Piezoelectric micro-power generation interface circuits

New power conversion circuits to interface to a piezoelectric micro-power generator have been fabricated and tested. Circuit designs and measurement results are presented for a half-wave synchronous rectifier with voltage doubler, a full-wave synchronous rectifier and a passive full-wave rectifier circuit connected to the piezoelectric micro-power generator. The measured power efficiency of the synchronous rectifier and voltage doubler circuit fabricated in a 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS process is 88% and the output power exceeds 2.5 /spl mu/W with a 100-k/spl Omega/, 100-nF load. The two full-wave rectifiers (passive and synchronous) were fabricated in a 0.25-/spl mu/m CMOS process. The measured peak power efficiency for the passive full-wave rectifier circuit is 66% with a 220-k/spl Omega/ load and supplies a peak output power of 16 /spl mu/W with a 68-k/spl Omega/ load. Although the active full-wave synchronous rectifier requires quiescent current for operation, it has a higher peak efficiency of 86% with an 82-k/spl Omega/ load, and also exhibits a higher peak power of 22 /spl mu/W with a 68-k/spl Omega/ load which is 37% higher than the passive full-wave rectifier.     

Optimum Design Consideration and Implementation of a Novel Synchronous Rectified Soft-Switched Phase-Shift Full-Bridge Converter for Low-Output-Voltage High-Output-Current Applications

Optimum design consideration and implementation of a novel synchronous rectified soft-switched phase-shift full-bridge dc/dc converter with a primary-side energy storage inductor for server adapter application is presented in this paper. By employing a primary-side energy storage inductor, the main switches can achieve a soft-switching condition, and there is little reverse recovery loss in the body diodes of a secondary-side rectifier due to relatively slow downslope of the triangular current. Since the output capacitive filter reduces the voltage stress across the rectifiers, the synchronous rectifier with a lower breakdown voltage rate can be utilized to improve the conversion efficiency dramatically. Thus, this converter can obtain relatively high conversion efficiency for some medium-power applications with low output voltage and high output current, such as the server adapter. Several key optimum design considerations of this converter are also presented in detail in this paper. Finally, a 100-kHz, 300-W (12$,$V/25$,$ A) laboratory-made prototype for a given server adapter application is built up based on the proposed optimum design procedure of this converter to verify all the theoretical analysis and evaluations.      

High Frequency and High Precision CMOS Half-Wave Rectifier

In this paper, a new high frequency and high precision half-wave rectifier circuit which is very suitable for CMOS technology implementation is presented. The system comprises a voltage to current converter, a dual output precision current-mode half-wave rectifier, and two current to voltage converters. An input voltage signal is converted into a current signal by using a current conveyor and a MOS resistor. The current signal is rectified using a dual output class-AB precision rectifier cell and then converted into two output voltages by using grounded MOS resistors. This class-AB current-mode precision rectifier is employed for providing high frequency performance. Simulated rectifier results based-on a 0.5 µm CMOS technology with ±1.2 V supply voltage demonstrates very high operating frequency, very precise rectification and good temperature stability.     

同步整流技术在正激变换器中的应用研究

栅极电荷保持的方法可以解决传统自驱动同步整流的正激变化器在变压器电压死区时间的驱动问题,但同时会带来变换器出现直通的问题,本文提出了一种解决该问题的方法,另外本文还对外驱同步整流的驱动调节进行了探讨,并且阐述了同步整流中电流检测和轻载时候的问题。     

三维集成大功率同步整流器的研究与设计

实现同步整流能够有效提高次级整流效率,并且有利于实现电源模块的小型化.将同步整流器中的控制电路和整流桥分别制作在两层芯片上,然后堆叠两层芯片并通过TSV实现层间信号互连,不仅能进一步提高集成度,还能有效降低引线延迟和功耗.设计了一种大功率同步整流器,仿真实现了输出电压为5V、最大输出电流为13.38A、输出电压和输出电...     

Low output voltage AC/DC converter with a new scheme of synchronous rectification that complies with IEC 1000-3-2 regulations

The aim of this paper is to study the performance of an AC/DC converter with low output voltage and low input current harmonic content. In order to obtain low output voltages with a high efficiency, synchronous rectification is mandatory. When the output voltage is low, it is very difficult to use self-driven synchronous rectification and additional windings are used to properly drive the metal oxide semiconductor field effect transmitters (MOSFETs). Besides this, IEC 1000-3-2 regulations impose low input current harmonic contents for power levels higher than 75 W. In this paper, a recently proposed synchronous rectification scheme is combined with a modified input current shaper to design a 100 W, 3.3 V AC/DC converter that complies with IEC 1000-3-2 regulations. The efficiency obtained in the prototype was very high for this application (86%) and both the size increase and the cost increase were quite low in comparison with the original topology with no synchronous rectification and no IEC 1000-3-2 compliance.     

同步整流的基本原理

同步整流技术采用通态电阻极低的电力MOSFET来取代整流二极管,能大大降低整流电路的损耗,提高DC/DC变换器的效率,满足低压、大电流整流器的需要.本文从分析《电力电子技术》教材中同步整流电路的原理图着手,介绍了电力MOSFET的反向电阻工作区及同步整流技术的基本原理,并对同步整流电路中的驱动电路和栅极电压波形进行了分析.     

一种全桥同步整流器的设计及其应用

一般在AC／DC开关电源的输入级会加入一个全桥整流器,将电网的交流电压变为脉动的直流,以便之后DC—DC变换器的处理。由于传统桥式整流器的整流二极管存在约1V的电压降,当系统功率较大时,此整流桥将消耗一部分能量,这部分能量损失使得在设计系统时需进行额外的散热处理。同时这部分损失的能量也降低了AC／DC电源的系统效率。文中从用N沟道的增强型MOSFET构建全桥同步整流器,并引入相应控制信号对其进行全桥同步整流,仿真结果达到了设计要求。     

Component-Efficient Multiphase Switched-Capacitor DC–DC Converter With Configurable Conversion Ratios for LCD Driver Applications

A CMOS 3/4-phase switched capacitor dc-dc converter with configurable conversion ratios of $4times/5times/6times/7times$ is proposed for liquid crystal display driver applications. The 3/4-phase driving scheme requires only 3 off-chip flying capacitors and 5 package pins. The converter core, input voltage monitor, 3/4-phase clock generator and bandgap voltage reference were integrated using a 0.35- $mu$m high-voltage CMOS process. The input voltage ranges from 2.5 to 5 V, and the output voltage is higher than 15 V with a load current of 500 $mu$A. Measurement results confirmed the validity and performance of the driving scheme.      

Zero-Voltage Switching Two-Transformer Full-Bridge PWM Converter With Lossless Diode-Clamp Rectifier for PDP Sustain Power Module

This paper presents a zero-voltage switching (ZVS) two-transformer full-bridge (TTFB) pulsewidth modulation (PWM) converter with lossless diode-clamp rectifier for a plasma display panel sustaining power module (PSPM). The TTFB converter has series-connected two transformers which act as an output inductor as well as a main transformer. Although the naturally doubled leakage inductor due to the series-connected two transformers contributes to achieve the ZVS of the lagging leg, it creates a serious voltage ringing across the output rectifier diodes. This results in the heavy voltage stresses across the rectifier diodes. Thus the dissipative snubber circuits are required in spite of the severe power dissipation. To overcome these problems, a new lossless diode-clamp rectifier (LDCR) is employed as the output rectifier, which helps the voltage across rectifier diodes to be clamped at one half the output voltage ($V_o/$2) or a full output voltage$(V_o)$. Therefore, no dissipative snubber circuits for the rectifier diodes are needed and a high efficiency as well as a low noise output voltage can be realized. In addition, the clamping capacitors of the LDCR can help considerably to reduce the primary circulating current. The operations, analysis, and design consideration of proposed converter are presented. Also, a 425-W, 385-$V_ dc$input, 170-$V_ dc$output prototype is constructed and experimental results show the validity of the proposed converter.     

Analysis and Implementation of an Improved Current-Doubler Rectifier With Coupled Inductors

In this paper, an improved current-doubler rectifier with coupled inductors is proposed. The proposed rectifier can extend duty ratio to reduce the peak current through the isolation transformer winding and lower output current ripple as well as voltage stress of the rectifier diodes. In this study, a 500-W prototype with a full-bridge phase-shift converter, the proposed rectifier, with input voltage of 400 V and output voltage of 12 V was built. Theoretical analysis and experimental results have verified that the proposed rectifier is attractive for high step-down voltage and high-power applications.      

A Novel Driving Scheme for Synchronous Rectifiers in LLC Resonant Converters

This paper proposes a novel synchronous rectifier (SR) driving scheme for resonant converters. It is very suitable for high-frequency, high-efficiency, and high-power-density dc–dc resonant converters with SRs. In this paper, an LLC resonant converter with the proposed synchronous rectification is designed and analyzed. With the proposed driving scheme, the SR body diode conduction is reduced to almost zero. The driving scheme eliminates the reverse-recovery problem of SRs. Both current and voltage stresses are greatly decreased, and the conduction loss and switching loss of SRs are also reduced considerably. The experimental results show that the proposed LLC resonant converter with SRs can achieve low stress, high efficiency, and high power density.      

CMOS dual output current mode half-wave rectifier

A CMOS dual output current mode half-wave rectifier is presented. The proposed rectifier is composed of three main components: a dual output V–I converter, two half-wave current rectifiers and two I–V converters. A voltage input signal is changed into two current signals by the V–I converter. The current rectifiers rectify these current signals, resulting in positive and negative half-wave current signals that are converted to positive and negative half-wave voltage signals by the I-Vconverters. The theory of operation is described, and the simulated results obtained from the PSPICE program are used to verify the theoretical prediction. Simulated rectifier performance with a 0.5μm MOSFET model using ±1.2V supply voltage demonstrates good rectifier integrity at operating frequencies up to 100MHz.     

基于TL494控制的同步整流BUCK恒流源的设计

为了解决线性恒流源功耗大,输出电流小的缺点,提出了一种基于TL494控制的同步整流BUCK开关恒流源。该恒流源采用PWM控制原理调节主开关管和同步整流管的占空比来实现输出电流从0到20A稳定连续可调。控制器采样输出电压,当输出电压超过预定的10V电压时,主开关管关断,输出电压稳到10V,实现过压保护。另外,给出了电路原理图并进行了样机的制作与测试。测试结果表明,其恒流精度相对误差最大值为0.75%,因此该方案是可行的。     

几何法分析凸极同步发电机功率调节

同步发电机功率调节是"电机学"教材的重要内容,但教材内容局限于隐极同步发电机的无功功率调节特性。本文利用几何法分析凸极同步发电机的有功和无功功率调节,在额定电压、额定频率和线性磁路条件下,功率标幺值等价于电枢电流标幺值分量,给出了励磁电流和电枢电流标幺值关系表达式和临界功率角求取方法。     

A full-wave rectifier using a current conveyor and current mirrors

The realization of a full-wave rectifier using a current conveyor and current mirrors is presented. The proposed rectifier is composed of a voltage-to-current converter, a current mode full-wave rectifier, and a current-to-voltage converter. A voltage input signal is changed into a current signal by the voltage-to-current converter. The current mode full-wave rectifier rectifies this current signal resulting in the current full-wave output signal that is converted into a voltage full-wave output signal by one grounded-resistor. The theory of operation is described. The simulation and experiment results are used to verify the theoretical prediction. Simulated results show that the proposed rectifier yields the minimum voltage rectification to 94µV. Experimental results demonstrate the performance of the proposed rectifier for 50mV_peak signal rectification.     

Extending the low-speed operation range of PM Generator in automotive applications using novel AC-DC converter control

This paper outlines a case study on an integrated starter-generator-torque-booster (ISGtB) for a hybrid propulsion system, with a particular focus on the generator operation in the low-speed range. The propulsion system consists of an internal combustion (IC) engine and a brushless dc machine and is intended to drive a street scooter. The complex functionality of the ISGtB, some outstanding characteristics of modern IC engines, stringent demands on the generated supply voltage, and operational principle of the selected electrical machine are the reasons for our research on the generator operation. An ac-dc converter and its control are proposed. By utilizing MOSFET transistor reverse conduction characteristics, the idea of synchronous rectification, and the principle of boost switching conversion, several improvements in the generator characteristics are accomplished. The proposed solution, enabling each of the three-phase converter legs to operate as an autonomous boost converter with synchronously driven upper transistors instead of using body diodes, extends the generator operation range below the nominal rotational speed and offers simple yet efficient energy flow control.     

A new driving scheme for synchronous rectifiers: single windingself-driven synchronous rectification

Single winding self-driven synchronous rectification (SWSDSR) approach is a new driving circuit that overcomes the limitations of the traditional driving schemes, becoming an interesting alternative to supply new electronic loads such as microprocessors. Traditional self-driven synchronous rectification (SDSR) technique has shown very good performance to improve efficiency and thermal management in low-voltage low-power DC/DC converters, however it can not be extended to the new fast dynamic, very low voltage applications. SWSDSR scheme is based on an additional winding in the power transformer (auxiliary winding). It allows for maintaining the synchronous rectifiers (SRs,) on even when the voltage in the transformer is zero, which is impossible to do in traditional self-driven approaches. It also makes it possible to drive properly the SRs even in very low voltage applications, 1.5 V or less. Coupling of the windings strongly affects the performance of the SWSDSR technique. The influence of the coupling between the different windings is analyzed through simulations of different transformers designed for the same application. Models of transformers are generated with a finite element analysis (FEA) tool. Goodness of the SWSDSR scheme is validated through experimental results     

同步整流在串联锂电池组并行充电系统中的应用

在串联锂电池组并行充电系统中,由于各路反激变换器工作在低电压、大电流的输出状态,从而整流二极管的导通压降成为系统设计不得不考虑的因素。为了提高系统的效率,论文从减少外围电路、降低成本、提高电路可靠性等方面改进,设计了一种基于FAN6204控制的锂电池组并行充电系统的同步整流电路,可以对每一路分别进行同步整流控制,并进行了相应的理论分析和实验验证。实验结果表明,应用同步整流电路后,系统的整体效率提高了6%左右。     

An isolated bridgeless AC-DC PFC converter using a LC resonant voltage doubler rectifier

This paper proposed an isolated bridgeless AC–DC power factor correction (PFC) converter using a LC resonant voltage doubler rectifier. The proposed converter is based on isolated conventional single-ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) PFC converter. The conduction loss of rectification is reduced than a conventional one because the proposed converter is designed to eliminate a full-bridge rectifier at an input stage. Moreover, for zero-current switching (ZCS) operation and low voltage stresses of output diodes, the secondary of the proposed converter is designed as voltage doubler with a LC resonant tank. Additionally, an input–output electrical isolation is provided for safety standard. In conclusion, high power factor is achieved and efficiency is improved. The operational principles, steady-state analysis and design equations of the proposed converter are described in detail. Experimental results from a 60 W prototype at a constant switching frequency 100 kHz are presented to verify the performance of the proposed converter.