茶多酚对馒头品质的影响及机理初探

探究茶多酚对馒头品质的影响并初步分析其分子作用机理。系统观察了茶多酚对馒头比容、质构、硬化速度及α-淀粉含量的影响;测定了茶多酚对淀粉的碘结合能力、溶解度、膨胀势以及热特性的影响;采用分子动力学模拟,探究了茶多酚与淀粉分子的相互作用。结果表明,茶多酚能够显著影响馒头的比容和质构,将硬化速度由195 g/h降低至138 g/h,并提高其α-淀粉含量;茶多酚的添加可降低淀粉的碘结合能力,提高溶解度（8.3%~38.1%）和膨胀势（11.4%~13.8%）,降低糊化峰值温度（62.21~53.57 ℃）以促进淀粉的糊化,并延缓淀粉的老化;茶多酚主要通过氢键（最高占比氢键4GA_12@O2:EGCG_1@H18;占比5.6%）与淀粉发生分子相互作用,进而改变淀粉分子的空间构型,影响其理化特性。研究结果表明,茶多酚可以改变淀粉的理化特性和品质特性,具有作为新型淀粉改良剂的潜在价值。     

β-环糊精对小麦淀粉理化性质和凝胶质构性质的影响

将β-环糊精以不同浓度加入到小麦淀粉中,研究β-环糊精对小麦淀粉溶液的透光率、冻融稳定性、老化特性和凝胶质构特性等基本理化性质的影响。结果表明:加入β-环糊精后小麦淀粉溶液的透光率和老化程度都得到了改善,冻融稳定性提高。随着β-环糊精含量的增加小麦淀粉溶液的透光率增大,析水率减小,老化程度降低,均较未加入β-环糊精的小麦淀粉溶液品质好。β-环糊精对8%的小麦淀粉凝胶的硬度、弹性、回复性、粘聚性和咀嚼性的影响是显著的。     

面条、面包优质兼用小麦研究进展

小麦是我国重要的口粮作物,面条、面包优质兼用小麦更适合我国的具体国情,淀粉理化特性改良是当前选育优质兼用小麦品种的关键。本文综述了选育优质兼用小麦的重要性、可行性以及淀粉理化特性对面条、面包品质的影响及其调控,以期为小麦品质遗传改良提供参考。兼用优质小麦蛋白和面团特性接近优质面包小麦,淀粉理化特性明显优于优质面包小麦,与优质面条小麦相近,具体表现为直链淀粉含量较低,支链淀粉短链比例较高,中链比例较低,小淀粉粒比例较高,中型淀粉粒比例较低,淀粉糊化和膨胀特性好。淀粉理化特性主要源于品种差异,受一系列淀粉合成酶的调控,并受环境因素的巨大影响,因此应进一步加强遗传育种和栽培研究。     

不同变性淀粉对麻糬面包品质的影响

为了探索并优化麻糬面包的配方,研究了预糊化乙酰化双淀粉己二酸酯分别与羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯、乙酰化双淀粉和磷酸酯双淀粉的不同复配比例对麻糬面团的流变特性、微观结构,以及麻糬面包的比容、感官评价与质构特性的影响。结果表明,随着预糊化淀粉添加量的增加,麻糬面包的储能模量与损耗模量升高,初始模量最高分别超过12 500 Pa和4 000 Pa。羟丙基变性淀粉与磷酸酯变性淀粉组中预糊化淀粉添加量增加,麻糬面包的硬度升高到7 571.47 g和6 017.17 g,咀嚼度升高到2 435.48和2 840.05,但是比容逐渐降低,微观结构变的更清晰。而乙酰化变性淀粉组中预糊化淀粉含量升高,麻糬面包的硬度与咀嚼性先下降后上升,比容先上升后下降。当预糊化淀粉添加量为20%时,麻糬面包的感官评分最高,达到86.25分。该研究结果可为麻糬面包的原料提供更多选择,为其加工提供理论依据。     

麦芽糖淀粉酶对面包品质及面团特性的影响

研究枯草芽孢杆菌来源的麦芽糖淀粉酶对面包品质及面团特性的影响,为深入了解酶制剂在烘焙产品中的作用提供理论依据。本实验主要研究了麦芽糖淀粉酶(添加量0%、0.02%、0.04%和0.06%)对面包比容、质构、贮藏期间面包保水性、质构、感官品质及面团流变学特性的影响。结果表明:面包保水性随麦芽糖淀粉酶添加量的增加而显著提高(P<0.05),而且麦芽糖淀粉酶能显著延缓面团黏度和回生值的增加(P<0.05),改善面团品质。当面包贮藏天数的增加,麦芽糖淀粉酶还能延缓面包硬度和咀嚼性的增加,减缓贮藏期面包品质下降(P<0.05)。其中,添加0.04%的麦芽糖淀粉酶能够明显延缓面包老化,对面团淀粉糊化特性影响较小。面包贮藏第7 d时,能减少水分损失36.92%,保持面包弹性。因此,麦芽糖淀粉酶能够延缓面包老化和面包品质下降。     

小麦品质指标与面包感官评价和质构特性的关系研究

选取16个小麦样品制粉进行理化品质指标测定,然后用其制作面包,并进行感官评价及质构特性测定。通过对小麦粉理化品质指标与面包感官评价、质构特性相关性进行分析,结果表明,小麦粉湿面筋含量、吸水率、稳定时间、拉伸面积、延伸性、最大阻力、蛋白含量、灰分、峰值粘度与面包感官评价相关性较强;小麦粉湿面筋含量、吸水率、最大阻力、蛋白含量、糊化温度与面包质构特性相关性较强。     

乳化剂对糯小麦淀粉老化特性的影响

老化对淀粉的生理效价和生物降解具有决定性作用,糊化淀粉在存放过程中,淀粉分子发生自组,其直链淀粉及支链淀粉的直线部分趋向于平行排列,从无定形态回复到晶体态,出现老化现象,会导致淀粉基生物材料产品的品质和性能大幅降低。本课题对直链淀粉含量、水分含量及乳化剂种类对糯质小麦淀粉老化特性的影响进行研究,比较乳化剂对糯质小麦淀粉及普通小麦淀粉老化特性影响的异同。结果表明:直链淀粉的含量、水分含量都与糊化淀粉的老化程度呈正相关。直链淀粉的含量是决定淀粉老化程度的最主要因素,乳化剂与淀粉分子相互作用形成稳定的复合物,减缓了淀粉的老化。同时乳化剂的复配能一定程度地加强抗老化的效果。总体上讲,糯质小麦淀粉的各种良好的理化特性,使其在淀粉基生物材料抗老化上有更好的应用前景。     

谷氨酰胺转氨酶对藜麦-小麦面团及面包品质的影响

为开发烘焙品质较好的藜麦-小麦粉面包,利用谷氨酰胺转氨酶对其进行改良。从藜麦-小麦粉的粉质参数、糊化特性、面团质构、面包烘焙品质及老化特性等方面研究谷氨酰胺转氨酶(transglutaminase,TGase)对藜麦-小麦粉品质的影响,综合评价TGase对藜麦-小麦粉面团、面包品质的影响。结果表明,TGase增大混粉体系的吸水率、延长稳定时间。增大混合粉体系的糊化黏度、抑制体系的老化及回生。随着TGase的添加量的增大,面团硬度、弹性、黏聚性增大,当超过1.0%时,变化不显著(p>0.05)。面包品质结果表明,TGase的加入改善面包的持气能力,增大比容、感官评分、弹性及黏聚性,降低了面包的硬度,但是高剂量的TGase(>1.0%)会导致交联过度,面包品质降低。老化特性结果表明,TGase的加入使得面包老化程度降低,抑制面包老化。     

变性淀粉对冷冻面团面包品质的影响

以木薯淀粉为原料,主要研究了预糊化淀粉、羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯和乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯三种变性淀粉的物化特性与冻融稳定性,以及它们对冷冻面团面包比容及面包全质构的影响。实验结果表明:木薯淀粉经过不同方式的变性后,物化特性差异很大,其中,羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯的冻融稳定性最好,预糊化淀粉的冻融稳定性最差;添加5%三种变性淀粉后均能显著延缓冷冻面团的下降趋势,并对冷冻面团面包的品质具有良好的改善作用。这一结果与变性淀粉冻融稳定性及冷冻面团面包比容变化趋势一致,进一步表明变性淀粉,尤其是羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯可以有效抑制冷冻面团内部水分的迁移,降低冻藏过程中冰晶和重结晶的形成,从而改善冷冻面团面包的内部质构。     

不同发酵基质的酸面团对酵母面团体系面包烘焙及老化特性的影响

用发酵小麦粉制成酸面团,用发酵小麦麸皮基质制成酸面团,通过采用不同发酵基质酸面团来分析对酵母面团体系面包烘焙及老化特性产生的影响。结果表明:与小麦粉制作面包相比,引入小麦酸面团以及小麦麸皮酸面团对面包比容与感官品质有很大提升,能够改变面包的老化特性,并且,酸面团添加量的不同,其比容、感官、老化特性也有所不同。     

Texture and other Physicochemical Properties of Whole Rice Bread

ABSTRACT: Samples of experimental rice breads baked in a home bread machine were evaluated by physicochemical methods and compared with a local commercial whole-wheat bread. The results showed that rice breads had less specific volume, harder texture, and were more prone to retrogradation during storage than whole wheat bread. All stored breads showed a peak at about 52 °C by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, which is characteristic of retrograded starch. However, the δH for rice bread was about 3 times the value of whole-wheat bread, suggesting its strong tendency to retrograde. X-ray diffraction (XRD) evaluation also indicated the appearance of a strong 20 peak between 16.7 °C to 17.0 °C in rice bread than in whole-wheat bread, which is consistent with starch retrogradation.     

芦丁和槲皮素对小麦淀粉理化特性的影响

在低质量分数芦丁和槲皮素存在条件下,研究小麦淀粉的热特性、微观结构、流变特性、糊化特性、质构的变化,以及芦丁和槲皮素对小麦淀粉-碘复合物的影响。结果表明：加入芦丁或槲皮素后,小麦淀粉的糊化初始温度、糊化峰值温度和糊化最终温度无显著变化,老化焓值分别增加85.71%和85.71%,老化度分别增加156.09%和93.24%;同时,电子显微镜结果也证明芦丁或槲皮素加快了老化进程;小麦淀粉的储存模量和损耗模量降低;淀粉黏度结果表明芦丁和槲皮素分别使小麦淀粉的峰值黏度减小5.56%和18.10%、最低黏度减小6.41%和21.32%、最终黏度减小3.28%和14.22%以及峰值时间减小1.93%和4.16%,回生值增加3.36%和0.52%,成糊温度升高0.63%和3.25%;芦丁和槲皮素分别使小麦淀粉的硬度降低44.60%和34.52%、黏性降低60.79%和30.95%、弹性降低2.94%和3.13%,黏聚性增加16.13%和16.13%;槲皮素能与小麦淀粉发生较强的相互作用,且能形成V型包合物。总体而言,芦丁和槲皮素能显著影响小麦淀粉的理化特性。     

Effect of different carbohydrases on fresh bread texture and bread staling

The effect of cellulase, xylanase and #-glucanase on the properties of wheat bread and its staling during storage was studied. The presence of the carbohydrases tested led to breads with high specific volume compared to the control. The texture profile analysis was greatly modified in that the firmness of bread crumb was reduced by all the carbohydrases. A kinetic study of the firmness along with the storage by the Avrami equation showed that the presence of carbohydrases produced softer crumbs and also reduced the rate of bread firming, although no great differences were found between enzymes. Since retrogradation of starch is one of most important factors related to bread staling, the modification of the amylopectin retrogradation was measured by scanning calorimetry. Those studies showed that all the carbohydrases decrease the starch retrogradation, and that the xylanases had the greatest effect. The simultaneous analysis of the firming and starch retrogradation results revealed that the anti-staling effect of xylanase might be due to the retardation in the starch retrogradation, while in the case of cellulase and #-glucanase some other mechanism should be implied in their anti-staling action.     

木聚糖酶对速冻馒头品质影响及其作用机理

速冻馒头在储藏过程中口感和品质均会下降,需加入合适的添加剂改善其品质。通过木聚糖酶对不同冻藏时间馒头的比容、色泽、淀粉糊化度等指标研究,评价了木聚糖酶添加量对速冻馒头品质的影响。结果表明,随着冻藏时间的延长,速冻馒头的比容下降,而木聚糖酶的加入使速冻馒头的比容、色泽、淀粉糊化度和面筋的持水率明显增加,表明木聚糖酶对馒头品质的改善具有良好的促进作用。水分迁移试验表明,木聚糖酶能将更多的结合水固定在大分子物质上,阻止自由水的流失,改善水分分配状态,提高馒头的品质。木聚糖酶可作为速冻馒头良好的品质改良剂。     

山药薏米芡实混合粉对小麦粉加工品质的影响

在小麦粉中加入山药、薏米、芡实混合粉,利用快速黏度分析仪、Mixolab混合实验仪和质构仪分析不同添加量的混合粉对小麦粉糊化特性、面团热机械学特性以及对馒头质构特性的影响.结果表明:随着混合粉添加量的增加,小麦粉的糊化黏度、崩解值、回生值、糊化温度、糊化时间、面团吸水率、形成时间和稳定时间逐渐降低,蒸煮稳定性和蛋白质弱...     

The effects of extruded black rice flour on rheological and structural properties of wheat-based dough and bread quality

Addition of raw black rice flour leads to deficient processability on bread making quality. One of the effective methods to modify the functional properties of black rice flour (BRF) composite dough is to extrude black rice flour (EBRF) before incorporation. This study investigated and compared the effect of BRF and EBRF addition level of 10%–50% on the rheology, microstructure of dough and bread quality. The rheological properties of composite dough were recorded by Mixolab, stress relaxation and tensile test. The substitution of EBRF presented higher water absorption but lower development time, protein weakening, starch gelatinization, starch gel stability and starch retrogradation than wheat flour dough. Both the BRF and EBRF dough presented solid-like behaviour, while the EBRF dough showed more viscous, higher resistance and extensibility than BRF dough. The dough microstructure of dough was observed by SEM, and a more compact structure of EBRF dough could be seen than BRF dough. The incorporation of EBRF in bread quality presented higher specific volume, lower bake loss and firmness than BRF bread. These findings indicated the potential utilisation value of extruded black rice flour in bread making.     

茶叶乙醇提取物对蜡质玉米淀粉回生性质的影响

以蜡质玉米淀粉（waxy corn starch,WCS）为原料,研究不同添加量（1.0%、2.5%、5.0%、10.0%）茶叶乙醇提取物（ethanol extract of tea,EET）与WCS共糊化后的相互作用以及对其透光率、老化度、溶解度、膨胀度、凝胶强度、糊化及回生特性、结晶结构、微观结构及体外消化性能的影响。结果表明：EET的添加对WCS的理化性质、回生性质及体外消化性能影响显著。随着EET添加量的增加,WCS的溶解度、膨胀度逐渐增加,而WCS的凝胶强度逐渐下降;与对照组相比,当EET添加量为2.5%时,WCS的老化度、糊化焓值、回生焓值、回生率、1047/1022的比值以及相对结晶度均有所下降,说明WCS的回生受到显著抑制。此外,EET的添加导致WCS的消化性能下降,使WCS中的快消化淀粉含量下降,抗性淀粉的含量增加。因此,在淀粉类食品加工时,可适量加入EET,降低产品的回生程度,提高产品的感官品质并延长产品的保质期。     

The anti-staling effect of pre-gelatinized flour and emulsifier in gluten-free bread

The use of gluten-free products is increasing since an increasing number of people (1–2 %) are suffering from Celiac disease and thereby need a gluten-free diet. Gluten-free bread tends to have shorter shelf life and quality compared with white wheat bread. In this study, 3 % (flour basis) of pre-gelatinized oat and barley flour as well as an emulsifier were added to a gluten-free mix to increase the water content by 1.5–2 %, affect the starch retrogradation and the formation of amylose lipid complex. The staling was followed measuring the firmness (texture analyzer), water content and distribution (nuclear magnetic resonance), amylopectin retrogradation and the formation of amylose–lipid complex (differential scanning calorimetry) in order to see the impact of both macroscopic and molecular changes on firmness. Both gluten-free bread and a white wheat bread were used as control loaves. Largest specific volume was found in the gluten-free control. The firmness varied with both the specific volume and the point of measurement. The amount of retrograded amylopectin increased the firmness, although this effect was dependent on the type of bread, in terms of distribution and availability of the water within the system. The proton relaxation time, which was representing movable water, decreased during storage and revealed that both the amylopectin retrogradation and the lipid complex formation were affecting the rigidity of the amorphous domain and not only the crystalline regions. In contrast to the other recipes, the use of emulsifier caused limited retrogradation and a low correlation between the texture properties and time-dependent events.     

Effect of low molecular weight dextrins on gelatinization and retrogradation of starch

!-Amylases, usually added to bread recipes as anti-firming agents, are known to produce low molecular weight dextrins by starch hydrolysis. The influence of these compounds on the gelatinization and retrogradation of starch was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Adding oligosaccharides to starch caused a delay in gelatinization, although its extent was not quantified. However, oligosaccharides of degrees of polymerization (DP) 3-5 reduced the enthalpy of the retrogradation endotherm, shown as the staling endotherm. The addition of gluten to starch and starch/oligosaccharide mixtures had no effect on the gelatinization and retrogradation of starch. The retrogradation of starch in dough samples was also analysed, after 'baking' in the calorimeter, to obtain additional information about starch retrogradation during storage. Oligosaccharides of DP 3-5 also reduced the enthalpy of the retrogradation endotherm. This work provides evidence that oligosaccharides influence starch changes during the baking and storage of bread. These effects could be considered as the mechanism by which the bacterial !-amylase reduces starch retrogradation and acts as an anti-firming agent.