母乳对婴儿肠道菌群及免疫系统影响的研究进展

近年来的研究发现肠道菌群与疾病有很大关联,婴幼儿的免疫系统尚未成熟,肠道菌群的建立还未完善,极易受到疾病的感染。母乳因其含有丰富的营养元素和免疫元素作为婴幼儿饮食首选。本文综述了母乳中微生物、营养物质、免疫细胞和免疫分子对婴儿肠道菌群的建立及免疫系统的影响,并简单介绍了婴儿肠道菌群与过敏症的关系,为降低婴儿感染疾病的风险以及预防疾病提供科学依据,同时为如何改善婴幼儿奶粉配方提供可靠的理论参考。     

母乳低聚糖的结构与功能研究进展

母乳低聚糖(human milk oligosaccharides, HMOs)是人乳中仅次于乳糖和脂肪的第三大营养物质,是母乳的独特成分,在婴幼儿生长发育中起到重要作用。每种母乳低聚糖可能具有不同的功能。本文阐述了母乳低聚糖结构组成、功能作用机理以及应用现状,为婴幼儿配方食品的设计、开发提供理论支持。     

母乳低聚糖的研究进展

母乳中母乳低聚糖(HMOs)含量丰富且独特,在已知的200种成分中,有157种结构被阐明.HMOs不仅具有双歧因子效果,还具有抗黏附、抗菌、调节肠道上皮细胞和免疫细胞,减少过度的黏膜白细胞浸润和活化,降低新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎等功效,并为婴幼儿大脑发育和认知提供唾液酸作为潜在的必要营养素.由于HMOs大规模生产受限...     

功能性低聚糖作用于肠道菌群抑制肥胖的研究进展

肠道菌群作为一种重要的环境因素,在肥胖的发生与发展中起到重要的作用。功能性低聚糖是一类非消化性碳水化合物,可以通过改善肥胖人群肠道菌群组成及其代谢物的水平抑制肥胖。本文主要就肠道菌群及其代谢物失衡诱发肥胖的机理,功能性低聚糖影响肠道菌群微生态的效果,以及功能性低聚糖抑制肥胖内在机制的研究进展进行综述。     

大豆低聚糖对肠道菌群的调节作用

通过动物实验及人体实验研究大豆低聚糖对肠道菌群的影响.实验小鼠灌胃不同剂量的大豆低聚糖,观察其肠道内肠杆菌、肠球菌、产气荚膜梭菌、拟杆菌、乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌的变化.受试人群每日服用10mL大豆低聚糖,同样观察以上菌群变化 . 结果表明,大豆低聚糖具有调节肠道菌群的作用.     

肠道菌群促炎与动脉粥样硬化关系研究进展

人类肠道菌群由近百万亿个共生微生物组成,以人体内的营养成分维持生存和代谢,通过代谢和免疫功能来维持人类身体健康.肠道菌群与全身的疾病密切相关.肠道菌群组成、特异性菌种或菌群的变化与各类疾病如糖尿病、肥胖、炎症及心血管疾病的发生有密切的相关性.心血管疾病的发病率和死亡率在全球呈上升的趋势,严重危害人类健康.动脉粥样硬化(...     

大豆低聚糖对肠道菌群的调节作用

通过动物实验及人体实验研究大豆低聚糖对肠道菌群的影响。实验小鼠灌胃不同剂量的大豆低聚糖,观察其肠道内肠杆菌、肠球菌、产气荚膜梭菌、拟杆菌、乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌的变化。受试人群每日服用10mL大豆低聚糖,同样观察以上菌群变化。结果表明,大豆低聚糖具有调节肠道菌群的作用。      

魔芋低聚糖对小鼠肠道菌群的调节作用

该实验研究了魔芋低聚糖（KOGM）对小鼠肠道菌群的调节作用。以不同剂量魔芋低聚糖连续灌胃小鼠35 d,测定血清生化指标,无菌条件下取小鼠粪便培养肠道菌群。结果表明,与对照组比较,魔芋低聚糖高剂量组（2.00 g/kg体质量）小鼠粪便中双歧杆菌和乳杆菌数量（对数值分别为3.65、3.81）显著增加（P＜0.05）,肠杆菌和产气杆菌数量无显著性变化（P＞0.05）;结肠内容物中乙酸、丙酸以及丁酸的含量（6.51 mmol/100 g、1.69 mmol/100 g、3.83 mmol/100 g）显著增加（P＜0.05）。说明魔芋低聚糖对小鼠肠道菌群有较好调节作用。     

母乳低聚糖与婴幼儿健康关系研究进展

母乳低聚糖在促进婴幼儿生长发育上发挥重要作用,目前已报道的母乳低聚糖超过200种。文章综述了母乳低聚糖的种类与结构、对婴幼儿肠道健康的影响、免疫调节作用及促进大脑发育等相关研究成果,总结了母乳低聚糖的应用现状,展望了未来母乳低聚糖工业化生产及其应用的可能性和必要性。     

母乳低聚糖的体内代谢与体外合成研究进展

母乳低聚糖（human milk oligosaccharides,HMOs）是母乳中独特的营养成分,结构复杂,种类繁多,不同的HMOs可能具有不同的功能。本文在HMOs的个体差异性、结构多样性与功能活性方面介绍了HMOs的最新研究进展,重点阐述了HMOs在人体内的代谢途径以及体外的合成途径,最后阐述了HMOs在婴儿配方粉中的应用现状,提出了研究及应用中面临的问题。HMOs的应用是婴儿配方奶粉发展中的重大突破,缩小了配方奶粉喂养儿在肠道菌群组成、免疫功能以及认知等方面上与母乳喂养儿的差距。HMOs的深入研究为新型婴儿配方奶粉的开发提供理论依据。     

人乳及婴儿配方食品中的低聚糠

本文详细地论述了人乳中存在的低聚糖（包括游离低聚糖及糖基结合体）的种类、组成、结构以及低聚糖的生理意义。同时．系统地阐述了乳基婴儿配方食品中低聚糖的来源、组成及种类，以及低聚糖作为婴儿食品组成的必要性。最后，对一些将来有可能用于婴儿配方食品的低聚糖及特性简要地进行了论述。     

Relationship Between Oligosaccharides and Glycoconjugates Content in Human Milk and the Development of the Gut Barrier

The intestinal immune barrier is considered to be the gatekeeper of the human body and rapidly develops directly after birth. Many pre‐ and postnatal factors influence the development of the gut‐barrier, which is composed of the microbiota, the mucus, the epithelial layer and the mucosal immune system. Even minor disturbances during barrier development can have consequences for health far into adulthood. Here we critically discuss the current knowledge on which pre‐ and postnatal factors influence development, maturation, and maintenance of the gut immune barrier. Human milk has a unique composition and is the gold standard for adequate development of the intestinal immune barrier. Not only the influence of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) but also that of glycoproteins (HMGPs) is reviewed. We discuss the influence of maternal genetic factors, such as the secretor and Lewis phenotypes on breast milk fucosylation and sialylation of HMOs and HMGPs. This diversity in HMOs and HMPGs influences microbiota composition and also the development of the immune barrier. Cow milk‐derived infant formula is often being used as an alternative for human breast milk. The consequences of this for proper development of the intestinal immune barrier and, in particular, the differences in the type of oligosaccharides and glycosylation patterns (sialic and fucose composition) between cow and human milk are critically discussed. Current and prospective strategies to promote proper gut‐immune maturation are proposed. These might include more personalized infant formulas when breast milk is not an option.     

Human Milk Oligosaccharides as Promising Antivirals

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are diverse unconjugated carbohydrates that are highly abundant in human breast milk. These glycans are investigated in the context of exhibiting multiple functions in infant growth and development. They seem to provide protection against infectious diseases, including a number of poorly manageable viral infections. Although the potential mechanism of the HMO antiviral protection is rather broad, much of the current experimental work has focused on studying of HMO antiadhesive properties. HMOs may mimic structures of viral receptors and block adherence to target cells, thus preventing infection. Still, the potential of HMOs as a source for new antiviral drugs is relatively unexploited. This can be partly attributed to the extreme complexity of the virus‐carbohydrate interactions and technical difficulties in HMO isolation, characterization, and manufacturing procedures. Fortunately, we are currently entering a period of major technological advances that have enabled deeper insights into carbohydrate mediated viral entry, rational selection of HMOs as anti‐entry inhibitors, and even evaluation of individual synthetic HMO structures. Here, we provide an up‐to‐date review on glycan binding studies for rotaviruses, noroviruses, influenza viruses, and human immunodeficiency viruses. We also discuss the preventive and therapeutic potential of HMOs as anti‐entry inhibitors and address challenges on the route from fundamental studies to clinical trials.     

母乳和婴儿配方奶粉营养研究进展

母乳几乎是所有婴儿最佳的食物营养来源。除了提供婴儿身体生长,母乳作为一种具有生物活性的营养体,有许多其他的益处,包括调节婴儿肠道功能、免疫功能和大脑发育。虽然新生儿都强烈建议母乳喂养,但母乳喂养并不总是都能实现的。婴儿配方奶粉是工业生产的婴儿食品的替代品。婴儿配方奶粉是尽可能地模拟母乳营养成分而开发的。该文回顾了母乳和婴儿配方奶粉的营养信息,以便更好地理解母乳喂养和婴儿配方奶粉喂养对婴儿营养补充的重要性。     

大豆活性组分和肠道菌群相互作用研究进展

目前食品组分与肠道菌群的相互作用及其对健康的影响已成为膳食与健康领域的研究热点.存在于动物体内的肠道菌群对大豆活性组分的分解代谢、转化吸收有着重要作用,大豆活性组分在体内肠道菌群作用下发生生物转化,导致其结构改变,从而形成新的活性成分,进而影响人体健康.同时,大豆活性组分的肠道菌群代谢产物又能够调节肠道菌群结构、保护肠...     

Longitudinal changes of human milk oligosaccharides,breastmilk microbiome and infant gut microbiome are associated with maternal characteristics

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) play an important role in infant health. This study aimed to investigate the association of maternal characteristics with HMOs, human breastmilk (HBM) microbiome and infant gut microbiome over the first three months of lactation. Chinese mothers and infant pairs (n = 110) were included in this prospective cohort. Secretor status linked with α1,2-fucosyltransferase expression was determined by the presence of total α1,2-fucosylated HMOs in HBM for 75.8% of the mothers. The concentration of dominant HMOs significantly decreased over three months except for 3’-fucosyllactose. In addition to the elevated levels of α1,2-fucosylated HMOs, other neutral HMOs significantly reduced in secretors milk. Alpha-diversity of HBM and infant gut microbiome significantly increased over time, and an elevated abundance of Bifidobacterium and decreased levels of Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and Clostridium in the infant gut microbiota were noted. Multi-association analysis indicated maternal age and body mass index significantly correlated with specific HMOs and infant growth. Our study provides pivotal data on Chinese HMOs distribution profile, and their association with maternal characteristics and the infant gut microbiome.