Influences of flow rate and baffle spacing on hydraulic characteristics of a novel baffle dropshaft

Due to limited flow capacity and the instability of the asymmetric structure of traditional baffle dropshafts, a novel baffle dropshaft with a symmetric structure, adopting the construction shield well directly, is proposed for large-range flow discharge in deep tunnel drainage systems. In this study, a two-phase flow field of the novel baffle dropshaft with three different baffle spacings was simulated at seven different flow rates with a three-dimensional (3D) numerical model verified with experiments, to study hydraulic characteristics of this novel baffle dropshaft. The results show that the novel baffle dropshaft has a remarkable energy dissipation effect. Baffle spacing of the novel baffle dropshaft has a greater effect on flow patterns and baffle pressure distributions than the comprehensive energy dissipation rate. Flow rate is a critical issue for the selection of baffle spacing in the design. Some guidance on baffle spacing selection and structure optimization for the application of this novel baffle dropshaft in deep tunnel drainage systems is proposed.     

Physical and numerical modeling of swirling flow in a scroll vortex intake

Scroll vortex intakes are hydraulic structures commonly used in water supply, drainage and sewerage systems. Water flows into the intake via an eccentric approach channel and a vortex chamber imparts swirl to the flow, leading to a stable air core vortex along the dropshaft. Although much effort has been devoted to investigate the scroll vortex flow, yet the understanding on its hydraulic characteristics is still far from complete due to a lack of detailed velocity field measurements. This paper presents the first comprehensive measurement of the three-dimensional (3D) flow field of a scroll vortex intake using non-intrusive Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA). A validated 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model with the Volume-Of-Fluid (VOF) method is developed for interpreting the measurement. It is found that the vortex flow in the scroll chamber resembles a free vortex and the circulation is approximately equal to that at the chamber inlet, with a thin bottom boundary layer. The vortex flow at the bellmouth outlet possesses a circulation constant smaller than that in the chamber, and its vertical velocity component is approximately constant across the flow thickness.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE NEW METHOD OF HORSESHOE VORTEX CONTROL

The horseshoe vortex generated around the sail-body junction of a submarine has an important influence on the uniformity of the submarine wake at the propeller disc. In this article, the horseshoe vortex is simulated by the Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) method, and a new method to control the horseshoe vortex by vortex control baffler is proposed. The numerical simulation shows that a kind of attached vortex, with the rotation direction opposite to that of horseshoe vortex, is generated by the vortex control baffler. With the attached vortex, the strength of the horseshoe vortex is significantly reduced. The wind tunnel experiment on a submarine model is carried out, and the axial velocities at the propeller disc of the submarine with and without vortex control baffler are measured by a hot wire anemometer system. It is shown from the experimental results that the vortex control baffler can enhance the uniformity of the wake at the propeller disc, which helps to improve the propeller performance. The engineering applicability of the vortex control baffler is discussed.     

导流洞改为旋涡式竖井溢洪道综合研究

结合我国一些水电站工程，对导流洞改建为旋涡式竖井溢洪道进行了综合研究。首次采用了压力短进水口出流为急流的引水道分别同涡井和涡室两种旋涡结构的连接型式，通过水工模型试验优选涡井（室）体型，并系统地研究其设计方法和水力学特性，为今后旋涡式竖井溢洪道设计提供了依据。     

恒定流中泥沙运动速度实验

泥沙颗粒运动速度与水流运动速度是不一致的,进而会对水流输沙和河床演变产生影响。通过采用粒子追踪测速方法(Particle Tracking Velocimetry-PTV)和粒子图像测速技术(Particle Image Velocimetry-PIV)测量了水槽中2种粒径的泥沙颗粒运动速度及相应的水流运动速度。实验结果表明,泥沙颗粒运动速度沿垂线分布与水流速度不一致,在对数区,泥沙颗粒的运动速度略小于水流的速度,泥沙运动滞后于水流运动;在近壁区,泥沙颗粒的运动速度大于水流速度,且在本实验的粒径范围内,随着泥沙颗粒粒径增大,泥沙颗粒的运动速度也随之增大。     

竖井进流水平旋转内消能泄水道的泄量特性研究

本文从分析竖井进流水平旋转内消能泄水道的流态及影响因素出发，根据试验资料对其泄量特性进行了系统地分析与研究。研究结果表明：这种泄水道的流态、泄流量变化规律有非常明确的分区特性，不同的分区对流态与泄量的影响因素是不同的。本文在该分析的基础上给出了泄量的基本计算公式、流量系数的变化规律和泄量计算的经验公式。     

BIAS ERRORS INDUCED BY CONCENTRATION GRADIENT IN SEDI- MENT-LADEN FLOW MEASUREMENT WITH PTV

Sediment-laden flow measurement with Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) introduces a series of finite-sized sampling bins along the vertical of the flow. Instantaneous velocities are collected at each bin and a significantly large sample is established to evaluate mean and root mean square (rms) velocities of the flow. Due to the presence of concentration gradient, the established sample for the solid phase involves more data from the lower part of the sampling bin than from the upper part. The concentration effect causes bias errors in the measured mean and rms velocities when velocity varies across the bin. These bias errors are analytically quantified in this study based on simplified linear velocity and concentration distributions. Typical bulk flow characteristics from sediment-laden flow measurements are used to demonstrate rough estimation of the error magnitude. Results indicate that the mean velocity is underestimated while the rms velocity is overestimated in the ensemble-averaged measurement. The extent of deviation is commensurate with the bin size and the rate of concentration gradient. Procedures are proposed to assist determining an appropriate sampling bin size in certain error limits.     

多股多层淹没射流消能水流流态及漩涡特性研究

利用多股多层淹没射流消能时消力池内流态非常复杂,有漩涡产生,可能威胁消力池安全进而危及枢纽工程。引入高速摄像系统,采用大比尺物理模型对消力池水流流态及漩涡特性进行了研究。结果表明:高低坎消力池底部产生较大尺度的回流旋滚,回流旋滚与消力池水体发生强剪切作用并在跌坎与池首的角隅处生成横轴漩涡和立轴漩涡,部分横轴漩涡横向发展会转变为近边墙立轴漩涡;水跃旋滚与消力池水体发生强剪切作用在跌坎与池首的角隅处生成立轴漩涡和纵轴漩涡;横轴漩涡、立轴漩涡和纵轴漩涡是间歇性、随机和游移的。     

竖井进流水平旋流式内消能工的空化特性

竖井进流水平旋流式内消能工是一种泄流能力强、消能率高、可节省总工程投资的新型消能工。运用这种新型消能工将施工导流洞改建为永久泄洪洞是解决高坝水力设计中泄水建筑物的安全和消能问题的新途径。本文对该种消能工的空化特性进行了试验研究，给出了旋流器收缩比为０．３５时的空化基本特性，并提出在起旋器升坎后直接补气是减免起旋器升截后空化的一项有效措施。     

EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF FREE SURFACE VORTEX

An experimental model was set up to investigate the formation and evolution of the free surface vortex. A Particle Image Velocimetry （PIV） was used to measure the free surface vortex flow field at different development stages. Flow visualization was used to locate the vortex position and find its structure. Empirical formulas about the critical submergence and the whole field structure were obtained. It is found that the tangential velocity distribution is similar to that of the Rankine vortex and the radial velocity changes little in the vortex functional scope. Vortex starts from the free surface and gradually intensifies to air entrainment vortex. The vortex core moves during the formation and evolution of the free surface vortex. Based on the experimental model, the vortex position and structure were predicted by numerical simulation combined with a vortex model and compared with that of the experiments, which shows satisfactory agreement.     

吉音水利枢纽旋流泄洪洞起旋室体型优化试验研究

通过1∶30的水工模型对吉音水利枢纽竖井旋流泄洪洞起旋室的体型进行了优化研究,分析了起旋室局部体型修改对起旋室与旋流洞连接部位压力特性的影响。研究结果表明:在起旋室内导流坎末端采用削坡和采用1∶5收缩过渡体型与旋流洞相接体型,能有效避免过渡断面负压的产生和防止空蚀破坏。本研究成果对相关工程设计具有一定的指导作用。     

猴子岩水电站深孔泄洪洞水力学试验及数值模拟

深孔泄洪洞是猴子岩水电站4套泄洪设施之一,其落差超过100m,洞内泄流流速最大可达22.5m/s,有高水头大流速这一特点。本文采用双方程紊流模型及基于水气两相流的VOF方法,对猴子岩深孔泄洪洞有压洞弯段及无压洞段的多种水力学要素进行三维数值模拟。数值模拟结果与1:25单体模型试验数据对比表明,采用该紊流模型与数值计算方法,能够很好地模拟这种高水头、大流量且带有自由表面的掺气水流的水力特性。计算模拟出的多种水力特性,从变化趋势到数值精度可满足水工设计的要求。     

新型旋流环形堰竖井泄洪洞数值模拟和特性分析

生态环境友好型的洞内旋流消能工是当前泄洪消能领域一个重要的研究热点和方向。为克服以螺旋型经典涡室或传统喇叭形堰构成的旋流竖井泄洪洞易出现的漩涡、气爆、振动、防空蚀设施复杂等难题,改变一般的防漩、消涡观念,提出一种新的由自调流潜水起旋墩为核心构成的旋流环形堰竖井泄洪洞,虽脱胎于常规喇叭形竖井泄洪洞,但在泄洪流态和消能防蚀方面又另辟蹊径。作为一种新型的旋流布置体型,已有研究缺乏系统性,其复杂的水流特性并不是十分明了。依托广东清远抽水蓄能电站泄洪洞工程,对新型环形堰竖井泄洪洞进水口、旋流泄洪洞、出口的复杂水流运动进行了三维数值模拟,并对部分水力参数的特性进行了解析计算,获得了该新体型旋流空腔流态、自由水面、合成流速、压力等水力要素的分布规律。结果显示:计算得到的上述水力学要素分布规律与模型测量值吻合较好,模拟值与初步建立的新体型水力特性理论解析值较为接近,表明解析计算方法具有一定的实用价值。模拟计算结果为进一步明晰新型环形堰竖井泄洪洞各部分水流特性和揭示自调节潜水起旋墩的旋流运动机理提供依据。     

新型竖井泄洪洞自调流机理和特性研究

该文提出一种新的由自调流潜水起旋墩为核心构成的旋流环形堰竖井泄洪洞,在泄洪流态和消能防蚀方面与常规喇叭形竖井泄洪洞有较大不同。为明晰该新体型的调流机理和系统水力特性,对新型环形堰竖井泄洪洞进水口、旋流泄洪洞、出口的复杂水流运动进行了数值模拟研究,获得了该新体型进水口流态、旋流空腔发展过程、竖井内部流态、平洞自由水面、压力等主要水力要素的分布规律。结果表明:计算得到的上述水力学要素分布规律与模型测量趋势上一致,量值上吻合较好。模拟结果也较好揭示了自调节潜水起旋墩的旋流、自调流机理以及泄洪洞的消能原理。     

沙纹床面涡量特性实验研究

沙纹的形成与水流流态密切相关,但对于其相互关系至今尚无确定的结论。采用PIV（Particle Image Velocimetry）测量设备对沙纹床面水流特性及涡量特性进行了实验研究。通过对平床与沙纹床面涡量场的比较,得到了沙纹床面的涡量分布区域。结果表明,涡量较大值主要集中在沙纹的背水坡面与迎水坡带,之外区域涡量值约为零。结论对研究沙纹的形成有积极意义。      

两河口水电站泄洪建筑物的布置研究

根据两河口水电站的特点及泄洪要求,对泄洪建筑物的布置进行了研究。提出了4种布置方案,通过技术条件、施工条件等的综合分析比较,选定了深孔泄洪洞与洞式溢洪道相结合的布置方案,洞式溢洪道采用前隧洞、后明槽型式,深孔泄洪洞采用一坡到底无压洞型式,非常泄洪洞采用旋流竖井型式。调洪演算结果表明,该方案的总泄量达8300m3／s,可取得满意的泄洪效果。     

DETACHED EDDY SIMULATION OF HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS ALONG THE SIDE-WALL AFTER A NEW ARRANGEMENT-SCHEME OF THE SUDDEN LATERAL ENLARGEMENT AND THE VERTICAL DROP

In order to study the cavitation damage in a side-wall when a sudden lateral enlargement and a vertical drop are imposed at the radial gate,a new arrangement-scheme is proposed,where the sudden lateral enlargement and the vertical drop can be imposed at the outlet of the gate chamber.The hydraulic characteristics along the side-wall are simulated by the detached eddy simulation and the Volume Of Fluid (VOF) method.The numerical results agree well with those of experiment.The experimental and numerical results show that the flow condition is smooth with only a weak water-wing appearing behind the lateral cavity,and the length of the lateral cavity becomes longer and is mainly affected by the size of the lateral enlargement and the zone of negative pressure after the water impacts the side-wall would disappear.The hydraulic characteristics of the new arrangement-scheme are beneficial to the prevention of the cavitation damage in the side-wall and the Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) with the VOF method can well predict the hydraulic characteristics after the new arrangement-scheme of the sudden lateral enlargement and the vertical drop.     

排沙漏斗悬板径向坡度对流场影响的试验研究

为了弄清楚溢流悬板径向坡度改变对排沙漏斗流场的影响,通过物理模型试验方法,利用粒子图像流场测速技术(PIV)对悬板径向坡度分别为0、0.087、0.173、0.259时的排沙漏斗模型三维速度场进行了量测,并结合排沙漏斗工作原理对各工况下的切向速度、径向速度、垂向速度及流线进行了对比分析。结果表明:随着悬板径向坡度增加,漏斗室内旋流强度增大,空气涡面积增大,排沙耗水率降低,泥沙颗粒向室内运动机率增大,淤积在悬板上的可能性减小;悬板坡度对漏斗室内的二次流强度和形成位置影响较大,其中坡度为0.173时二次流最为稳定,坡度为0.259时,无二次流形成,不利于底部泥沙输移至排沙底孔;垂向速度分布结果表明坡度为0.259时过渡区垂直向上流速较少,泥沙落淤悬板或者随流溢出的机会最小,但垂直速度相比切向速度和径向速度而言较小,且过渡区范围很小,对悬板落淤和截沙率的影响可以忽略不计。     

竖井进流水平旋转内消能泄水道流速分布的试验研究

本文从分析图1所示的竖井进流水平旋转内消能泄水道的基本流态与泄流量变化规律出发，对该种泄水道的流速分布提出假定，并给出具体表达形式。根据试验量测资料，对轴向流速、环向流速及有关物理量的变化规律进行了分析与研究，这对该种泄水道水力特性的分析、计算与设计均有重要的参考价值。     

小湾水电站大型导流洞改建泄洪洞研究

针对小湾水电站高水头、大流量的泄洪特点，通过大量的优化试验研究，将旋流竖井式泄洪洞技术应用于小湾水电站导流改建工程，并提出适合工程特点的体形布置形式，解决了下游高水位淹没泄洪洞出口的技术难题。研究表明，这种旋流竖井式泄洪的消能效率可达90％左右，涡室与竖井的水流流态比较平顺，压力分布分理，导流洞内水流速度低于20m/s，不失为高水头、大流量条件下导流洞改建为泄洪洞的有效方式之一。