LPG/柴油双燃料发动机的试验研究

LPG/柴油双燃料发动机以其高效率,低污染成为最有前景的发动机之一.本文以485柴油机为样机,在LPG/柴油双燃料方式下对发动机的动力特性以及排放特性进行了台架试验研究.试验结果表明,LPG/柴油双燃料发动机可以在保持原机高功率的前提下,降低原机的排放量,尤其是烟度和NOx的排放.     

柴油／LPG双燃料发动机工作性能的实验研究

由6110A柴油机改装的柴油／LPG双燃料发动机,在燃用LPG／柴油双燃料和纯柴油两种情况下,进行了相应工况点的对比试验,得出了有关双燃料发动机的动力性,经济性和排放等工作性能的结论。     

490Q柴油发动机掺烧LPG的试验研究

对490Q直喷式柴油机进行了LPG/柴油双燃料的技术改造。在分别燃用纯柴油和柴油/LPG双燃料的情况下,研究了相应工况下发动机的动力性、经济性以及排放特性等性能。试验结果表明,加入一定比例的LPG可改变缸内燃烧过程,大幅度降低排气烟度,在一定程度上提高了燃油经济性。     

R175A柴油发动机掺燃LPG的试验研究

在R175A发动机上掺烧LPG燃料,测量了不同工况下的气缸压力示功图,并进行了放热规律计算。着重分析了掺烧比、供油提前角、负荷等因素对LPG柴/油双燃料燃烧过程和烟度排放的影响,阐述了双燃料复合燃烧的特性和规律。     

液化石油气发动机的性能及故障特征

分析了液化石油气（LPG）作为发动机燃料时的特点，以及LPG－汽油双燃料发动机的性能特点和实用化技术，介绍LPG发动机的发展状况，对LPG－汽油双燃料发动机的故障特征作探讨，针对此类双燃料发动机的技术调整和改进方面提出了观点。     

摩托车发动机电控喷射LPG/汽油双燃料系统的试验研究

介绍了电控喷射LPG／汽油双燃料系统及控制方法,并进行了系统和原机对比的排放试验及LPG喷射量对发动机性能的影响试验。试验结果表明：LPG／汽油双燃料系统可以大幅降低CO、HC排放;在稳态工况下,较小的LPG喷气量变化,对发动机混合气空燃比和动力性影响不大,而对排放性能影响较大。     

LPG／柴油双燃料发动机的试验研究

LPG／柴油双燃料发动机以其高效率，低污染成为最有前景的发动机之一，本文以485柴油机为样机，在LPG／柴油双燃料方式下对发动机的动力特性以及排放特性进行了台架试验研究，试验结果表明，LPG／柴油双燃料发动机可以在保持原机高功能的前提下，降低原机的排放量，尤其是烟度和NOx的排放。     

全电控LPG-柴油双燃料发动机系统开发和性能研究

对6105Q型柴油机进行双燃料改装,液化石油气（LPG）采用电控多点顺序喷射,利用线性比例电磁铁作为执行器控制油泵齿条,实现了LPG和柴油喷射量的精确控制。针对双燃料发动机控制要求,利用高性能的摩托罗拉单片机MC9S12DP256作为系统的微控制器,辅以模块化的、高集成度的外围器件,构成功能完善的电控单元。电控系统通信模块采用CAN／USB／RS-232方式,实现了电控单元的CAN总线与PC机USB的高速通信。详细介绍了控制软件部分,实现了对原机的两极式调速、全程式调速和双燃料模式下的全电控工作。在开发出的标定平台上,电控系统对工作主机的动力性进行了优化,最大限度地降低了烟度排放,同时使HC、CO排放限制在国家规定的范围之内。     

利用快速压缩膨胀机研究火花点火LPG发动机的燃烧过程

利用快速压缩膨胀机对火花点火LPG发动机的燃烧过程进行了模拟与测量，分析了混合气浓度，点火提前角，压缩比以及燃烧室形状等对LPG燃烧过程的影响，可供汽油机改装成汽油／LPG双燃料发动机的参考。     

LPG发动机的研究现状和发展前景

介绍了LPG的燃烧特性、LPG燃料供气系统的研究现状和发展前景,分析了LPG单燃料和双燃料发动机排放特性、动力性的特点,指出了LPG发动机研究工作中的关键技术和难点,并对发展趋势提出了一些建议。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.