含能快递

<正>印度用离子液体一锅法把TADB合成为CL-20C L-20的合成以2,4,6,8,10,12-六苄基-2,4,6,8,10,12-六氮杂异伍兹烷(H BIW)为原料,经中间体四乙酰基二苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷(T ADB)、四乙酰基二乙基六氮杂异伍兹烷(T ADE)、四乙酰基二甲酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(T ADF)或四乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(T AIW)中的一种硝化得到。在这些中间体中,普遍采用T ADB经两步硝化得到CL-20,只有北理工曾报道用N2O4一锅法硝化     

六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷中硝解不完全产物的分离和鉴定

本文采用薄层色谱(TLC)及柱色谱方法,分离出了由三种不同硝解基质合成的六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW)中所含的主要硝解不完全产物.并用FTIR、1HNMR、MS(CI)及元素分析等对它们进行了鉴定,确证其为一乙酰基五硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷、二乙酰基四硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷.由四乙酰基二苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TADBIW)经亚硝解脱苄再硝解制得的HNIW(试样Ⅰ)中的主要杂质为一乙酰基五硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷,含量在1%左右(高效液相色谱(HPLC)归一化法测定).由TADBIW经氧化硝解制得的HNIW(试样Ⅱ)中的主要杂质也是一乙酰基五硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷,含量在5%左右.由六乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HAIW)制得的HNIW(试样Ⅲ)中的杂质为一乙酰基五硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷和二乙酰基四硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷.     

六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷制备工艺研究开发新进展

六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW)是一种能量密度很高的新型含能化合物,具有广阔使用前景.本文对其制备工艺路线进行了综述.根据工艺安全、产品纯度和制备成本对合成六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷三种常用硝化前体:四乙酰基二苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TADB)、四乙酰基二甲酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TADF)和四乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TAIW)重点进行了讨论.     

六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷中硝解不完全产物的分离和鉴定

本文采用薄层色谱（TLC）及柱色谱方法,分离出了由三种不同硝解基质合成的六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷（HNIW）中所含的主要硝解不完全产物。并用FTIR,^1HNMR,MS(CI)及元素分析等对它们进行了鉴定,确证其为一乙酰基五硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷,二乙酰基四硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷,由四乙酰基二苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷（TADBIW）经亚硝解脱苄再硝解制得的HNIW（试样Ⅰ）中的主要杂质为一乙酰基五硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷,含量在1％左或（高效液相色谱（HPLC）归一化法测定）。由TADBIW经氧化硝解制得的HNIW（试样Ⅱ）中的主要杂质也是一乙酰基五硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷,含量在5％左右,由六乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷（HAIW）制得的HNIW（试样Ⅲ）中的杂质为一乙酰基五硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷和二乙酰基四硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷。     

四硝基-二(3,5-二硝基-4-氯苯甲酰基)六氮杂异伍兹烷的合成

介绍了六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW)衍生物———四硝基-二(3,5-二硝基-4-氯苯甲酰基)六氮杂异伍兹烷的合成:在钯催化下将四乙酰基二苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TADB IW)氢解为四乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TAIW),再与对氯苯甲酰氯反应,得中间产物四乙酰基-二(对氯苯甲酰基)六氮杂异伍兹烷(TAB IW),90℃下TAB IW经发烟硫酸(w(SO3)=20%)与发烟硝酸(w(HNO3)=98%)硝化4 h,即得到目标化合物四乙酰基-二(3,5-二硝基-4-氯苯甲酰基)六氮杂异伍兹烷TNB IW,其熔点242~244℃,总收率57.2%;通过红外光谱、核磁共振、质谱及元素分析表征了目标产物、TAB IW、TAIW的结构。     

降低由四乙酰基二苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷制备的六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷中杂质含量研究

由四乙酰基二苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TADBIW)制备六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW),产品为纯γ晶型,得率达90%,纯度达98%以上.其中2%杂质主要为五硝基-乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(PNMAIW).根据薄层色谱(TLC)和高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析结果,研究了HNIW得率及其中PNMAIW含量与硝解条件的关系.     

四乙酰基ニ甲酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷的硝解杂质与硝解机理

研究四乙酰基二甲酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷在浓硝酸和硝硫混酸介质中的硝解反应，两种介质体系中的主要硝解产物均为六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷。采用柱色谱分离从两种硝解产物中得到了两种完全不同的杂质：前者为五硝基一乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷；后者为五硝基一甲酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷。硝解产物中存在不同杂质说明，四乙酰基二甲酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷在两种不同的硝解剂中发生的硝解反应遵循不同的硝解机理。     

六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷中杂质的结构表征及热分解研究

分别以四乙酰基二苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷( TADBIW)为硝解基质通过亚硝解／硝解一锅法和四乙酰基二甲酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷( TADFIW)为硝解基质通过硝硫混酸法制备六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW)．用柱色谱对HNIW的主要杂质进行分离,以FTIR、1H NMR、MS、元素分析确定主要杂质为五硝基一乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷( PNMAIW)和五硝基一甲酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(PNMFIW)．PNMFIW与PNMAIW的DSC分析和动力学参数计算表明,前者的初始分解温度和分解峰温均比后者的高,且前者的分解表观活化能约为后者的2倍,这可能是因为,对于一取代基的五硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷六元环上的甲酰基比五元环上的乙酰基有助于笼型结构的稳定。     

四乙酰基二苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷的氧化脱苄研究

采用高锰酸钾作为氧化剂，乙酸酐作为反应介质，在三氟化硼乙醚的催化下对四乙酰基二苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷（TADBIW）进行氧化脱苄，得到四乙酰基二苯甲酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷（1）和未见文献报道的四乙酰基一苯甲酰基一苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷（2），并第一次通过氧化法得到六乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷（3）。     

硝-硫混酸硝化四乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷制备CL-20反应机理

为了研究四乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TAIW)的混酸硝化反应机理,采用分阶段终止反应进程的方法,先后分离并表征了五种反应中间体: 四乙酰基二硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷、三乙酰基三硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷、二乙酰基四硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷两种异构体以及一乙酰基五硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷.试验结果表明: TAIW笼底的两个游离仲胺基很容易首先发生硝化作用,在升温条件下,四个乙酰基再逐个发生硝解.运用薄层色谱(TLC)技术跟踪了反应进程,检测到了上述全部中间体.     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.