膜有望作为冷藏过程中延长鸡肉货架期的一种替代方式。     

不同气体组分气调包装对冷鲜鸡肉贮藏品质的影响

以宰杀12 h内的新鲜鸡肉为供试样品,采用5% O2＋40% CO2＋55% N2（处理组1）、10% O2＋40% CO2＋50% N2（处理组2）、40% CO2＋60% N2（处理组3）3 种不同组分气体进行气调包装,以托盘包装为对照组,通过测定鸡肉贮藏过程中包装内的O2含量、CO2含量、样品的挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、红度值（a*）、菌落总数、pH值、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARs）值等指标的变化,分析3 种不同气体组分气调包装对0～4 ℃条件下贮藏14 d鸡肉品质的影响。结果表明：处理组1、3可显著延缓冷鲜鸡肉贮藏过程中pH值、TVB-N含量、菌落总数的增加（P＜0.05）;处理组1、2均可显著延缓冷鲜鸡肉贮藏过程中TBARs值的增加（P＜0.05）,且处理组1效果更好;处理组1、2均可显著抑制冷鲜鸡肉贮藏过程中a*的下降;总体来讲,保鲜效果最好的为处理组1（5% O2＋40% CO2＋55% N2）。     

不同贮藏条件下鸡肉肌苷酸含量的变化规律

为了探讨肌苷酸在冷藏和冷冻期间产生和降解规律,以70日龄黄羽肉鸡为实验材料,连续7 d测量4 ℃冷藏期间胸肌IMP、HxR、Hx、ADP、AMP和IMPc含量以及-20 ℃不同冷冻时间鸡肉IMP及其代谢物含量。结果显示:冷藏第2 d和第5 d IMP含量有显著降解,分别为屠宰后4 h的66%和45%。Hx含量在第2 d和第5 d极显著增加,分别为屠宰后4 h的2.6倍和4.6倍。HxR含量第4 d达到最大值,之后快速下降。IMPc含量从第5 d开始降解趋势明显。冷冻1周内IMP、Hx和HxR含量变化均不大。IMP含量冷冻1个月、210 d和540 d后分别为屠宰后4 h的65%、41%和6%,冷冻1个月到4个月之间变化不大。Hx和HxR含量分别在冷冻30 d和300 d时最高。IMPc含量冷冻210 d和540 d时下降极显著,分别为屠宰后4 h的84%和42%。因此,建议鸡肉4 ℃冷藏保存时货架期4 d为宜;-20 ℃冷冻保存时1周最宜,鸡肉冷冻保存时间最好不超过4个月。     

超声辅助海藻酸盐对冷鲜鸡肉的保水抗氧化研究

为提升冷鲜鸡肉的品质和降低经济损失,本试验以冷鲜鸡肉的硫代巴比妥酸值（TBARS）、失重率和亮度值（L*）为评价指标,考察海藻酸盐对冷鲜鸡肉的抗氧化和保水能力。将冷鲜鸡肉在不同浓度的海藻酸钠、海藻酸钾和海藻糖中浸泡3min,在4℃条件下分别测定冷鲜鸡肉在第2、4、6、8天的保水和抗氧化数值以筛选出最佳浓度,并引入超声波辅助手段进行研究。结果表明：功率60%的超声波（40kHz）条件下,冷鲜鸡肉在浓度为5.0%的海藻酸钾溶液中超声15 min可获得最佳的保水和抗氧化效果。通过本试验可知海藻酸钾具有良好的保水和抗氧化能力,其功效优于海藻酸钠和海藻糖,而且超声波辅助手段可以有效提升其功效,对提升冷鲜鸡肉品质具有重要意义。     

热鲜和冷鲜处理对白切鸡食用品质、微观结构以及体外消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究热鲜鸡(15℃,宰后处理1、2、4 h)和冷鲜鸡(0~4℃,宰后处理24、36、48、60 h)加工的白切鸡在表皮颜色、保水性、剪切力、质构、微观结构、体外消化率及感官评价等方面的差异,探讨能否用冷鲜鸡替代热鲜鸡制作白切鸡。结果表明,热鲜组与冷鲜组在保水性和感官评价方面无显著差异(p>0.05);热鲜1 h组的亮度值显著高于其他各处理组(p<0.05),黄度值各组无显著差异(p>0.05);热鲜组与冷鲜组在硬度、弹性、粘聚性以及回复力方面无显著差异(p>0.05),热鲜4 h、冷鲜24 h和60 h组的咀嚼性显著高于热鲜1 h组(p<0.05);冷鲜组剪切力与肌纤维直径均小于热鲜组,嫩度更佳;冷鲜48、60 h组消化率显著高于热鲜3个处理组(p<0.05),且冷鲜4个处理组消化率均高于热鲜组。综上,冷鲜鸡制作的白切鸡与用热鲜鸡制作的白切鸡在食用品质、微观结构、体外消化率等方面差异不大,甚至更佳,因此,冷鲜鸡能替代热鲜鸡制作白切鸡,同时,本研究也为使用冷鲜鸡制作白切鸡提供了理论依据。     

冬凌草甲素/壳聚糖复合膜对冰鲜鸡胸肉的保鲜效果

制备了冬凌草甲素/壳聚糖(OR-CS)复合膜,考察了其对冰鲜鸡胸肉的保鲜效果。将复合膜覆盖于鸡胸肉表面,复合膜外再包被一层保鲜膜,4℃贮藏,检测贮藏过程中鸡胸肉的pH、色度、保水性、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N值)、菌落总数、感官质量的变化。试验结果表明,通过OR-CS复合膜处理的冰鲜鸡胸肉能显著延缓贮藏期间的pH值、菌落总数、TVB-N含量和汁液损失率的上升。OR-CS复合膜包装组使冰鲜鸡胸肉的货架期由4 d(对照组)延长至9 d;此外,通过色差测定和感官评定,OR-CS包装组可以更好地保持冰鲜鸡胸肉的品质和色泽,在贮藏期间能有效延缓肉表面亮度的减弱,显著改善了肉的颜色、气味、黏度和弹性。     

60Coγ-射线及电子束辐照对冷鲜鸡菌群多样性的影响

为探明γ-射线与电子束辐照对冷鲜鸡微生物含量和微生物群落多样性的影响,采用2.5 kGy剂量的γ-射线和电子束辐照处理真空包装冷鲜鸡,对其贮藏期内菌落总数、群落结构进行测定分析。结果表明,两种射线均能显著(P<0.05)降低冷鲜鸡菌落总数;高通量测序后得到了9门,62属的菌群结构,在门水平上,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)为优势菌群;在属水平上,贮藏0 d时,对照组内环丝菌属(Brochothrix)、希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)、不动细菌属(Acinetobacter)为优势菌群;贮藏5 d时,对照组内希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)、γ-射线组内嗜冷菌属(Psychrobacter)、电子束处理组内希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)为优势菌群;贮藏10 d时,对照组内嗜冷菌属(Psychrobacter)、γ-射线组不动细菌属(Acinetobacter)、电子束处理组内希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)为优势菌群;贮藏15 d时,对照组内嗜冷菌属(Psychrobacter)、γ-射线组希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)、电子束处理组内希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)成为优势菌群。由此可知,γ-射线与电子束辐照均对冷鲜鸡微生物数量和群落结构产生显著(P<0.05)影响。     

Establishment of a Freshness-Evaluating Standard for Chilled Yellow Chicken Meat

There is still no uniform criterion to evaluate the freshness of chilled yellow chicken meat in China. Here, we combined traditional methods, which were sensory evaluation, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and inosine monophosphate (IMP) contents with a novel technology, electronic nose analysis, to determine the freshness of chilled yellow chicken meat. The contents of ATP and IMP in meat were detected by portable ATP detector and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. In the first 3 days post-slaughter (dps), sensory evaluation scores were greater than or equal to 4, which indicate freshness. Chicken meat was deteriorated at 6 dps. As chemical indicators, IMP content was higher than ATP content, and both gradually decreased, with fluctuations. The most significant differences appeared at 3–5 days, similar to sensory evaluation results. All indicators above were different between male and female, the same rule was available between breast and thigh. We were able to distinguish the storage time, different body regions, and odors of samples using electronic nose. In the first 3 dps, few changes were found in the G ₀/G eigenvalues for each sensor, which all reached a minimum at 4 dps. In conclusion, the traditional methods and novel technology are fit for evaluating freshness, and the electronic nose is recommended to evaluate the freshness of chicken meat owing to greater speed, ease, and accuracy. To summarize the results of the three tests, we rank meat at or before 3 dps stored at 4 °C as “fresh grade,” from 3 to 5 dps as “second fresh grade,” and 6 dps and later as “non-fresh grade.”     

GC-MS分析新疆拜城油鸡和南京土鸡鸡皮脂质中脂肪酸组成

分析比较新疆拜城油鸡和南京土鸡鸡皮总脂质和磷脂的含量及脂肪酸组成。用溶剂提取法分别提取2 种鸡皮的总脂质和磷脂,将提取的脂质经甲酯化后,利用气相色谱-质谱分析其脂肪酸组成。结果显示,南京土鸡鸡皮总脂质含量和磷脂含量分别为35.56%和7.71%,拜城油鸡鸡皮中总脂质含量和磷脂含量分别为42.65%和8.95%,均高于南京土鸡。南京土鸡与拜城油鸡鸡皮总脂质中各含有25 种脂肪酸,主要包含油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、棕榈烯酸;2 种鸡鸡皮磷脂中均含有10 种脂肪酸,主要包含棕榈酸、油酸、硬脂酸和亚油酸。2 种鸡的鸡皮油脂脂肪酸的种类相同,但各脂肪酸含量有所差异;脂肪酸饱和程度比例基本相似,但南京土鸡鸡皮磷脂中不饱和脂肪酸和亚油酸含量高于拜城油鸡。     

Quality Characteristics of Broiler Chicken Meat on Salt at Different Temperatures

The aim of this investigation was to compare the quality characteristics and muscle structure of broiler chicken meat stored at different temperatures in the retail market in Oman. The meat quality characteristics of broiler breast meat were analysed. Ten samples were randomly selected from each group of fresh, frozen, and chilled chicken meat. Colour L?, a?, b?, pH, expressed juice, cooking loss, sarcomere length, W-B-shear force and muscle structure (using scanning electron microscopy) were determined. Fresh meat samples had significantly (P < 0.05) lower pH values and lightness L? than those of chilled and frozen samples. The chilled meat samples were significantly (P < 0.05) lighter and had lower shear force values than fresh and frozen samples. Frozen samples had significantly (P < 0.05) higher expressed juice and cooking loss values than either fresh or chilled samples. The pH values of fresh, chilled, and frozen breast samples were related to colour and expressed juice. Electron microscopy demonstrated that the changes in the physical properties of the chilled meat were related to breakdown of the muscle fiber bundles. The quality characteristics of broiler meat from different storage temperatures varied significantly.     

高光谱快速预测冷鲜鸡胸肉中乳酸菌

乳酸菌含量是评价冷鲜鸡胸肉品质的重要指标。随着储藏天数的增加,当乳酸菌含量超过106 CFU/g,冷鲜鸡胸肉黏度增加,开始腐败变味。本研究通过化学计量学算法挖掘高光谱数据快速预测鸡胸肉中乳酸菌含量。首先,采集119个冷鲜鸡胸肉样品900~1700 nm的高光谱图像,提取肉样图像感兴趣区域(Region of interest,ROI)内的光谱信息,经多元散射校正(Multiplicative Scatter Correction,MSC)等8种方法预处理原始光谱,采用偏最小二乘(Partial Least Squares,PLS)算法挖掘光谱信息,构建全波段PLS预测模型(F-PLS)。然后,选用回归系数法(Regression Coefficient,RC)、逐步回归法(Stepwise)和连续投影算法(Successive Projections Algorithm,SPA)筛选最优波长优化F-PLS模型。结果显示,基于SPA法从基线校正(Baseline Correction,BC)预处理光谱中筛选出21个最优波长(903.8、905.5、912.1、915.4、917.0、920.3、923.6、931.8、941.7、1107.0、1135.9、1157.3、1269.2、1303.7、1320.2、1348.2、1551.1、1676.9、1686.9、1695.1和1698.4 nm)构建的SPA-PLS模型预测最好(r_P=0.949,RMSEP=0.439lg CFU/g,RPD=2.787)。本试验表明,采用近红外高光谱技术快速预测冷鲜鸡胸肉中乳酸菌含量是可行的。     

冰鲜鸡保鲜技术研究进展

随着各种动物性新型流感的不断爆发,冰鲜鸡渐渐取代由热鲜鸡成为鸡肉消费的主要趋势。本文综述了冰鲜鸡肉的保鲜方法及其研究机理。为今后冰鲜鸡保鲜技术的研究与发展提供理论基础。     

Lipid oxidation and colour in pressure‐ and heat‐treated minced chicken thighs

Lipid oxidation and colour in pressurised and heated chicken samples were evaluated. In a preliminary test, raw and overcooked (100 °C/60 min) minced chicken thighs were pressurised (500 MPa/50 °C/30 min). Samples were stored at 4 °C in contact with air. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were quantified at 1, 6 and 9 days. Pressure induced oxidation in chicken, but overcooking generated many more secondary oxidation compounds. In a second experiment, raw minced chicken thighs were pressurised (500 MPa/?10, 5, 20 and 50 °C/30 and 60 min) or cooked (90 °C/15 min). Samples were vacuum stored at 4 °C. TBARS were measured at 1 and 9 days, whereas colour parameters (L, a, b and ΔE) were determined at 1 day. No differences in TBARS values were observed between untreated and pressurised samples, whereas cooked samples presented the highest values. Pressurisation for 30 and 60 min generated similar TBARS contents. At 9 days, oxidation values did not increase. Pressurisation and cooking induced marked colour changes. Pressurised samples were lighter and less red than untreated ones. Samples pressurised at 50 °C were the palest and, together with cooked samples, presented the lowest a values. Therefore pressurised chicken thigh cannot be marketed as a fresh product but can be incorporated as an ingredient in ready‐to‐eat meals. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of α-tocopherol and citric acid on the oxidative stability of alimentary poultry fats during storage at low temperatures

The purpose of this study was to investigate the stability of three alimentary poultry fats (goose, duck, and chicken) by natural antioxidants (α-tocopherol and citric acid). This was targeted to extend their shelf life, and to monitor the quality parameters during refrigerated (+4°C) and frozen storage (–20°C). The addition of natural antioxidants in a proportion of 0.1% has extended the shelf life of goose fat stored at +4°C by 90 days; for goose fat stored at –20°C citric acid has prolonged the shelf life by 150 days, while goose fat with α-tocopherol could be stored for more than 480?days at –20°C without spoilage. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids content decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after 480 days of chilled storage for fat samples with α-tocopherol. The natural antioxidants provided good protection against oxidation of poultry fats, and these can be used to monitor the oxidation of fats and to predict their shelf life stability.