运用多元统计分析确定葡萄酒感官特性的描述符

为简化、筛选葡萄酒感官评价的描述符,通过感官品评不同年份的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒,对黑醋栗、青椒、烟熏味等48个香气描述指标进行了分析.主成分分析结果表明,5个主成分的累计贡献率达94.35%.系统聚类分析结果显示,黑醋栗(或红醋栗、薄荷、桂皮)、蓝圆莓(或李子干、橡木、烟熏味)、青椒(或黑莓)、香草(或覆盆子)、胡椒5个香气词语指标可以反映赤霞珠干红葡萄酒香气感官特性的绝大部分信息,因此这5个词语可以作为赤霞珠干红葡萄酒香气感官特性的描述符用于感官品评,以提高感官分析的精确性和灵敏度.     

添加葡萄籽单宁对橡木桶陈酿‘赤霞珠’和‘马瑟兰’干红葡萄酒香气的影响

采用气相色谱-质谱联用法和感官分析排序法,研究橡木桶陈酿前添加葡萄籽单宁（200 mg/L）对陈酿12 个月后‘赤霞珠’和‘马瑟兰’干红葡萄酒香气组分和感官特征的影响。结果表明：添加葡萄籽单宁对2 个品种葡萄酒香气的影响各异。葡萄籽单宁添加促进了橡木桶陈酿期间‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒中香草酸、香草醛、香草酸乙酯、糠醛、乙酰呋喃和糠醇等橡木来源香气物质的浸出,而抑制‘马瑟兰’干红葡萄酒中糠醛、乙酰呋喃、糠醇、5-甲基糠醛和5-羟甲基糠醛等橡木来源香气物质的浸出。添加葡萄籽单宁后,‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒的生青味和浆果香降低,烘烤味增强,‘马瑟兰’葡萄酒的生青味和花香略有增强,对陈酿型干红葡萄酒的生产具有重要指导作用。     

‘马瑟兰’与‘赤霞珠’酿造新鲜型干红葡萄酒的对比试验

以碣石山产区优质‘马瑟兰’和‘赤霞珠’为原料,采用低温短时浸渍发酵工艺酿制新鲜型干红葡萄酒,研究酿造过程不同时间节点的主要理化指标,并对比期感官品评结果。结果表明,酒精发酵结束、苹果酸-乳酸发酵结束以及瓶储2个月、7个月和12个月时,‘马瑟兰’干红酒的总酸、色度和花色苷含量均显著高于‘赤霞珠’（P＜0.05）,而pH值、色调和单宁含量均显著低于‘赤霞珠’（P＜0.05）;新鲜型‘马瑟兰’干红酒的外观、香气、口感和整体得分显著优于‘赤霞珠’（P＜0.05）,具有鲜艳的深紫红色、红色浆果、干草、植物香气和甜香,酸度适宜,口感饱满柔和,酒体平衡。综合理化指标和感官评价结果,‘马瑟兰’比‘赤霞珠’更适合酿造新鲜型干红酒。     

西拉葡萄酒香气感官特性描述语分析

通过感官分析澳大利亚的4 款西拉干红葡萄酒,对得到的香气描述指标进行多元统计分析。主成分分析结果表明：两个主成分的累计贡献率达90.15%;系统聚类结果显示：1)(烧)烤味或胡椒;2)香料或浆果或玫瑰花香或甜水果;3)甘草;4)巧克力或凤梨,共4 个香气词语指标可以反映西拉干红葡萄酒香气感官特性的绝大部分信息,从而可以把这4 个词语作为赤霞珠干红葡萄酒香气感官特性的描述符,用于感官品评。这既简化感官评价的描述语,又提高了感官分析的精确性和灵敏度。     

承德地区晚采干红葡萄酒主要呈香物质鉴定及感官特征分析

为解决河北承德地区酿酒葡萄成熟度不足、葡萄酒香气浓郁度不够的问题,以所产‘赤霞珠’‘美乐’和‘西拉’葡萄品种为原料,使用延迟采收结合抽汁工艺酿造干红葡萄酒。分别利用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱与质谱联用技术（HS-SPME-GC-MS）和感官品评分析葡萄酒酒精发酵与苹-乳发酵结束后的香气物质及香气特征。结果表明,葡萄酒中共检测到挥发性组分63种,其中,重要的呈香化合物（OAV>1）共有17种,包括9-癸烯酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、辛酸异戊酯、β-大马士酮、β-苯乙醇、3-甲硫基丙醇、丁香酚等。感官品评试验证实,晚采葡萄酒具有较为突出的黑色浆果香与果酱香,及中等程度的红色果香、香料香和花香。本试验丰富了晚采工艺对承德地区葡萄酒品质影响的研究内容,可为该地区葡萄酒品质的提升提供理论依据。     

贺兰山东麓‘赤霞珠’干红葡萄酒陈酿香气特征

利用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用技术定量测定宁夏贺兰山东麓葡萄酒产区10?个垂直年份‘赤霞珠’干红葡萄酒的香气成分,对香气成分进行聚类热图分析,探究不同年份主要香气成分的差异,对葡萄酒香气进行感官评价,并构建香气成分与香气品质的相关矩阵。结果表明,贺兰山东麓‘赤霞珠’干红葡萄酒香气成分以酯类物质为主,其次是醇类和酸类物质;从2015年份到2005年份,葡萄酒香气由黑色水果味、植物味和烘烤味,向红色水果味、香料味、动物味、树脂味和泥土类气味转变;感官分析结果表明,陈酿7、8?a的葡萄酒香气品质达到最高水平;聚类热图将不同年份葡萄酒的主要香气成分归为3?类;相关矩阵分析结果表明,乙酸乙酯、苯甲醛、丁酸里哪酯和乳酸乙酯是影响贺兰山东麓‘赤霞珠’干红葡萄酒陈酿的关键香气成分。     

基于SAFE-GC-O-MS的‘双红’干红葡萄酒关键香气物质分析

利用液液萃取-溶剂辅助风味蒸发、气相色谱-嗅闻-质谱联用和香气活性值（odor activity values,OAV）联合技术鉴定‘双红’（Vitis amurensis Shuanghong）干红葡萄酒游离态和糖苷结合态关键香气物质。结果表明,‘双红’干红葡萄酒游离态香气物质中有37 种物质的气味稀释因子高于8,23 种物质的OAV大于1。通过香气重构和感官定量描述性分析发现,‘双红’干红葡萄酒原酒与采用42 种香气物质重构酒样在山楂味、烟熏味/动物味、脂肪味和煮蔬菜的香气强度差异较小,而后者在生青味和黑色浆果的香气强度显著低于前者,利用香气缺失实验进一步证实了脂肪酸乙酯、β-大马士酮、C6醇类和挥发性酚类物质对‘双红’干红葡萄酒的整体香气有显著影响。     

进口干红葡萄酒的感官质量与价位的关联分析

感官量化分析进口干红葡萄酒的感官特征,旨在筛选影响中国市场上不同价位进口干红葡萄酒产品的感官特征。实验采集上海葡萄酒市场上价格为100~600元且销量较好的9款进口干红葡萄酒样品,进行感官量化品评。品评小组由30名经过葡萄酒风味标准物质训练的学生组成,感官分析过程中要求其对所感知的感官特征用5点标度法进行量化,某一特征的最终量化值是词汇使用频率和强度率的几何平均数。量化数据的主成分分析(PCA)筛选出23种对葡萄酒感官质量贡献显著的感官特征,偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)用12种感官特征拟合出供试酒样的整体质量。结果表明,在100~600元价位的进口干红葡萄酒在感官特征上表现出差异,其整体质量与价格正相关,可用部分感官特征回归拟合葡萄酒的整体质量。     

不同产区赤霞珠干红葡萄酒香气成分分析

以新疆玛纳斯产区、伊犁产区、和硕产区、哈密产区4个产区2017年赤霞珠干红葡萄酒为试验材料,采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用（HS-SPME-GC-MS）仪,分析研究不同产区赤霞珠干红葡萄酒挥发性香气成分的差异。结果表明,4个产区的干红葡萄酒中共鉴定出91种香气成分,4个不同产区的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒香气成分种类基本相近,但各香气成分相对含量有明显差异。对香气成分进行主成分分析（PCA）,初步确定了4个产区赤霞珠干红葡萄酒的特征香气成分,且1号玛纳斯产区和2号伊犁产区得分的关联度较大。     

我国几个产区不同年份干红葡萄酒香气特征的差异

感官量化分析干红葡萄酒的香气特征,旨在寻找我国不同地理标志干红葡萄酒产品的特征香气,为其感官识别提供实践支持.采集干红葡萄酒样品涉及我国5个葡萄酒产区、15个年份的7个葡萄品种所酿的干红葡萄酒.葡萄酒品尝小组感官分析前进行标准葡萄酒香气物质的培训,感官量化分析要求用5点标度法量化,最终量化数据综合香气特征使用频率和强度...     

发酵后混酿调控‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒的香气和色泽

本研究以单品种‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒为主体,‘品丽珠’、‘马瑟兰’和‘小味儿多’葡萄酒分别为配体以10%、20%、30%三种比例进行发酵后二元混酿,旨在通过不同风格葡萄酒间不同比例的混和,弥补单一品种葡萄酒的缺陷和提升风味品质。通过气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)和高效液相色谱-三重串联四极杆质谱(HPLC-Qq Q-MS/MS)测定葡萄酒中风味物质,结合感官定量描述(QDA)和CIELAB检测体系对香气和颜色感官品质进行分析。瓶储6个月后,仅果香酯类物质质量浓度较高的‘品丽珠’在混酿比例大于20%时显著提高了混酿组乙酸酯类物质质量浓度(p<0.05);‘马瑟兰’的比例大于10%时能显著提高类异戊二烯类物质质量浓度,有利于提高花香降低生青味,同时降低黄色色调;‘小味儿多’的混酿比例在30%时有较好效果,显著提高混酿组黄烷醇(1.43倍)、黄酮醇(1.27倍)、酚酸(4.68倍)质量浓度有利于颜色稳定。因此可通过发酵后混酿调控‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒香气和颜色品质,为科学制定混酿方案提供理论依据。     

黑果腺肋花楸酒与赤霞珠葡萄酒香气物质对比分析

以赤霞珠葡萄酒为参照分析黑果腺肋花楸发酵酒的香气物质组成并进行感官品评,评价其酿酒潜质,为开发适宜消费者口味的黑果腺肋花楸酒提供参考。采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱分析酒的香气物质成分。结果显示：黑果腺肋花楸酒香气物质含量为赤霞珠葡萄酒的2.73 倍,香气物质种类分别为41 种和40 种,其中共有的18 种。醇类物质含量最高,分别占总香气的62.11%和73.87%。依据香气活度值,酯类物质对酒的香气贡献最大,分别为36.57%和22.04%。黑果腺肋花楸酒的主体香气物质是大马士酮、辛酸乙酯、正己酸乙酯和乙酸异戊酯,而赤霞珠葡萄酒则为α-紫罗酮、辛酸乙酯、正己酸乙酯和苯乙醛。2 款酒中共有香气物质对香气贡献占比分别为34.20%和21.81%,说明具有一定的相似性,而大马士酮和α-紫罗酮对酒香气值的贡献分别为63.22%和76.36%,形成了各自酒的特色。经感官品评,黑果腺肋花楸酒比赤霞珠葡萄酒总得分高2 分,黑果腺肋花楸作为黑色浆果具有开发酿酒的价值。     

Comparative study of aromatic compounds in young red wines from cabernet sauvignon, cabernet franc, and cabernet gernischet varieties in China

ABSTRACT:  The aromatic composition and key odorants of young red wines produced from Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, and Cabernet Gernischet wines were compared and the reasons for the difference in their aromatic compounds were discussed. Forty-three odorants were detected in Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc wines compared to 50 in Cabernet Gernischet wine. Quantitatively, acids formed the most abundant group in the aromatic components of the 3 wines, followed by alcohols and esters. Compared to Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc wines, the profiles of alcohols and esters for Cabernet Gernischet wine were more diverse. Monoterpenes, namely, 4-terpinenol, citronellol, and nerol, were found solely in Cabernet Gernischet wine. Only 10 compounds, namely, ethyl octanoate, ethyl hexanoate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, β-damascenone, ethyl decanoate, isoamyl alcohol, acetic acid, octanoic acid, and phenylethyl acetate, were always present in the 3 wines at concentrations higher than their threshold values. However, ethyl octanoate, ethyl hexanoate, and isoamyl acetate were found to jointly contribute to 97%, 98.9%, and 99% of the global aroma of Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, and Cabernet Gernischet wines, respectively. This result showed that the aroma indistinguishableness of the 3 wines was mainly due to the dominance of the fruity notes exerted by the ethyl esters and, to a lesser extent, to the contribution of varietal aromatic compounds to the global aroma of the wines.     

Volatile composition and aromatic attributes of wine made with Vitisvinifera L.cv Cabernet Sauvignon grapes in the Xinjiang region of China: effect of different commercial yeasts

The Xinjiang region is a major grape- and wine-production area in China, but the region’s notably high temperatures in the summer and year-round intense sun exposure play negative roles in the aroma, complexity, and elegance of Cabernet Sauvignon wine. In this study, Cabernet Sauvignon grapes harvested in this region were fermented on an industrial scale using four commercial yeast strains (L2323, D254, RVA, and CECA) and spontaneous yeast (NF). The results showed that a total of 123 volatile compounds were detected and 15 volatile compounds significantly contributed their flavor notes to the wine’s overall aroma. The use of RVA and CECA strains resulted in wine with higher concentrations of higher alcohols, terpenes and norisoprenoids. However, the D254-fermented wine showed high level of esters and carbonyl compounds. Wine fermented with the L2323 and D254 strain possessed a stronger fruity aroma, whereas the RVA strain enhanced the herbaceous, chemical, and fatty aromas in wine. Principal component analysis revealed that a significant aromatic feature difference was observed in these wines after alcoholic and malolactic fermentation. The use of different commercial yeast strains altered the aromatic profile of Cabernet Sauvignon wine.     

Consumer acceptability,sensory properties and expert quality judgements of Australian Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz wines

Background and Aims: This study aimed to determine what sensory attributes most drive consumer and expert acceptance for Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz wines. Methods and Results: The sensory attributes of a set of commercial wines were quantified by a trained panel. A subset was assessed blind for liking by 203 consumers and for quality by 67 winemakers. For the total group of consumers, wines with low levels of ‘bitterness’, ‘hotness’, ‘metallic’, ‘smoky’ and ‘pepper’ were preferred. In addition, four consumer clusters were identified, each with different sensory drivers of preference, with the attributes ‘red berry’, ‘floral’, ‘caramel’ and ‘vanilla’ aroma, ‘acidity’, ‘green’ flavour and astringency being of importance in distinguishing the different clusters' acceptance scores. The winemakers' quality scores had little relationship with consumer response, although both groups gave low ratings to wines with Brettanomyces-related flavour. Conclusions: A relatively small set of sensory attributes were of greatest importance to consumer liking, and these generally dominate varietal differences. Winemakers' quality concepts do not closely align with those of the consumers. Significance of the Study: This study identifies sensory properties of red wines which could be maximised as well as those which should be reduced, allowing producers to better meet consumers' preferences.