黄河流域多源蒸散发产品评估

准确估算蒸散发对流域水循环研究具有重要意义。文章以黄河流域为研究区,通过引入植被初级总生产力以实现对SW模型的改进,并对改进SW模型(ET_SW＿GLASS)、陆表特征参数蒸散发产品(ET_GLASS)和基于蒸散发互补方法蒸散发产品(ET_CR)进行对比评价。结果表明：ET_GLASS、ET_CR和ET_SW＿GLASS在流域时空变化格局方面有较大差异;与基于水量平衡方法计算的值相比,ET_SW＿GLASS的精度最高;ET_SW＿GLASS的栅格尺度月均不确定性低于ET_GLASS和ET_CR。该结果可为黄河流域水循环研究提供重要参考。     

关中地区气象水文综合干旱指数及干旱时空特征

根据陕西关中地区22个气象站和3个水文站1961—2016年的气象水文资料,计算了不同时间尺度的标准化降水蒸散发指数(SPEI)与径流干旱指数(SDI),运用Gumbel Copula函数构建了气象水文综合干旱指数(MHDI),探讨了MHDI的适用性,并分析了气象水文综合干旱时空分布特征。结果表明:MHDI综合了SPEI与SDI的优点,可同时表征月尺度和年尺度的气象干旱与水文干旱;关中地区MHDI序列值有明显的下降趋势,干旱情况逐年加剧;MDHI序列存在变异,年尺度变异点集中于1986年和1990年;年尺度的序列值主周期多集中在20～22 a;泾河流域干旱发生频率最低,为19.11%,北洛河流域干旱发生频率最高,为47.97%,渭河流域干旱发生频率介于两者之间,为26.42%。     

不同干旱指数在唐山地区旱情评价中的应用

基于唐山地区1957—2011年的气象资料,比较分析标准化降水指数（S SPI）、标准化降水蒸散发指数（S SPEI）和帕默尔水文干旱指数（P PHDI）3种不同干旱指数的相关性,并评价了各个指数在唐山地区连旱期间的适用性。结果表明：各时间尺度（年、季、月）的S SPI和S SPEI均显著相关;P PHDI与年尺度的S SPI和S SPEI均显著相关。P PHDI对长期干旱判断效果明显优于短期干旱。年尺度S SPEI和S SPI对干旱事件识别效果比较接近,二者对长期干旱判断偏涝,对短期干旱判断效果明显优于P PHDI。在气温偏低的年份,季尺度的S SPI能很好地反映旱情的严重程度,在气候变暖的背景下,季尺度S SPEI比S SPI更能准确地判断和评价旱情。     

适宜表征农业干旱的气象干旱指标——以湖南省为例

以最新的全国土壤水再分析产品为参考,通过最大相关性分析确定最适宜表征湖南省农业干旱的标准化降水蒸散发指数(SPEI)时间尺度,进而分析湖南省1960-2014年农业干旱的时空演变特征。结果表明:全省尺度最适宜表征农业干旱的SPEI时间尺度为SPEI-6;基于SPEI-6表征的全省农业干旱在1960-2014年呈不显著减小趋势,中度及以上干旱的发生频率为14.4%,重度及以上干旱的发生频率为4.9%;在季节分布上,中度及以上农业干旱在冬季发生频率最高,其次为秋季;重度及以上农业干旱亦在冬季发生频率最高,其次为春季;在年代际变化上,农业干旱的发生频率在20世纪60年代最高,而后持续降低,90年代达到最低值,21世纪初又快速升高。     

改进SEBS 模型评价黑河中游灌溉水资源利用效率

我国西北干旱半干旱地区内陆河流域农业耗水是水资源消耗的主要部分,准确估算干旱半干旱区绿洲蒸散发(ET)对合理配置和有效利用水资源非常重要。针对干旱半干旱区作物蒸散受土壤水分胁迫的特点,将土壤水分信息引入到SEBS模型中,利用MODIS影像,结合WRF模式输出的格网和地面观测的气象数据估算2012年黑河中游绿洲蒸散发。与涡动观测结果对比:改进的SEBS模型更适用于灌溉作物在水分胁迫下的蒸散发估算。进而分别在灌区和黑河中游整个绿洲尺度上评价2012年作物水资源利用效率,结果显示:在灌区尺度上水资源利用效率是57%;以整个黑河中游为对象,由于考虑了地表水地下水的转换和重复利用,绿洲作物水资源利用效率可达到66%,但抽取地下水重复利用消耗大量的能源,为此需要提升单方水的利用效率,减少对地下水的过度开采,做到既节约水资源,又节约能源。     

黄河流域1961—2012年蒸散发时空变化特征及影响因素分析

基于黄河流域1 500个0.25°×0.25°网格,应用可变下渗能力模型VIC-3L计算1961—2012年黄河流域水文过程,获得日尺度的实际蒸散发量和潜在蒸散发量数据。运用Mann-Kendall趋势检验方法和Budyko水分能量平衡公式,分析了实际蒸散发量、潜在蒸散发量、蒸散发率和干燥指数的时空变化趋势及蒸散发受水分能量供应条件限制情况。结果表明:总体上实际蒸散发量和潜在蒸散发量呈减小趋势,其中潜在蒸散发量减小趋势显著,但在流域不同区域的增减趋势不同;蒸散发率和干燥指数的变化不明显;黄河流域上游蒸散发主要受能量供应条件限制影响,而中下游受水量供应条件限制影响较大。     

东北地区植被动态对气象干旱的响应特征研究

干旱是陆地生态系统生产力下降的驱动因子之一,但不同植被类型对干旱的敏感性差异明显,因此解析植被动态对干旱的响应模式及其潜在影响因素具有重要意义。基于中国东北地区1982—2012年NDVI和不同时间尺度SPI/SPEI数据,分析植被绿度年际波动对气象干旱时间尺度的响应特征。结果表明:(1)在东北地区,与森林相比,草地和农田对干旱更为敏感;(2)植被绿度变化对长期干旱的响应更明显,但空间差异很大;(3)植被对干旱最敏感的时段通常为6—7月,草地在9月份受干旱的影响也很明显。年降水量是东北地区植被干旱脆弱性空间分异的主要影响因素,森林干旱脆弱性与年降水量呈非线性关系,降水量700 mm的地区森林干旱脆弱性最高,各植被类型干旱脆弱性均随海拔升高而加重。研究结果可为区域干旱规划以及抗旱措施的制订提供基础支撑。     

草地不同恢复时限水分动态与生产力的关系

以荒漠草原典型区域不同封育年限的天然草地为研究对象,研究不同恢复时限下草地初级生产力及土壤水分、植物耗水量、水分利用效率的变化,分析初级生产力与土壤水、草地生态耗水等水分因子之间的关系,研究结果表明,恢复时限在3年以上,草地初级生产力有显著提高,恢复时限为5年时草地表层土壤含水量显著高于恢复1年草地、恢复3年草地和放牧样地。水分因子与不同恢复时限下草地初级生产力的相关性依次为水分利用效率土壤含水量耗水量,不同恢复时限下草地初级生产力与水分利用效率之间呈二次曲线关系(y=-33.604x~2+407.41x-346.78,R~2=0.8772)。     

黄土高原植被物候时空变化及其与季节性干旱的关系

为了揭示季节性干旱对黄土高原植被物候的影响，基于1982—2015年的GIMMS NDVI、气温、降水数据，提取黄土高原地区植被生长季始期SOS、植被生长季末期EOS和标准化降水蒸散发指数SPEI,采用Sen趋势分析法、Mann-Kendall突变点检验法探究黄土高原植被SOS和EOS的时空动态变化情况，采用高阶偏相关分析法对不同植被类型SOS和EOS与季节性SPEI的相关性进行分析。结果表明：黄土高原植被SOS在1995年开始发生突变，由推迟趋势转变为提前趋势，平均变化倾向率为-0.180 9 d/a;EOS在1990年开始发生突变，由提前趋势转变为推迟趋势，平均变化倾向率为0.094 2 d/a;当年春季干旱和年初冬季干旱会导致次年植被SOS推迟，上年夏秋季干旱会导致次年植被SOS提前；当年春季干旱和上年夏季干旱会导致植被EOS推迟，上年秋季干旱和年初冬季干旱会导致植被EOS提前。     

陆地蒸散发分割方法及影响因素研究进展

蒸散发（ET）是陆地水文循环的重要组成部分,蒸散发分割及其影响因素辨识在气象、水文和农业等领域均有重要意义。为研究不同蒸散发分割方法的适用性及不同时间尺度上蒸散发分割的影响因素,在总结不同蒸散发分割方法优缺点的基础上,探讨了日和季节两个时间尺度上蒸散发分割的影响因素。结果表明：水文气象和同位素方法适用于田间尺度,数值模拟方法适用于区域尺度;在日尺度上蒸腾和蒸散发比值（T/ET）与太阳辐射、土壤温度及植被类型（体现在气孔导度差异）等因素呈正相关关系,在季节尺度上T/ET与植被生长状况呈正相关关系,与降水（降水量和降水频次）及土壤含水量呈负相关关系。最后,总结了蒸散发分割研究中存在的不足,从蒸散发分割的方法和影响因素两方面提出了未来研究需要解决的关键问题,以期为蒸散发分割的研究提供参考。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.