树形对酿酒葡萄产量和品质的影响

以‘美乐’‘马瑟兰’‘西拉’‘黑比诺’为试材,调查倾斜式单干水平蔓（SS）与倾斜式单干双水平蔓（SD）树形对不同葡萄品种果实产量、基础理化指标、酚类物质以及香气物质的影响。结果表明,相比于SS树形,SD树形可显著提高4个葡萄品种的果实产量,可显著提高‘黑比诺’果实糖类物质含量,提高‘美乐’‘马瑟兰’总酚、类黄酮、黄烷三醇、单宁、总花色苷等物质总含量以及‘美乐’‘黑比诺’香气物质含量;可显著降低‘美乐’‘马瑟兰’‘西拉’糖类物质含量,‘西拉’‘黑比诺’总酚、类黄酮、黄烷三醇、单宁、总花色苷等物质总含量以及‘马瑟兰’‘西拉’香气物质含量。以上结果表明,两种树形对不同葡萄品种的基础理化指标、酚类物质以及香气物质影响不一,糖酸、酚类物质以及香气物质含量不仅受树形影响,还与品种有关。     

不同品种蓝莓果实品质和香气物质差异分析

为明确不同品种蓝莓果实品质和香气物质的差异,选择3种类型的20个品种的蓝莓为试材,对果实可溶性总糖、可滴定总酸、维生素C进行测定,计算糖酸比,并利用电子鼻系统对果实香气进行测定和评价.结果表明,在参试蓝莓品种间可溶性总糖、可滴定总酸、维生素C和糖酸比4个单一指标均达到极显著水平(P<0.01).参试蓝莓品种香气物质的构...     

猕猴桃品质指标差异分析及GC-IMS分析果汁中挥发性物质

以金艳、红阳、东红及万州红心4 种猕猴桃为原料,比较样品间感官差异（外观、内部横切面形态）、品质差异（出汁率、可溶性固形物、总糖、pH值、可滴定酸、VC、总酚、花色苷、黄酮、单宁）,结合主成分分析与聚类分析法对样品分析,同时采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱（gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS）技术对不同品种猕猴桃果汁中挥发性成分进行分析。结果表明,4 个品种出汁率、总酸等含量差异不明显,万州红心猕猴桃品种中总糖、VC、总酚、黄酮及花色苷含量较其他3 个品种高,金艳品种中单宁含量较高,主成分分析和聚类分析结果较一致,金艳聚为一类,红阳、东红及万州红心聚为一类;采用GC-IMS技术在4 种猕猴桃果汁中共检测出55 种挥发性物质,不同样品之间挥发性物质差异较大,按照挥发性成分进行主成分分析与聚类分析,对样品进行分类,结果与按照品质指标分类结果一致。     

1-MCP对葡萄货架期间品质及挥发性物质的影响

为提高葡萄的保鲜效果,以4 个葡萄品种为试材,通过测定其落粒率、VC含量和可溶固形物含量等指标,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定其挥发性物质,研究1-甲基环丙烯（1-methylcyclopne,1-MCP）对葡萄货架品质特性及主要挥发性物质的影响。结果表明：1-MCP处理可以显著抑制4 个品种葡萄果实落粒率和腐烂率的下降,保持果实的新鲜度。与对照相比,1-MCP处理可以减缓可溶性固形物含量的波动,同时可以保持可滴定酸含量的稳定性,有效抑制4 个品种葡萄果实硬度的下降,在贮藏前期可以有效抑制VC含量的下降,但后期作用效果不明显。4 个品种葡萄成熟果实中的挥发性物质主要成分为醇类、醛类和酯类。货架期间,与对照组相比,处理组主要挥发性物质波动小,整体风味优于对照组。     

软枣猕猴桃果实发育期品质指标及抗氧化能力的变化

目的:为软枣猕猴桃品质提升及合理开发利用提供理论依据。方法:以龙成2号及海佳2个品种(系)为试材,分析了软枣猕猴桃果实发育期间基本品质指标、总酚及类黄酮含量的变化,采用FRAP法、ABTS法和DPPH法动态测定其抗氧化能力,进一步比较了总酚含量与抗氧化能力在果实不同部位的分布差异。结果:(1) 2个品种(系)果实的可溶性固形物、可滴定酸及维生素C含量在果实发育过程中整体表现出持续上升的趋势。(2)在色素方面,2个品种(系)的叶绿素含量均表现为高—低—高的变化趋势;自盛花后64 d起,2个品种(系)的类胡萝卜素含量持续增加,同时海佳的花青苷含量也逐步上升。(3)总酚、类黄酮含量及3种抗氧化能力均随果实的成熟而呈下降趋势;相关性分析表明,在所有品质指标中,总酚、类黄酮与3种抗氧化能力均呈极显著正相关。(4)在成熟果实中,果皮的总酚、类黄酮含量均远高于果肉,表现出较强的抗氧化能力。结论:2个品种(系)软枣猕猴桃的抗氧化能力均随果实发育而下降,而总酚特别是类黄酮是果实发育过程中影响抗氧化能力的重要物质。果皮是软枣猕猴桃果实抗氧化能力较高的部位,同时也是涩味的主要来源。     

6 个库尔勒香梨品种果实矿质元素与品质的相关性和通径分析

应用相关性分析和通径分析的方法分析6?个库尔勒香梨品种果实矿质营养元素和品质指标之间的相关性和通径系数,筛选影响果实品质指标的主要矿质元素因子,为合理施肥及果实提质增效提供理论依据。结果表明,不同梨品种的果实品质和矿质元素含量存在一定程度的差异,果实品质中石细胞含量变异系数较大,可溶性固形物含量变异系数较小;果实矿质元素中P含量变异系数较大,Mg含量变异系数较小。相关性分析表明,部分果实品质指标与部分矿质元素含量之间存在一定的相关性。通径分析进一步明确了Ca对单果质量、果实硬度和可溶性固形物具有最大的正直接作用,N对可溶性糖、可滴定酸和VC具有最大的正直接作用,P对糖酸比和石细胞具有最大的正直接作用;Cu对果实硬度、可溶性固形物和石细胞具有最大的负直接作用,Fe对可滴定酸和VC具有最大的负直接作用,Zn对可溶性糖具有最大的负直接作用,N对单果质量和糖酸比具有最大的负直接作用。生产中要合理调控各种矿质元素的施肥配比,从而实现梨果的优质生产。     

蓝莓果实外观与糖、酸、酚组成特征

以21个蓝莓品种果实为试材,观测外观特点,检测可溶性糖、有机酸营养组成,旨在为育种、栽培、鲜食品种选择提供依据。结果表明,蓝莓果型指数均小于1,大多呈不同程度扁球形,少数近球形和饼形;单果重为0.52 g～2.63 g,其中‘达柔’超过2.5 g,是少有的大型果;果实多呈蓝色且表面附着果粉,‘粉红佳人’为稀有的红色少果粉品种,‘黑珍珠’是罕见的黑色无果粉种质;果实越大果形越扁含水量越高。果实含有果糖、葡萄糖2种可溶性糖和草酸、奎尼酸、苹果酸、莽草酸、柠檬酸5种有机酸以及绿原酸、儿茶素2种酚类物质,3类物质含量依次递减、差异显著。同一品种中两种糖含量相当且葡萄糖含量（48.81 mg/kg）略高于果糖含量（44.41 mg/kg）,果糖甜度（7 771）显著高于葡萄糖甜度（3 661）,属于己糖积累型果实,果糖、葡萄糖、总糖含量及甜度变化趋势和幅度极为相似,果糖含量越高,葡萄糖含量越高,果实越甜,‘喜来’、‘日出’是优良的高糖品种。柠檬酸含量最高（6.31 mg/kg）,占总酸的76.52%,显著高于其它有机酸,属于柠檬酸优势型果品,不同品种间奎尼酸含量差异巨大,相差1 000余倍,‘北...     

贵州不同产地无籽刺梨的基本营养成分及香气物质比较

目的：对贵州不同产地无籽刺梨基本营养成分及香气物质进行比较研究,为无籽刺梨生产加工原料选择提供参考。方法：以贵州安顺、贵阳、施秉、兴义四地无籽刺梨为原料,测定果实性状、基本营养成分,高效液相色谱法测定果实有机酸组成及含量,气相色谱-质谱联用仪分离鉴定果实挥发性风味物质。结果：安顺、兴义地区无籽刺梨单果质量及果径较大;兴义无籽刺梨色泽明度显著大于其余三地;安顺无籽刺梨超氧化物歧化酶含量最高;安顺、兴义地区VC含量较高;贵阳地区总酚含量最高;安顺、贵阳二地含水量较高。无籽刺梨中共检出6 种常见有机酸,柠檬酸和抗坏血酸含量较高;四地无籽刺梨果实中共检出60 种香气物质,其中安顺无籽刺梨检出42 种、贵阳39 种、施秉49 种、兴义40 种,主体香气物质为D-柠檬烯、愈创木烯、乙酸异戊酯、辛酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、乙酸叶醇酯、苯甲醛、茶香螺烷等。结论：贵州省四地区无籽刺梨果实性状、营养成分含量及香气成分相对含量均有差异,应根据产品营养需求选择原料产地。     

褪黑素处理对盐胁迫下番茄果实品质及挥发性物质的影响

以“金棚1号”番茄为材料,研究在150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下施加不同浓度褪黑素对番茄果实产量、品质及挥发性物质含量的影响。结果表明：在施加50、100 μmol/L褪黑素处理下,可以显著提高番茄果实中可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、VC、β-胡萝卜素含量,降低果实中有机酸和硝酸盐含量。相比于单纯盐胁迫处理,果实品质更好。利用顶空固相微萃取技术,对各处理进行气相色谱-质谱检测,分析各处理组番茄果实挥发性物质成分和含量。结果表明,胁迫处理提高了果实挥发性物质总含量,而施加不同浓度褪黑素会进一步提高挥发性物质含量,其中在50 μmol/L褪黑素处理下,其含量最高。综上,在利用褪黑素缓解番茄盐胁迫时,施加浓度为50～100 μmol/L的褪黑素能够提高果实品质、增强果香,效果最佳。     

不同预处理方式对红枣热风-微波联合干燥品质特性及抗氧化活性的影响

为提高干燥红枣品质,将4种不同预处理技术（超声波、热水、碱性油酸乙酯乳液、冷冻）应用于红枣干燥前处理,运用热风-微波联合干燥技术干燥红枣,探究不同处理方式下红枣的酚类物质、可溶性糖、有机酸、三萜酸、维生素C、总酚、总黄酮的含量,并比较其抗氧化能力。结果表明：4种不同预处理组红枣鉴定出8种酚类物质、4种可溶性糖、4种有机酸、4种三萜类物质,其中儿茶素、绿原酸为主要的酚类物质,蔗糖为主要的可溶性糖,柠檬酸、琥珀酸、富马酸为主要的有机酸,白桦脂酸、熊果酸为主要的三萜酸。经超声预处理后热风-微波联合干燥的红枣较其它处理组红枣,主要的酚类物质、可溶性糖、有机酸、三萜酸、维生素C、总酚、总黄酮含量较高且抗氧化活性较强,表明超声处理是一种优良的红枣干燥前处理方法。     

Comparative study of primary and secondary metabolites in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars

BACKGROUND: Apricot is one of the most popular Prunus species grown in the temperate zone and great variation in the contents of primary and secondary metabolites has been reported in its fruit. However, little is known on the phenolic profiles and antioxidant potential of important local cultivars. The objective of the study was to identify valuable parental lines for breeding of cultivars with high health‐promoting effects. RESULTS: Primary metabolites (sugars, organic acids) and secondary metabolites (phenolics) were quantified by high‐performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) in fruit of 13 apricot cultivars: total sugars ranged from 59.2 to 212.5 g kg^?1 fresh weight (FW) and total organic acids from 4.2 to 20.8 g kg^?1 FW. Four hydroxycinnamic acids and three flavonols were quantified; their content was significantly higher in skin compared to pulp. Similarly, antioxidative potential was significantly higher in skin and ranged from 125.4 to 726.5 mg ascorbic acid equivalents kg^?1 FW. A positive correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant potential was determined. Multivariate analysis subdivided the cultivars into five major groups, mostly influenced by the content of individual and total phenolics as well as the antioxidant potential of apricot skin and pulp. CONCLUSION: In regard to high phenolic content in connection with antioxidant potential, three cultivars stand out as the richest in analyzed quality parameters: ‘Mula Sadik’, ‘Bergeron’ and ‘Chuan Zhi Hong’. They also contained high amounts of primary metabolites and should be promoted for further planting and included in apricot breeding programs. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

18 个品种授粉‘鸭梨’果实品质和香气成分分析与评价

研究不同品种授粉对‘鸭梨’果实品质和香气成分的影响,探究‘鸭梨’果实品质性状的花粉直感效应,为授粉品种筛选和‘鸭梨’果实品质改善提供依据。以30 a生‘鸭梨’为试材,分别以18 个不同品种特性花粉为‘鸭梨’进行人工授粉,其中以‘雪花梨’授粉果实为对照,测定果实单果质量、果点直径、果点密度、石细胞团含量、可溶性固形物、糖酸组分含量及香气组分相对含量等品质指标,利用主成分分析对不同品种的授粉效果进行综合评价。结果表明,不同品种授粉对‘鸭梨’果实外观品质、内在品质及香气成分均有影响,变幅在12.57%～96.10%之间;与‘雪花梨’授粉果实相比,‘南水’、‘丰水’和‘库尔勒香梨’授粉‘鸭梨’果实可溶性固形物、可溶性糖含量和固酸比均显著提高,分别提高了0.55%～0.76%、7.53～16.54 mg/g和1.96～4.54,改善‘鸭梨’果实营养品质;‘南水’、‘库尔勒香梨’、‘Crispel’、‘绿宝石’和‘翠玉’授粉‘鸭梨’果实酯类物质相对含量显著增加了7.77～17.85 倍,其中乙酸己酯相对含量显著提高了2.76～14.86 倍,同时检测出6 种特有酯类香气物质,分别为乙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、(E)-乙酸-2-己烯-1-醇酯、乙酸苯乙酯和反-2-顺-癸二烯酸乙酯,改善‘鸭梨’果实香味。与父本果实品质特性相比,授粉‘鸭梨’果实在石细胞团含量、果肉质地、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖及香气组分方面表现明显的花粉直感效应,而在单果质量、果点直径、果点密度及总酸含量方面无明显花粉直感效应;综合评价表明,‘南水’授粉效果最好,适宜为‘鸭梨’授粉树。     

Evaluation of peach and nectarine fruit quality and correlations between sensory and chemical attributes

Sensory attributes and chemical composition in peach and nectarine fruits of nine different cultivars were evaluated and compared. The cultivars investigated in the research were: ‘Maria Marta’, ‘Romestar’, ‘325 × A/8’, ‘224 × A/13’, ‘V × S/4’, ‘Bea’, ‘Maria Aurelia’, ‘Venus’ and ‘Spring Red’. In sensory evaluation the ‘Maria Aurelia’ was the highest rated, and the ‘224 × A/13’ was the lowest. The cultivars ‘325 × A/8’, ‘224 × A/13’, ‘V × S/4’ and ‘Spring Red’ were poor in sugars; however, the ‘Spring Red’ was rich in organic acids. Similarly, the ‘Maria Aurelia’ and ‘Venus’ fruits had higher contents of organic acids and were also rich in sugars. Furthermore, the relationships among sensory and chemical attributes of fruit quality were studied. The sensory evaluations of sweetness, taste, and aroma were well correlated with some chemically measured attributes of peach and nectarine quality: sweetness was influenced by citric acid, shikimic acid and sugars/organic acids ratio; aroma was correlated with total organic acids, sucrose, sorbitol and malic acid; taste was related to malic/citric acid ratio, total sugars, sucrose, sorbitol and malic acid. The results of the research indicate that sensory evaluation provides a good tool in the quick assessment of peach and nectarine fruit quality. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Genotype and growing season influence blueberry antioxidant capacity and other quality attributes

Forty‐two blueberry cultivars (thirty‐six Vaccinium ashei, three V. ashei derivative hybrids and three northern highbush standards) were evaluated for their antioxidant capacities and other fruit quality attributes over two growing seasons. Total anthocyanins, phenolic content and antioxidant capacities varied substantially among species and cultivars. ‘Early May’ (V. ashei) had the highest amounts of anthocyanins, phenolics and antioxidant capacity. Cultivars from V. ashei hybrid derivatives had lower mean antioxidant components than those from northern highbush standards or V. ashei. The antioxidant capacity, as well as total anthocyanins and phenolics, had significant cultivar × year interactions. Correlation coefficient between years for total anthocyanins, total phenolics and oxygen radical absorbance capacity were high with values of 0.86, 0.81 and 0.93, respectively. Similar interactions were observed for soluble solids content (SSC), sugar, titratable acid and organic acids among cultivars both within and across the growing seasons. Correlation coefficients between years for SSC, fructose, glucose and sucrose were 0.78, 0.71, 0.83 and 0.96, respectively. Fructose and glucose were detected as two major sugars with sucrose as a minor constituent. ‘Clara’ contained the highest amounts of SSC and sugars, while ‘Satilla’ had the lowest. In general, V. ashei cultivars had a higher mean SSC and sugar contents than did the hybrid derivatives or the northern highbush standards. Cultivars of V. ashei contained higher malic acid than citric acid, whereas in hybrid derivatives and northern highbush cultivars, citric acid was the predominant organic acid. The diversity in the amount of these fruit quality attributes and antioxidant capacities presents a great opportunity for genetic improvement of blueberries through breeding programmes. The objective of the study was to identify blueberry cultivars with high antioxidant activity and good fruit quality, so they can be used as parents for future blueberry breeding programmes to develop new cultivars with higher antioxidant activity.     

梅花果实品质及抑菌、抗氧化活性分析

为揭示不同品种梅花果实的品质及抑菌、抗氧化活性差异,从抗寒梅花中筛选果实品质优良的品种,为抗寒花果兼用梅的选育以及梅花果实综合利用提供依据。对8 个品种梅花果实的品质（外观品质和食用品质）性状、抑菌和抗氧化活性进行评价,利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术对酚类化合物进行分离和检测,对果实品质性状与抑菌和抗氧化活性进行相关性分析。结果表明：不同品种梅花果实的品质性状差异显著,‘淡丰后’、‘粉靥丰后’、‘武藏野’和‘飞绿萼’等级评价较高;‘丰后’、‘武藏野’、‘飞绿萼’总酚和总黄酮含量较高,从3 个品种中都分离出儿茶素、迷迭香酸、圣草酚、丁香酸、芦丁5 种酚类化合物,梅花果实的抑菌和抗氧化活性与总酚和总黄酮含量存在相关关系。‘武藏野’和‘飞绿萼’是优良的抗寒花果兼用梅,果实品质性状较优,可以作为天然抗氧化剂或功能性食品进行开发利用。     

百香果果汁营养特性分析与评价

本研究分析了我国百香果主栽品种的果汁营养成分,采用固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用法（HS-SPME -GC-MS）分析其香气成分,并利用主成分因子分析（principal component analysis,PCA）对四个鲜食百香果品种的营养品质特性进行综合评价。结果表明,四种百香果果汁的营养成分存在明显差异,黄果品种‘大黄金’和‘芭乐黄金果’的可溶性糖、糖酸比、维生素C、矿物质元素及氨基酸含量等明显高于紫红果品种‘台农一号’和‘满天星’。百香果果汁中氨基酸总量为1113.2～1238.9 mg/100 g,其中谷氨酸含量最大（204.00～256.00 mg/100 g）,占总氨基酸比例为19.93%,天门冬氨酸次之,蛋氨酸（0.53%）和胱氨酸（0.26%）的含量最低。鉴定出四种百香果果汁中含有153种香气成分,其中四个品种共有成分为23种物质;香气物质中以酯类为主（80.02%）、醇类、萜烯类和酮类次之,醛类、酸类、烷类等含量较低,其中酯类以己酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、己基丁酸酯和己酸己酯等为主。以所测17个指标作变量进行主成分因子分析,结果显示,‘大黄金’作为鲜食百香果综合内在品质得分最高,其他依次为‘芭乐黄金果’、‘满天星’和‘台农一号’。本研究为百香果育种与加工提供了理论指导。     

2种草莓成熟过程中果实特征品质指标的变化

研究‘米拉’(‘Mira’)和‘哈尼’(‘Honeoye’)2个草莓品种的白色未熟期、粉色转熟期和红色成熟期3个阶段成熟过程中与风味、生理功能活性相关的特征品质指标变化。结果表明随着草莓成熟果实中总可溶性固形物含量、芳香性挥发成分、花色苷成分积累量有显著性上升,而总酸、总酚、总黄酮含量和抗氧化能力均有所下降。相关性和主成分分析结果表明,草莓成熟过程中总酚、总黄酮、总可溶性固形物和总酸含量均与总抗氧化-亚铁还原能力(ferric reducing-antioxidant power,FRAP)以及氧自由基吸收能力(oxygen radical absorption capacity,ORAC)的变化之间存在高相关性(r为0.859 1~0.994 7),而总花色苷含量与FRAP和ORAC之间的相关性仅为0.315 0和0.385 3。同时得出草莓果实的成熟度与芳香性挥发成分和花色苷组分积累量呈正相关性。     

3 种梨果实发育过程中酚类物质及其抗氧化能力分析

为进一步了解新疆主要栽培品种梨生长发育期果实酚类物质和抗氧化能力的变化规律,选取‘库尔勒香梨’‘早酥梨’及其杂交后代‘新梨7号’果实为试材,对其总酚、总黄酮、酚类物质含量以及1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基清除能力和2,2’-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸（2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),ABTS）阳离子自由基清除能力进行分析。结果表明：3 种梨果实总酚含量、总黄酮含量、DPPH自由基清除能力在整个生长发育过程中总体呈逐渐降低的变化趋势,ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力呈先降低后升高再降低的变化趋势,花后50 d‘早酥梨’果实中总酚和总黄酮含量、DPPH自由基清除能力最高,分别达23.10、32.25 mg/g和29.12 μmol/g;花后80 d,‘早酥梨’果实ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力最高,达80.74 μmol/g。不同生长发育期同品种梨果实的酚类物质含量均存在明显差异,果实中的熊果苷、儿茶素、绿原酸、表儿茶素、槲皮葡萄糖苷、山柰酚-3-O-葡萄糖苷含量总体逐渐降低,其中熊果苷含量最高,平均值为5 797.82 μg/g,其次是绿原酸含量,平均值为1 781.02 μg/g。梨果实中总黄酮、总酚、熊果苷、儿茶素、绿原酸、表儿茶素含量与DPPH自由基清除能力呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）。3 种梨幼果期（花后50 d）酚类物质及抗氧化能力较高,‘早酥梨’总酚含量、总黄酮含量、DPPH自由基清除能力和ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力均比‘库尔勒香梨’和‘新梨7号’高。     

不同成熟阶段柠檬果皮挥发物和酚类成分分析

为探究柠檬果皮香气和酚类成分在不同成熟阶段的变化特点,以抗病品种香水柠檬和泰吹柠檬不同成熟阶段果皮为材料,采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱法分析其挥发物成分,高效液相色谱法测定其酚类成分.结果表明:2个品种柠檬果皮中共检测到86种挥发性成分,以萜烯类、醛类和醇类为主,香水柠檬果皮中倍半萜和醛类含量较高,泰吹柠檬果皮...