气调包装对烤鸭腿货架期及微生物多样性的影响

为延长烤鸭腿货架期、保持其食用品质并阐明烤鸭腿冷藏过程中的菌群演替规律,本实验以托盘包装为对照组,研究了0～4 ℃条件下两种气调包装（100%（体积分数,下同）N2、50% CO2＋50% N2）对烤鸭腿贮藏过程中微生物（菌落总数、乳酸菌数、肠杆菌科数）、硫代巴比妥酸反应产物值及感官特性的影响,并通过高通量测序分析了贮藏过程中烤鸭腿的微生物多样性。结果表明：与托盘包装和100% N2包装相比,50% CO2＋50% N2包装显著抑制了烤鸭腿微生物的生长（P＜0.05）,使其货架期接近21 d,并抑制了其脂肪氧化（P＜0.05）,较好地维持了烤鸭腿的品质和感官特性。贮藏时间和包装方式对贮藏后期烤鸭腿的菌群结构有明显影响,泛菌属、类香味菌属、假单胞菌属和不动杆菌属为50% CO2＋50% N2包装烤鸭腿中的优势菌群,索丝菌属、泛菌属、假单胞菌属、肉食杆菌属和明串珠菌属为100% N2包装烤鸭腿中的优势菌群,优势菌群的不同是导致不同包装方式烤鸭腿间货架期产生差异的主要原因。     

不同包装方式对冷鲜鸡肉微生物菌群多样性的影响

为研究不同包装方式对冷鲜鸡肉贮藏期间菌群组成的影响,本文利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序分析了不同包装方式下的微生物多样性。结果表明,在4℃冷藏期间,MAP,VP和N₂包装能显著降低微生物数量和挥发性盐基氮含量。高通量测序表明冷鲜鸡肉贮藏初期菌种丰富度高,贮藏后期优势菌属逐渐演变为假单胞菌属、环丝菌属、不动杆菌属和希瓦氏菌属,说明它们能耐受较低的温度。与PP组相比,MAP组假单胞菌属和不动杆菌属的丰度分别降低14.8%和9.2%,而N₂组不动杆菌属和希瓦氏菌属的丰度分别降低9.6%和7.4%。VP组不动杆菌属、环丝菌属丰度下降8%和5.6%。不同包装方式对冷鲜鸡肉中的菌群影响较大,三种包装均能抑制不动杆菌属的生长,气调包装对假单胞菌属抑制效果较好,而充氮包装和真空包装对希瓦氏菌属和环丝菌属有较好的抑制效果,本研究也为未来冷鲜鸡肉所采用的包装方式提供理论基础。     

生物保鲜剂结合气调包装对烤鸭货架期及微生物多样性的影响

为改进烤鸭的包装方式,延长其货架期,以气调包装(MAP)为对照,探究牛至精油和茶树精油分别协同MAP(30%CO_2/70%N_2)对烤鸭保鲜效果的影响。以肉色(L~*,a~*,b~*)、脂肪氧化值(TBARS)、微生物(菌落总数、乳酸菌及肠杆菌科)及感官品质等为评价指标,同时对比不同包装方式下贮藏期间微生物群落结构的变化。结果表明:各处理组均可维持烤鸭贮藏期间(14 d)的肉色稳定性,减缓脂质氧化进程(0.11～0.60 MDA mg/kg),同时保持其良好的感官特性。相较于对照组,牛至和茶树精油处理抑制脂质氧化(0.11～0.36 MDA mg/kg)和微生物增殖的效果更佳(P 0.05),可分别延长货架期4 d和7d。微生物多样性分析结果显示,贮藏期间4种包装方式下存在不同的菌群演替规律,均以弧菌属、发光杆菌属和索丝菌属为主要优势菌群,表明精油处理可能通过对以上多种优势微生物的抑制,实现延长气调包装烤鸭货架期的目的。     

气调包装的调理啤酒鲈鱼片在微冻贮藏过程中的微生物群落多样性分析

为揭示调理啤酒鲈鱼片气调包装和微冻贮藏过程中的微生物变化规律及其腐败本质,为优化产品工艺和推广产品提供理论依据,采用Illumina MiSeq测序技术解析调理啤酒鲈鱼制品气调包装和－3?℃贮藏过程中微生物群落多样性,并比较其与真空包装4?℃贮藏鲈鱼片的微生物群落多样性的区别。结果表明：鲈鱼制品在贮藏过程中的优势微生物为厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）;真空包装的未调味鲈鱼片在4?℃贮藏过程中微生物多样性比在－3?℃贮藏的气调包装调理啤酒鲈鱼丰富,且在贮藏第4天时,开始出现了索丝菌属（Brochothrix）等常见的腐败微生物,到第10天时,索丝菌属、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）丰度迅速增大,出现了希瓦氏菌属（Shewanella）,造成鲈鱼片彻底腐败变质;气调包装的调理啤酒鲈鱼片在第20天时才开始出现假单胞菌属和希瓦氏菌属等腐败菌,之后在CO2的抑制作用下,腐败菌丰度逐渐减小,直到货架期终点时,假单胞菌才迅速增长,且出现了嗜冷杆菌属（Psychrobacte）,造成了鲈鱼制品的彻底腐败变质。这说明气调包装联合啤酒调理的加工方式及－3 ℃贮藏可以有效延长产品的货架期。     

不同气调包装结合冰温贮藏对羊肉保鲜效果的影响

为延长鲜羊肉的保鲜时间,研究不同气体组分的气调包装对羊肉冰温贮藏过程中品质的影响。以真空包装为对照,比较75% O2＋25% CO2、75% N2＋25% CO2气调包装羊肉在－1 ℃冰温条件下贮藏过程中感官品质、色泽、汁液流失率、嫩度、挥发性盐基氮、pH值、微生物等品质指标的变化。结果表明：真空包装羊肉的汁液流失率显著高于2 种气调包装,而75% N2＋25% CO2气调包装羊肉的色泽和感官评分最差。75% O2＋25% CO2气调包装的保鲜效果最好,其色泽和感官评分最高,汁液流失率较小,pH值最低,－1 ℃冰温条件下贮藏42 d时,羊肉的菌落总数、假单胞菌菌数、乳酸菌菌数的对数值分别为5.91、5.95、5.23 （lg（CFU/g））,其中菌落总数指标符合国家二级鲜肉标准。因此,－1 ℃冰温条件下结合75% O2＋25% CO2气调包装可以使羊肉有效保鲜42 d,是较好的鲜羊肉保鲜方法。     

不同包装方式下冷鲜青虾的菌群多样性分析

对青虾采用两种包装方式：托盘包装和气调包装（体积分数50% CO2＋50% N2）,在4?℃条件下贮藏6?d,测定菌落总数和挥发性盐基氮含量,确定不同包装方式下青虾的货架期;随后利用16S?rDNA扩增子测序对两种包装方式下青虾微生物多样性进行研究,比较其菌相变化,确定其变化规律。结果表明：托盘包装组和气调包装组的货架期分别为2?d和4?d;且两种包装方式下变质青虾的菌群结构有较大差异,在托盘包装方式下,优势菌群主要以不动杆菌、黄杆菌和希瓦氏菌为主,是普通低温贮藏时造成青虾腐败的主要菌群;采用气调包装后,黄杆菌和希瓦氏菌数量大大降低,假单胞菌成为主要优势菌群;体积分数50%?CO2＋50%?N2气调包装能抑制托盘包装时优势腐败菌的增殖,从而延长货架期;而假单胞菌有较强的耐受力,成为新的优势腐败菌。研究结果为保障青虾的质量安全提供了理论依据。     

基于宏基因组学分析气调包装中华鳖贮藏期间菌相变化

研究气调包装中华鳖贮藏过程中微生物菌相变化,为中华鳖贮藏保鲜提供参考。采用宏基因组学法研究气调包装(50%CO_2/50%N_2,3 mL∶1 g)的中华鳖4℃贮藏过程中的菌相变化,结果表明:整个贮藏过程中,气调包装样品的群落丰富度逐渐上升,物种多样性呈先上升后下降趋势;气调包装的优势腐败菌属为希瓦氏菌属,在贮藏末期占29.68%;气调包装能有效抑制假单胞菌属、黄杆菌属等水产品中常见的腐败微生物,维持产品新鲜品质,是中华鳖包装贮藏的优良选择。     

包装方式和贮藏温度对羊肉微生物数量、细菌多样性和代谢途径的影响

为探究包装方式和贮藏温度对羊肉微生物数量、细菌多样性和代谢途径的影响,将宰后羊肉分别经空气包装（air packaging,AP）、真空包装（vacuum packaging,VP）和贴体包装（skin packaging,SP）后置于冷藏（4±1）℃和冰温（－1.7±0.2）℃下贮藏30 d,采用平板计数和高通量测序相结合的方法对贮藏过程中的微生物群落进行分析。结果表明,贮藏过程中SP组的菌落总数（total viable count,TVC）、乳酸菌、假单胞菌等6 种菌群数量均低于AP组和VP组,冰温组6 种菌群数量均明显低于冷藏组。随贮藏时间延长羊肉菌群多样性均呈下降趋势,冷藏组较冰温组多样性更复杂。采用高通量测序技术对羊肉菌群16S rDNA的V3～V4区域测序,共获得10 个菌门和30 个菌属,所有样品中丰度最高的菌门均为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）;假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）在AP组中为优势菌属,而在SP组和VP组中丰度较低,肉食杆菌属（Carnobacterium）、环丝菌属（Brochothrix）和乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）均为AP、VP和SP组贮藏末期的优势菌属。基于京都基因与基因组百科全书富集分析发现碳水化合物代谢、氨基酸代谢和核苷酸代谢为羊肉贮藏过程中主要代谢途径,其中贮藏前期以氨基酸代谢为主,贮藏后期主要为碳水化合物代谢和核苷酸代谢,包装方式和贮藏温度导致的菌群结构差异主导了代谢丰度的不同。结论：SP协同冰温贮藏能够降低羊肉贮藏过程中微生物的数量和细菌群落多样性,有利于保持羊肉品质。     

鲐鱼贮藏过程中的品质变化及腐败微生物多样性分析

以感官评价、pH、TVB-V、组胺和微生物作为评价指标,检测鲐鱼在气调、真空包装贮藏条件下的品质及其腐败微生物多样性的变化。结果表明,在4℃条件下,气调包装和真空包装的鲐鱼货架期终点分别为16 d和12 d。利用Miseq平台Illumina第二代高通量测序鲐鱼样品中细菌16S rRNA基因V4区域,发现真空包装鲐鱼样品的货架终期主要的腐败菌是发光杆菌、希瓦氏菌和弧菌,气调包装鲐鱼样品的货架终期主要的腐败菌是远洋杆菌、盐单胞菌和嗜冷杆菌。本研究确定了不同贮藏条件下的优势腐败菌群,为鲐鱼贮藏过程中的抑菌提供了理论参考,并为气调包装中鲐鱼保鲜的应用提供了依据。     

气调包装狮子头冷藏过程中微生物变化及菌群结构分析

以狮子头为研究对象,设置对照组和气调包装组（100% N₂、30% CO₂+70% N₂、40% CO₂+60% N₂）,研究其在4 ℃贮藏过程中,包装顶空气体组成及狮子头微生物数量的变化,并通过高通量测序技术分析腐败时期气调包装狮子头的菌群结构。结果表明:与对照组相比,30% CO₂+70% N₂和40% CO₂+60% N₂气调包装组能够抑制狮子头贮藏过程中菌落总数、假单胞菌属、肠杆菌属的生长繁殖。贮藏15 d时,30% CO₂+70% N₂组的菌落总数显著高于40% CO₂+60% N₂组（P<0.05）。因此40% CO₂+60% N₂组的抑菌效果优于30% CO₂+70% N₂组。腐败时期,三个气调包装处理组的菌群结构主要由芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus spp.）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas spp.）、链球菌属（Streptococcus spp.）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobaceter spp.）、热杀索丝菌属（Brochothrix spp.）、肠杆菌属（Enterobacter spp.）、乳酸菌属（Lactobacillus spp.）以及嗜冷杆菌属（Psychrobacter spp.）组成。本研究可为延长气调包装狮子头的货架期提供参考。     

Influence of Injection, Packaging, and Storage Conditions on the Quality of Beef and Bison Steaks

The combined effects of injection, packaging (modified atmosphere packaging [MAP] with 70% O₂/ 30% CO₂ and vacuum packaging [VP]), storage temperature (‐1 °C and +4 °C), and storage time on the color, microbial and oxidative stability of beef and bison longissimus lumborum (LL) steaks were investigated. Beef LL steaks in MAP retained their bright red color longer than bison steaks. Bison steaks developed higher 2‐Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) during storage, and this might have influenced the resulting rapid loss of redness from the bloomed meat. Storage at ‐1 °C in MAP provided greater color stability and a longer storage life for both meat species studied. Injection of salt/phosphate had a beneficial effect on the color stability of steaks during retail display; however, this positive effect was more pronounced for bison steaks compared with those of beef. Steaks stored overnight under MAP before retail display maintained the highest a* values for up to 5 d compared with those stored under vacuum. MAP‐OV steaks generally maintained the highest OMB content for up to 5 d during retail display compared with those stored under vacuum. Nevertheless, OMB levels were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in bison steaks compared with those of beef irrespective of packaging treatments. Injected steaks and those stored at ‐1 °C had significantly (P < 0.05) higher OMB levels compared with non‐injected counterparts and those stored at +4 °C, respectively. MAP is an excellent option for short‐term storage due to its positive effects on meat color, but for longer storage, VP may be necessary. Storing meat under vacuum and then placing it under MAP just before retail display might be another option to increase shelf life.     

包装方式和宰后不同时间包装对羊肉品质的影响

为探究包装方式和宰后不同时间包装对羊肉贮藏品质的影响,本研究对宰后1 h热分割羊肉和冷却成熟24 h后的分割羊肉分别进行热收缩包装、真空包装、贴体包装、50%（体积分数,下同）O2+50%CO2气调包装,测定其在（2±2）℃贮藏过程中pH值、色泽、贮藏损失率、蒸煮损失率、离心损失率、剪切力、挥发性气味的变化。结果表明：与宰后24 h包装相比,宰后1 h包装羊肉pH值在贮藏14 d时更高,但其贮藏期间色泽较好,色泽稳定性更高,贮藏损失率更低。从整体来看,3种真空处理（热收缩包装、真空包装、贴体包装）羊肉嫩度均优于气调包装羊肉,且宰后1 h包装时真空条件处理对羊肉嫩化效果最好,宰后24 h羊肉在贮藏前期气调包装对羊肉嫩化效果较好;而无论何时包装,热收缩包装和气调包装羊肉贮藏损失率均显著小于其他处理组（P<0.05）,在贮藏前期色泽及稳定性较好,但贮藏后期色泽稳定性下降明显,气调包装羊肉在14 d时已部分发绿,贮藏21 d时挥发性气味变化显著。综上,宰后1 h包装有利于提高羊肉贮藏期间色泽及持水力,改善真空处理羊肉嫩度,宰后24 h包装可提高50%O2+50%CO2气调包装羊肉贮藏前期...     

The effects of high oxygen modified atmosphere packaging on protein oxidation of bovine M. longissimus dorsi muscle during chilled storage

Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) extends the shelf life of beef, especially in the context of visual colour. High O₂ MAP (70-80%) may cause quality deterioration through lipid and protein oxidation, the latter linked to a reduction in meat tenderness. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of MAP in comparison to vacuum packaging (VP) on protein oxidation and subsequent tenderness of LD (M. longissimus dorsi) beef steaks during chilled storage (4 °C) of periods up to 14 days. Steaks were analysed for carbonyl content, free thiol groups, drip loss, Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) and SDS-PAGE of extracted myofibrillar proteins. Free thiol groups were lower in high O₂ MAP (80% O₂/20% CO₂) steaks, after 14 days of storage, indicating protein oxidation compared to VP steaks. SDS-PAGE (non reducing conditions) showed the presence of high molecular weight cross linked myosin heavy chain aggregates in the high O₂ atmosphere packaged steaks, which were absent in VP steaks.     

Shelf life of fresh foal meat under MAP, overwrap and vacuum packaging conditions

The objective of this study was to investigate the physico-chemical properties, the microbial counts and the sensory properties' changes of foal steaks packed under various conditions. The experimental packaging systems were: (i) vacuum packaging (VP), (ii) overwrap packaging and (iii) two modified atmosphere packaging methods (MAP): high O(2) MAP (80% O(2)+20% CO(2)) and low O(2) MAP (30% O(2)+70% CO(2)). The meat was stored at 2°C during 14days and tested for pH, colour, lipid and protein oxidation, microbial counts and sensory assessment of odour, colour and appearance. Of the two MAP, overwrap and VP, both MAP were the most effective treatments for the inhibition of the total viable counts (TVC), Pseudomonas spp., psychrotrophic aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae as well as moulds and yeast. According to the sensory evaluation, foal steaks packed under overwrap and MAP treatments resulted unacceptable after 7days of storage, whereas the vacuum-packed meat was still acceptable. Moreover, the redness value decreased significantly (P<0.001) with all treatments during the storage time, except for the vacuum packs, which increased significantly (P<0.001). Finally, foal steaks from overwrap packaging and MAP conditions had a greater increase of TBAR'S values and carbonyl content during the storage time. High O(2) levels affected foal meat quality negatively, while anaerobic conditions extended the meat's shelf life up to 14days.     

Influence of vacuum skin packaging on color stability of beef longissimus lumborum compared with vacuum and high-oxygen modified atmosphere packaging

The objective of this study was to investigate how color stability of beef is affected by vacuum skin packaging (VSP) compared with vacuum packaging (VP) and high-oxygen modified atmosphere packaging (MAP; 80% O(2) and 20% CO(2)). Longissimus lumborum muscles were aged in vacuum for 7days and then cut into 2-cm-thick slices and repacked using VSP, VP and MAP for another 7days. Color stability was measured during the next 5days in air and samples for α-tocopherol and NADH analyses were obtained at the beginning and end of aerobic storage. Color stability, α-tocopherol and NADH of steaks were affected by packaging methods and storage time in air (P<0.05). Higher a* value was obtained in VSP on day 5 compared with VP. Steaks packed in VSP had better color stability than in VP and their color was similar to MAP at the end (day 5) of storage.     

Evaluation of carbon monoxide treatment in modified atmosphere packaging or vacuum packaging to increase color stability of fresh beef

Our goal was to obtain > 21 days red color stability for carbon monoxide (CO)-treated beef steaks in vacuum packaging (VP). In preliminary tests, pretreatment for 24 h in a 5% CO modified atmosphere package (MAP) was needed to maintain redness after re-packaging in VP. Pressure pretreatment with 5% CO for 2 h developed redness, but was impractical for large-scale application. Color stability and microbial load were then compared after treatment of steaks in 5% CO-MAP for 24 h, then VP; 100% CO-MAP for 1 h, then VP; steaks and ground beef in 0.5% CO-MAP; and steaks and ground beef in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) wrap. Steaks remained red for 5, 6, 8 and <1-week storage at 2°C, respectively. Steaks microbial load exceeded spoilage levels (>10(6)cfu/cm(2)) at 5, 6, 7 and <2-weeks, respectively. Thus, extended color stability in VP was achieved by pretreatment with 5% CO for 24 h or 100% CO for 1 h.     

酱牛肉气调和真空包装保鲜效果比较研究

为了改进酱牛肉的保鲜效果并延长其货架期,以真空包装为参照,探讨气调包装（5% O2＋70% CO2＋ 25% N2）对酱牛肉的保鲜效果。以细菌总数、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（TBARS）值、总挥发性盐基氮含量、pH值、 色差、风味为评价指标,比较酱牛肉真空和气调两种包装方式保鲜效果的差异。结果表明：在10 ℃贮藏18 d后,气 调包装组和真空包装对照组相比,其细菌总数降低2 个数量级,TBARS值降低了38.7%,挥发性盐基氮含量降低了 66.8%,且通过电子鼻主成分分析能将两种包装方式完全分开。表明气调包装更有利于酱牛肉的保鲜,可有效提高 其品质稳定性,并延长产品的货架期。