果色和成熟度对樱桃番茄（Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme）果实挥发物分布的影响

为探究果色和成熟度对樱桃番茄果实挥发物的影响,用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法测定育种自交系材料金珠（橙）、黑樱桃1（紫）、1号（粉）、红珍珠（红）在绿熟期、转色期和红熟期的挥发物。分析发现,橙色番茄挥发物明显高于红色和粉色番茄。橙色番茄在绿熟期,紫色番茄在转色期和红熟期挥发物最高,而粉色番茄挥发物始终最低。气味强度由挥发物质量浓度和嗅觉阈值决定。3-甲基-丁醛、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、1-戊烯-3-酮、己醛、苯甲醛和(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇对番茄气味贡献较大。红色、橙色和紫色番茄分别在绿熟期、转色期和成熟期气味最浓。随着果实成熟,挥发物质量浓度持续增加,气味更加浓郁。果色和成熟度对挥发物有显著影响。     

云南特产"小三年"芒果不同成熟期香气成分的差异

为了解不同成熟期芒果香气的变化,采用热脱附.气相色谱/质谱(TCT-GC/MS)联用技术,对动态顶空密闭循环吸附捕集的商熟期、完熟期样品挥发物进行分析检测.结果表明,芒果香气成分中富含酯类化合物,商熟期的果肉和果皮挥发物均较完熟期含有更多种类的萜烯类成分;此外,果皮香气中均含异巴豆酸乙酯(商熟期3.01%、完熟期5.68%),而在果肉中则已转化为巴豆酸(商熟期0.16%)或异巴豆酸(完熟期4.15%).     

鲜山楂不同部位挥发性成分分析

为研究鲜山楂不同部位的香气成分组成,采用热脱附提取鲜山楂果皮、果肉和果浆中的挥发性成分后,利用气相色谱-质谱联用对其进行分析。结果表明,三部位共鉴定出58种香气成分,其中果皮有44种,果肉和果浆分别有35种和38种,共有香气成分23种。不同部位香气成分和含量不同,使得果浆与果皮、果肉的香气差异明显。果皮和果肉中主要香气成分有乙酸叶醇酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸己酯等;果浆中主要香气成分有正辛醛、茴香脑、乙酸叶醇酯、叶醛等。果皮、果肉和果浆三部位都有果香、甜香、青香、酸香、蜡香香韵。但果皮与果肉多了木香、坚果香韵,果浆偏向汁感、花香及辛香。从相对含量及香比強值两个指标可以看出,酯类对果皮和果肉中香气贡献最大,而对果浆香气贡献最大的是醛类。     

云南特产“小三年”芒果不同成熟斑香气成分的差异

为了解不同成熟期芒果香气的变化,采用热脱附-气相色谱／质谱（TCT—GC／MS）联用技术,对动态顶空密闭循环吸附捕集的商熟期、完熟期样品挥发物进行分析榆测。结果表明,芒果香气成分中富含酯类化合物,商熟期的果肉和果皮挥发物均较完熟期含有史多种类的萜烯类成分;此外,果皮香气中均含异巴豆酸乙酯（商熟期3．01％、完熟期5．68％）,而在果肉中则已转化为巴豆酸（商熟期0．16％）或异巴豆酸（完熟期4．15％）。     

成熟度对芒果果实挥发物的影响

选用不同成熟度的海南小芒果为原料,以固相微萃取(SPME)技术为香气富集方法,气相色谱- 质谱联用(GC-MS)分析研究成熟度对芒果果实挥发物种类及其相对含量的影响。结果表明：芒果香气成分丰富,共检出56种香气成分,分为萜烯类、烃类、醛类、酮类、醇类、酯类6 类,其中萜烯类是主要成分,其随成熟度增加 而在果皮与果肉中相对含量降低,在半熟时最低,其中单萜相对含量大于倍半萜。果皮与果肉中酯类在绿熟时已经形成,并且在半熟时相对含量最高;随成熟度的增加果皮中醇类相对含量增大,但果肉中醇类则是在半熟时高度积累;醛类在果皮与果肉积累的成熟度不一样,分别是成熟和半熟;烃在果肉中逐渐降低,却在半熟果皮中含量最高。大多数芒果挥发物在半熟时形成,在此时对芒果果实进行调控,对提高芒果香气品质具有重要意义。     

南瓜果实愈伤期间果皮和果肉苯丙烷代谢和愈伤组织的比较

目的：研究南瓜果实愈伤期间果皮和果肉苯丙烷代谢关键酶活力和产物含量的变化,以及聚酚软木脂和木质素积累的差异。方法：对人工模拟损伤的南瓜果实在室温黑暗条件下进行愈伤处理,测定果皮和果肉苯丙烷代谢关键酶和过氧化物酶活力,苯丙烷代谢产物以及H2O2含量,观察果皮和果肉伤口处聚酚软木脂和木质素的积累。结果：愈伤期间,果皮的肉桂酸、p-香豆酸、咖啡酸、阿魏酸、芥子酸和总酚以及肉桂醇、松柏醇、芥子醇和木质素的含量均高于果肉。果皮的聚酚软木脂和木质素的积累速率和积累量明显高于果肉,愈伤第7天时,细胞层厚度分别高出果肉17.55%和24.37%。同时,果皮的苯丙氨酸解氨酶、肉桂酸-4-羟化酶、4-香豆酰-辅酶A连接酶、肉桂醇脱氢酶、过氧化物酶活力均高于果肉,愈伤第5天时,上述酶活力分别高出果肉24.71%、42.31%、21.65%、13.41%和37.51%。此外,果皮的H2O2含量也显著高于果肉（P＜0.05）,愈伤第7天时,高出果肉32.75%。结论：南瓜果皮比果肉具有更高的苯丙烷代谢活力和产物含量,以及更高的H2O2含量和过氧化物酶活力,果皮聚酚软木脂和木质素的积累速率和积累量也明显高于果肉。综上所述,表皮的损伤具有较快的愈合速率,果肉的损伤不易愈合反而会加重果实腐烂。因此,南瓜采后应尽量减少伤及果肉的深层损伤。     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法分析脐橙中挥发性成分

目的 探究脐橙果皮和果肉中挥发性成分的种类、相对含量及其风味的差异。方法 将脐橙洗净后切分为果皮及果肉部分, 经粉碎后, 通过顶空固相微萃取(headspace solid phase microextraction, HS-SPME)技术分别富集果皮和果肉的挥发性成分, 再经气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)分析其挥发性成分的种类及相对含量, 同时计算各物质的相对气味活度值(relative odor activity value, ROAV)。结果 脐橙中鉴定出烯烃类、醛类、醇类、酮类、酯类和酸类等挥发性成分共82种, 果皮中有59种, 果肉中有51种, 两者共有成分28种, 其中果皮特有挥发性成分31种, 果肉23种; 对果皮风味起关键作用和修饰作用的挥发性成分分别有20种和7种, 果肉分别有9种和7种。脐橙果皮和果肉中相对含量最高的成分均为D-柠檬烯, 分别达到43.97%和41.25%, 果皮次主要成分为芳樟醇, 含量为5.38%, 果肉次主要成分为巴伦烯亚橘烯, 含量为18.50%; 对果皮风味贡献最高的物质为芳樟醇, 主要提供麻香、青香和花香, 对果肉贡献最高的物质为β-紫罗酮, 主要提供花香; 此外果皮和果肉的木调香和清香差异不大, 但果皮的果香、花香、甜香和脂香更加丰富。结论 脐橙果皮和果肉中挥发性成分的种类和含量差异较大, 且造成其关键香气的物质有明显区别。     

金华1号枇杷果实不同发育阶段挥发性成分的变化

为探究枇杷果实发育过程中的挥发性成分的组成和变化规律,以‘金华1号’红肉枇杷品种不同发育阶段的果皮和果肉为试验材料,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术检测分析,并利用香气活力值(odour activity value, OAV)评价各香气成分对枇杷果实香气的贡献。结果表明,共检测到61种挥发性物质,醛类是6个时期果皮和果肉中种类最多和含量最高的物质,果皮中醇类和酯类的含量在青果期和绿熟期显著高于其他时期。基于OAV评价方法,共鉴定出21种关键香气成分,其中β-紫罗兰酮、(反,反)-2,4-庚二烯醛、2-甲基丁酸甲酯、1-辛烯-3-酮、反-2-己烯醛、己醛、(反,反)-2,4-壬二烯醛、反-2-壬烯醛、辛醛和(反,顺)-2,6-壬二烯醛等在整个发育过程对品种的香气贡献最大。综合主成分分析和层次聚类分析的结果表明,‘金华1号’枇杷发育和成熟过程中,果实中的香气特征为成熟前期以青香型和果香型为主,转色期后果皮以花香和青香味为主,果皮中转色期和褪绿期的香气物质丰富,果肉则以果香为主。     

基于气相色谱-离子迁移谱联用技术分析甘薯块根不同组分对甘薯特征风味剂香气的贡献

以生鲜甘薯块根不同组分通过特定工艺制备的甘薯特征香气风味剂、烤薯芯和烤全薯样品为研究对象,采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry, GC-IMS)联用仪分析挥发性组分指纹图谱差异。结果表明,GC-IMS联用技术可有效分离不同样品中挥发性物质,快速筛选出60余种离子峰强度变化明显的化合物,其中46种被定性。各样品中香气挥发物在数量上差异不大,其含量在组间差异显著。作为甘薯特征香味物质,麦芽酚和香叶酸甲酯在风味剂和烤薯中含量相当,烤薯中2-乙酰基呋喃含量显著高于风味剂,苯乙醛和2-戊基呋喃则在风味剂中含量更高。风味剂制备过程中添加淀粉酶有利于甘薯特征香风味物质的生成,甘薯皮层的贡献率较大。感官分析风味剂具有烤制甘薯的特征香气。甘薯特征香气风味剂制备工艺简单,不需要高温烤制过程,更适合规模化生产。     

澳洲青苹果实不同部位香气成分差异分析

采用顶空固相微萃取结合气质联用检测澳洲青苹果皮、果肉、果心的香气成分;共检测到80 种果实香气成分,主要为醛类、醇类、酯类和烯烃类。果皮、果肉和果心,香味组分及其含量差异较大。果皮是香气成分最集中的部位,共分离出55 种,其中C6 醛类3 种,相对含量39.515%,比例最高;酯类23 种最丰富,相对含量14.240%,乙酸己酯、环丁醇、(E)-1,4- 己二烯、(3E,5E)-1,3,5- 庚三烯、3,6- 二甲基-3,6- 二乙基-1,4- 环己二烯为芳香物质中相对含量较高的特有成分。果肉检测出香气成分18 种,其中醇类4 种,相对含量31.391%,比例最高,2- 甲基-1- 丁醇占其醇类约94.814%,丙酸丙酯、甲酸己酯相对含量较高且为果肉特征芳香物质。果心检测出香气成分30 种,C6 醛类两种,相对含量47.398%,比例最高;醇类4 种,相对含量42.455%,2- 甲基-1-丁醇和1- 己醇占其醇类96.639%;果皮香气成分种类最丰富,提供酯类背景香气。苹果各部位主要香气物质中,丙酸丙酯、甲酸己酯由果肉产生,2- 甲基-1- 丁醇主要由果心和果肉产生,1- 己醇由果心和果皮产生,α - 法呢烯主要存在于果皮和果肉中,(E)-2- 己烯醛和正己醛在果皮、果肉、果心中含量均较高,为澳洲青苹果实特征性香气,澳洲青苹果实香气由各部位香气成分相互作用产生。     

Influence of lipid content and lipoxygenase on flavor volatiles in the tomato peel and flesh

Ten different varieties of tomatoes were separated into peel and flesh and each portion was measured separately. Headspace volatiles were measured in real time using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. Lipoxygenase activity was measured using the adsorption of conjugated dienes formed by lipoxygenase. Lipid was extracted and fatty acids were quantified using a gas chromatograph. Volatiles were significantly greater in the peel than flesh when there was a significant difference. The lipoxygenase activity of flesh and peel correlated with the volatiles produced by the lipoxygenase pathway. There was no correlation with other volatiles, which are not dependent on lipid oxidation by lipoxygenase. The lipoxygenase activity, total fatty acid content, and linolenic acid of the peel were greater than the flesh, which is directly related to an increase in fresh, green volatiles. Addition of exogenous lipoxygenase had no effect on lipoxygenase-derived volatiles formed. The addition of linoleic acid caused an increase in hexanal, 1-hexanol, and (E)-2-heptenal in the flesh and (E)-2-heptenal in the peel. Stored unrefrigerated peel had higher volatile concentrations, whereas refrigerated peel had significantly lower concentration than day 0. Storage decreased lipoxygenase activity in the unrefrigerated and refrigerated peel, but had no effect on the fatty acid content. Overall, linolenic acid was the most important to the formation of headspace volatiles, but lipoxygenase activity and unknown factors are also important. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The peel of a tomato is most beneficial to the production of volatiles associated with the fresh aroma of tomatoes; therefore, it should be used in the processing of tomato products to produce a fresh, green aroma rather than being removed. Knowledge of the effects of lipoxygenase activity, total fatty acid content, and fatty acid profile on flavor volatiles will allow for better selection of a variety for raw consumption.     

Study of the suitability of HRMAS NMR for metabolic profiling of tomatoes: Application to tissue differentiation and fruit ripening

The feasibility of HRMAS NMR as an efficient technique for metabolic studies of tomato fruit and tomato tissues is described. A good-taste tomato variety from Almería (Spain) (commercial name Zayno) was chosen for this study. Fruits of three different ripening stages (green, turning and red) were selected, based on their external appearance. NMR data of whole fruits were obtained through ¹H HRMAS NMR spectra of tomato purée. Flesh, peel and seeds from mature red fruits were separately analysed. ¹H HRMAS NMR spectra showed resolutions similar to that of solution ¹H NMR with the advantages of minimal sample manipulation and possibility of analysing polar and non-polar compounds simultaneously. Seeds could be clearly distinguished by visual comparison of the spectra. Tryacylglycerols, in which linoleic (47%) and oleic (28%) acyl chains preponderate, were the major components of seeds. By contrast, signals of fructose, glucose, citric acid, and the amino acids GABA, glutamine and glutamate dominated the spectra of flesh, peel and tomato purée. Principal components analysis, performed on the covariance matrix, revealed a clear separation between peel and flesh. Apart form the presence of the cutin biopolymer, peel showed a specific accumulation of sugar and sugar moieties related to pectin degradation, as well as glycosylated metabolites. Chemometric analysis also allowed the metabolic trajectory from green to red mature stages to be visualised. However, sample heterogeneity in the analysis of the whole fruit proved to be an important issue. The source of such heterogeneity was assigned to the presence of tissues of different hardness in the small amount of sample used. The presence of two clusters of samples at the turning stage indicated that the levels of certain metabolites could diverge significantly in fruits with almost identical appearance.     

Phytochemicals in fruits of two Prunus domestica L. plum cultivars during ripening

BACKGROUND: Plums are a rich source of nutritive and bioactive compounds. The objective was to evaluate the impact of fruit tissue (flesh and peel), ripening stage and cultivar on the composition of phytochemicals in plums (Prunus domestica L.) and to analyse the relation between total antioxidant activity (TAA) and the measured variables. RESULTS: The content of total sugars and total organic acids was higher in flesh but total phenolic content (TPC) and TAA was statistically higher in plum peel. The composition of sugars depended on fruit tissue, ripening stage and the cultivar. Ripening and fruit tissue affected the composition and concentrations of organic acids. TPC of ‘Haganta’ peel increased during ripening but there was no significant time trend for ‘Jojo’ peel and flesh of both cultivars. The composition of phenolics in peel depended on the cultivar, but in flesh on the cultivar and ripening. Ripening resulted in increased total anthocyanins and TAA in peel. TAA_peel was positively correlated with TPC_peel, total anthocyanins_peel, cyanidin 3‐glucoside_peel and peonidin 3‐rutinoside_peel in the cultivar ‘Haganta’. CONCLUSION: The composition of phytochemicals in P. domestica fruit depends on fruit tissue, ripening stage and the cultivar. Peel contributes to the TAA on average 20 times more than flesh. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

‘桂蕉1号’香蕉成熟过程中挥发性成分和香气特征分析

采用固相微萃取结合气相色谱串联质谱技术对‘桂蕉1号’香蕉果实的不同后熟时期进行挥发性物质的分析,并使用气味“ABC”法对果实的香韵进行了分析。结果表明,‘桂蕉1号’香蕉的绿熟、黄熟和过熟期共检测出24种相对含量大于1%的挥发性物质,包括醛类、酯类和其他烷烃挥发性物质。其中绿熟期以反式-2-壬醛和反式-2-, 顺-6-壬二烯醛为主的挥发性物质,黄熟期以反式-2-己烯醛、异丁酸异戊酯和己醛为主的挥发性物质,在过熟期相对含量最高的是乙酸异戊酯。香韵分析结果表明绿熟期涵盖15种香型,其中脂肪香味香型载荷较大,黄熟期和过熟期分别包含13种和14种香型,其中黄熟期以青香载荷最大,过熟期以果香载荷最大。‘桂蕉1号’果实在不同的成熟阶段,其香气成分的种类和相对含量有较大的变化,并随着果实成熟度的增加,其香韵的种类也有明显的变化,绿熟期和过熟期的香型种类最多,是食品香精开发的最佳时期。     

不同成熟阶段柠檬果皮挥发物和酚类成分分析

为探究柠檬果皮香气和酚类成分在不同成熟阶段的变化特点,以抗病品种香水柠檬和泰吹柠檬不同成熟阶段果皮为材料,采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱法分析其挥发物成分,高效液相色谱法测定其酚类成分.结果表明:2个品种柠檬果皮中共检测到86种挥发性成分,以萜烯类、醛类和醇类为主,香水柠檬果皮中倍半萜和醛类含量较高,泰吹柠檬果皮...     

不同成熟度‘桂热82号’芒果加工成原味果干前后关键香气成分变化

本研究借助气相色谱-质谱法对‘桂热82号’芒果在绿熟、半熟和完熟3个不同成熟期加工成原味果干前后关键香气化合物变化进行分析,结果表明:‘桂热82号’鲜果关键香气化合物β-蒎稀、2-蒈烯、β-月桂烯、3-己稀-1-醇等在绿熟期含量最高,但加工后损失也最为严重,尤其癸醛在加工后并未被检出;伴随成熟度增加,β-蒎稀、β-月桂烯含量逐渐下降,己酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯含量逐渐上升,且在半熟期均达到中间值,但其加工后含量保留最高;完熟期己酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、苯乙醇含量均达到峰值,但加工后损失也较为严重,尤其己酸乙酯未被检出;邻伞花烃只在半熟期被检出,且加工后仍有保留;β-紫罗酮含量在半熟期含量最高,且加工后仍保持最高水平。从主香气成分析,半熟期芒果14种主香气成分加工后均未消失,主香气成分种类（原果风味）保留率达100%。综上,相对于其它成熟期,半熟期的‘桂热82号’芒果加工成原味果干关键香气化合物和主香气成分保留较其它两个时期最好。     

增施CO2与LED补光对番茄果实品质及挥发性物质的影响

以‘金棚1号’番茄为实验材料,研究了在秋冬季日光温室里增施不同浓度CO2和LED补光对番茄果实产 量、品质以及挥发性芳香物质的影响。结果表明：LED补光＋增施CO2 1 200 μL/L的处理条件可显著提高番茄果实 中可溶性固形物、总酸、可溶性蛋白质和番茄红素的含量,显著增加单果质量、果实颜色,并显著降低果实硝酸盐 的含量。利用顶空固相萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用仪对果实的挥发性芳香物质的含量进行测定,结果表明LED补 光与增施CO2提高了番茄特征挥发性芳香物质的含量,如6-甲基-5-庚烯-2酮、β-紫罗兰酮和己醛等,也丰富了其种 类,使番茄果味香浓,香气丰富。     

顶空- 气质联用法测定柚子皮绿茶挥发性成分

采用顶空-气质联用法测定柚子皮绿茶、柚子皮和绿茶原料中的挥发性香气成分,通过对各样品成分的比较,探讨柚子皮绿茶成品香气成分的来源及成因。结果：柚子皮绿茶、柚子皮和绿茶原料的主要成分均为柠檬烯和月桂烯,表明柠檬烯和月桂烯不是由柚子皮转移至绿茶原料的新香气成分;在柚子皮绿茶中检测出几种含氧化合物,占柚子皮绿茶总挥发性成分的5%左右,是区别于绿茶原料和柚子皮的特异性香味物质;并将本方法提取的香气成分与同时蒸馏法进行对比,发现同时蒸馏法提取物含氧化合物比例较高,可能是因为同时蒸馏萃取法高温下长时间反复萃取,样品中的烯烃类物质被氧化所致,而顶空提取法条件较为温和,得到的挥发性成分与样品自然释放的香气成分更为接近。     

Fruit quality and volatile fraction of ‘Pink Lady’ apple trees in response to rootstock vigor and partial rootzone drying

BACKGROUND: Partial rootzone drying (PRD) is a novel deficit irrigation technique consisting in the alternated wetting of only one side of the rootzone, which induces partial stomatal closure and increased water use efficiency. The effect of PRD and rootstock vigor on ‘Pink Lady’ apple fruit quality and aroma profile was studied using solid‐phase micro‐extraction in headspace and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS: PRD irrigation generally did not affect quality attributes, whereas it influenced the aroma of the apple fruit. In particular, PRD improved the aroma of the fruit flesh, while it decreased the volatile fraction in the peel, where most of the compounds are concentrated. Taking into account the relative contribution of the flesh and peel (w/w) to the apple fruit, the volatile content of the entire fruit was increased by PRD irrigation in less vigorous trees on M.9 rootstock, but reduced in more vigorous trees on MM.106 rootstock. CONCLUSIONS: Differences between the two rootstocks were probably due to different ability to extract soil water by the two types of trees. A combination of the less vigorous rootstock and PRD irrigation may induce an improvement in the aroma composition of the apple fruit. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry