天然高分子阳离子淀粉絮凝剂合成工艺研究

以3-氯2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(CTA)为醚化剂,通过干法对淀粉进行改性,合成天然高分子阳离子淀粉絮凝剂.研究了体系中水的质量分数、CTA用量、CTA与NaOH的摩尔比、反应时间、反应温度对取代度和粘度的影响.最佳合成条件为:淀粉100g,ω(水)=25%,n(CTA)=0.175 mol;n(CTA):n(NaOH)=0.83,反应时间4 h,反应温度70℃,制得的阳离子淀粉取代度高达0.598.     

低取代度阳离子淀粉的制备及在造纸上的应用

介绍了以玉米淀粉和3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(CTA)为原料,采用水法制备低取代度季铵型阳离子淀粉,讨论了醚化剂用量、n(NaOH)∶n(CTA)、反应温度、反应时间对取代度的影响,最佳实验条件为:淀粉50 g,醚化剂用量0.0 160 mol,n(NaOH)∶n(CTA)=1.2∶1,反应温度40℃,反应时间2 h,制备的阳离子淀粉取代度可达0.0791%,糊液粘度为1.07,同时对阳离子淀粉在造纸工业上的应用做了简述。     

干法合成阳离子淀粉絮凝剂的初步研究

研究了干法合成阳离子淀粉絮凝剂的方法。结果表明,制备阳离子淀粉絮凝剂的最佳工艺条件为:在反应体系中水的质量分数为35％、阳离子醚化剂与NaOH混合温度低于110℃的条件下,阳离子醚化剂与淀粉物质的量比为0.35,NaOH与阳离子醚化剂物质的量比为1.4,反应温度90℃,反应时间4h。在此条件下合成的阳离子淀粉相对黏度为2.0。     

季铵型低取代度阳离子淀粉的合成

以玉米淀粉及3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(CTA)为原料,采用水法制备低取代度季铵型阳离子淀粉,讨论了醚化剂用量、NaOH用量、反应温度、反应时间等对取代度的影响。结果表明,最佳合成条件为:淀粉50 g,醚化剂用量3 g,NaOH用量为0.77 g,反应温度40℃,反应时间2 h,制备的阳离子淀粉取代度可达0.079。     

高取代度醚化淀粉的湿法制备及其絮凝性能研究

以玉米淀粉(St)为原料、2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵(GTA)为醚化剂,利用湿法合成高取代度的阳离子醚化淀粉絮凝剂St-GTA。通过正交实验对St-GTA的合成条件进行筛选,结果表明,最佳合成条件为:n(CTA)∶n(St)=1. 2∶1、m(NaOH)∶m(St)=0. 08∶1、反应温度为70℃、反应时间为3 h。在该条件下合成的产物取代度可达0. 717 3。以高岭土悬浊液为模拟污水,考察了絮凝剂投加量、絮凝体系pH、絮凝温度、絮凝时间对絮凝效果的影响。结果表明,对于质量分数为2%的高岭土悬浊液,当pH=7、絮凝温度为25℃、絮凝时间为0. 5 h时,St-GTA的最佳质量浓度为8 mg/L,透光率可达92. 81%。     

复合催化干法制备交联-羧甲基变性淀粉

以玉米淀粉为原料,环氧氯丙烷为交联剂,氯乙酸为醚化剂,用脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(FAPE)和氢氧化钠复合催化,干法制备高取代度交联-羧甲基复合变性淀粉。考察了催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度、醚化剂用量和反应体系中水的质量分数对产品取代度和反应效率的影响。结果表明,当FAPE、环氧氯丙烷和水的质量分别为淀粉质量的5%、0.1%和20%,n(淀粉)∶n(氯乙酸)∶n(NaOH)=1∶0.6∶1.05,碱化和醚化反应温度、时间分别为55℃、30 min和75℃、40 min时,产品取代度为0.56,反应效率达93.6%。该制备反应效率由单一用氢氧化钠催化时的62.8%提高到93.6%,降低了成本,工艺简单,能耗低、污染小。     

甲醇介质中制备阳离子淀粉醚

以精制淀粉 (Ⅰ )与 3 氯 2 羟丙基三甲基氯化铵 (Ⅱ )为原料 ,甲醇为溶剂 ,在碱性条件下合成季铵型阳离子淀粉醚。采用凯氏滴定法分析产品中氮的质量分数 ,得出制备季铵型阳离子淀粉醚的最佳反应条件 :m(Ⅰ )∶m(CH3 OH) =1∶1,m(Ⅰ )∶m(Ⅱ ) =10 0∶6 96 ,n(Ⅱ )∶n(NaOH) =1 0∶1 5 ,反应温度 80℃ ,反应时间 8h。在此条件下制备的季铵型阳离子淀粉醚中氮的质量分数为 0 32 4% ,取代度为 0 0 388,反应效率为 6 4.8% ,甲醇回收率为 75 %     

黄原酸酯两性淀粉的合成及其应用

用中等取代度的黄原酸酯淀粉与3-氯-2羟丙基三甲基氯化铵合成了黄原酸酯两性淀粉。通过考察醚化剂的用量、反应体系pH值、反应时间、反应温度对阳离子取代度的影响,确定最佳的反应条件为:m黄原酸酯淀粉∶m醚化剂=2∶1,反应体系pH值11,反应温度45℃,反应时间5h。此外,测试了不同阳离子取代度的黄原酸酯两性淀粉对含镍废水的处理效果,确定阴离子取代度为0.251、阳离子取代度为0.015 6的黄原酸酯两性淀粉的除镍效果最好。     

阳离子魔芋葡甘聚糖的制备与表征

以3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(HAT)为阳离子醚化剂,天然魔芋精粉为原料,异丙醇为分散剂制得系列季铵盐阳离子魔芋葡甘聚糖(CKGM)。研究了HAT、催化剂NaOH、反应温度和反应时间对阳离子取代度(DS)的影响,用元素分析仪测定了CKGM的取代度。确定较佳反应条件为:反应温度50℃,反应时间2 h,n(HAT)∶n(魔芋葡甘聚糖)∶n(NaOH)=1.5∶1∶2,DS为0.361,反应率为24.1%,并用FTIR1、HNMR和13CNMR进行了表征。     

干法制备高取代度高黏度的淀粉顺丁烯二酸单酯

设计使用原子经济性反应制备了高取代度高黏度的淀粉顺丁烯二酸单酯。首先对淀粉进行交联、碱化前处理,然后与顺丁烯二酸酐混合反应,干法制备高取代度、高黏度的淀粉顺丁烯二酸单酯。通过条件优化实验,在交联度为5%的淀粉碱化后pH=12,淀粉葡萄糖基与顺丁烯二酸酐的摩尔比n(ST)∶n(MA)=1∶0.8,含水量w(H2O)=17%,反应温度80℃,反应时间5h的条件下,得到取代度0.59的产品,反应效率74%,黏度高达28000mPa·s。这是制备生物质淀粉精细化学品的有益尝试。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。