Leukaemia following childhood radiation exposure in the Japanese atomic bomb survivors and in medically exposed groups

Incidence and mortality risks of radiation-associated leukaemia are surveyed in the Japanese atomic bomb (A-bomb) survivors exposed in early childhood and in utero. Leukaemia incidence and mortality risks are also surveyed in 16 other studies of persons who received appreciable doses of ionizing radiation in the course of treatment in childhood and for whom there is adequate dosimetry and cancer incidence or mortality follow-up. Relative risks tend to be lower in the medical series than in the Japanese A-bomb survivors. The relative risks in the medical studies tend to diminish with increasing average therapy dose. After taking account of cell sterilisation and dose fractionation, the apparent differences between the relative risks for leukaemia in the Japanese A-bomb survivors and in the medical series largely disappear. This suggests that cell sterilisation largely accounts for the discrepancy between the relative risks in the Japanese data and the medical studies. Excess absolute risk has also been assessed in four studies, and there is found to be more variability in this measure than in excess relative risk. In particular, there is a substantial difference between the absolute risk in the Japanese atomic bomb survivor data and those in three other (European) populations. In summary, the relative risks of leukaemia in studies of persons exposed to appreciable doses of ionizing radiation in the course of treatment for a variety of malignant and non-malignant conditions in childhood are generally less than those in the Japanese A-bomb survivor data. The effects of cell sterilisation can largely explain the discrepancy between the Japanese and the medical series.     

21世纪之初工程哲学在东西方的同时兴起

科学哲学和技术哲学都是首先在欧美国家兴起的,可是,工程哲学却是于21世纪之初在中国和欧美发达国家同时兴起和基本同步发展的。文章简要介绍了2002年以来工程哲学在中国和欧美国家发展的重要事件和已经发表的重要著作,最后,简要评论了东、西方工程哲学发展的主要特点。     

铝合金的动态再结晶

本文展现了当前铝及铝合金动态再结晶研究的一些进展。分析了铝合金动态再结晶的特点和材料状态,形变条件对动态再结晶的影响。指出了铝合金动态再结晶研究在理论,实际生产中的意义和铝合金动态再结晶研究的方向。     

5G时代动态可变式校标设计及延展应用

目的探讨5G时代中国高校如何通过具有高识别度和多元变化的校标设计及延展应用,提升中国高校的国际品牌形象,助力中国高校的国际化进程。方法通过比较研究中国137所“双一流”高校与QS世界大学排名前100强高校的校标,以图像分析和统计学的方法揭示中国高校校标设计高度雷同化、辨识度低的现状,指出常见的圆形范式校标在国际竞争和品牌传播中所存在的局限性;借鉴西方品牌形象设计的成功案例,寻找5G时代中国高校校标设计的创新理念、设计方向以及具体的延展应用方法。结论强调独特性、高识别性的校标设计在高校品牌传播中的重要性,并创造性地提出了“动态可变式”校标设计及延展应用在5G时代必将成为高校品牌形象传播的主流趋势和重要手段。     

Generalized model of resonant polymer-coated microcantilevers in viscous liquid media

Expressions describing the resonant frequency and quality factor of a dynamically driven, polymer-coated microcantilever in a viscous liquid medium have been obtained. These generalized formulas are used to describe the effects the operational medium and the viscoelastic coating have on the device sensitivity when used in liquid-phase chemical sensing applications. Shifts in the resonant frequency are normally assumed proportional to the mass of sorbed analyte in the sensing layer. However, the expression for the frequency shift derived in this work indicates that the frequency shift is also dependent on changes in the sensing layer's loss and storage moduli, changes in the moment of inertia, and changes in the medium of operation's viscosity and density. Not accounting for these factors will lead to incorrect analyte concentration predictions. The derived expressions are shown to reduce to well-known formulas found in the literature for the case of an uncoated cantilever in a viscous liquid medium and the case of a coated cantilever in air or in a vacuum. The theoretical results presented are then compared to available chemical sensor data in aqueous and viscous solutions.     

博物馆体验研究的国内现状及趋势分析

目的 对国内外博物馆体验研究的文献进行计量可视化分析,以便客观真实地了解现阶段博物馆体验研究的重点和动态。方法 运用Citespace可视化分析工具对CNKI核心数据库中2000—2022年博物馆体验及Web of Science数据库中核心合集期刊进行量化分析和质化论述,内容包括发文时间、关键词聚类、发文刊物分布、国内外研究侧重点论述、研究共性及差异解读。结论 检索范围内国内外博物馆体验研究发文数量呈快速上升趋势,中文发文刊物主要分布在艺术设计领域,国外发文刊物集中在博物馆学研究领域;国内外研究热点都涉及新媒体技术、文化旅游发展、观众研究方面,但国内主要围绕新媒体技术在展示设计中的应用、观众体验的跟踪调查研究和文旅融合下的游客研究,国外研究主要侧重于数字媒体技术对博物馆休闲娱乐氛围的营造、博物馆中的集体学习体验、文化旅游中博物馆的真实性表达。     

Chromatographic characteristics of surfactant-mediated separations: micellar liquid chromatography vs ion pair chromatography.

The effects of concentrations of organic solvent and surfactant on elution strength and selectivity in MLC and IPC are studied. It is observed that selectivity between most pairs of solutes used in this study increases in MLC and either decreases or passes through a minimum in IPC, with the volume fraction of organic modifier. In both MLC and IPC, selectivity varies with surfactant concentration; however, the overall variation in selectivity and elution order are more pronounced in MLC. The solvent strength decreases in IPC and increases in MLC as a result of an increase in surfactant concentration. An iterative regression design is used to predict the optimum mobile-phase compositions in terms of solvent strength and selectivity. The correlation between the predicted and measured chromatograms is excellent in MLC and poor in IPC. This is due to a more regular and reproducible retention behavior in MLC which greatly facilitates the development of robust methodologies. For a mixture of amino acids and peptides, a large retention gap between the first and the last eluting solutes is observed in IPC, which makes the use of organic solvent gradient inevitable. However, a better separation for the same mixture of solutes can be achieved in MLC isocratically. Apparently, the general elution problem can be alleviated in MLC by using an optimum eluent composition. It is observed that the efficiencies of MLC and IPC are comparable. The above observations indicate that MLC can be a powerful alternative to IPC in order to achieve optimized separations in shorter analysis time.     

Mu and alpha EEG rhythms during the arrest reaction in microgravity

Mu and alpha oscillations (8–12 Hz) are the most prominent electroencephalographic rhythms observed in awake, relaxed subjects. Different cortical sources may participate in these oscillations and appear to be modulated by the sensorimotor context and functional demands. In microgravity, the marked reduction in multimodal graviceptive inputs to cortical networks participating in the representation of space could be expected to affect these spontaneous rhythms. Here, we report the results of an experiment conducted over the course of 3 space flights, in which we quantified the power of the mu and alpha rhythms in relation to the arrest reaction (i.e. in 2 distinct physiological states: eyes open and eyes closed). We observed that the power of the spontaneous mu and alpha rhythms recorded in the eyesclosed state in the sensorimotor areas (mu rhythm) and in the parieto-occipital cortex (alpha rhythm) increased in microgravity. The suppression coefficient produced by eye-opening/ closure state transition also increased in microgravity. These results are discussed in terms of current theories on the source and the physiological significance of these EEG rhythms.     

Quantum Communication Networks and Trust Management: A Survey

This paper summarizes the state of art in quantum communication networks and trust management in recent years. As in the classical networks, trust management is the premise and foundation of quantum secure communication and cannot simply be attributed to security issues, therefore the basic and importance of trust management in quantum communication networks should be taken more seriously. Compared with other theories and techniques in quantum communication, the trust of quantum communication and trust management model in quantum communication network environment is still in its initial stage. In this paper, the core technologies of establishing secure and reliable quantum communication networks are categorized and summarized, and the trends of each direction in trust management of quantum communication network are discussed in depth.     

Injuries to children in automobiles in relation to seating location and restraint use

Findings in this study are based on 26,971 passengers less than 15 years of age in reported crashes in 1967 and later model year automobiles in North Carolina during calendar years 1973 and 1974. (1) Children least likely to be injured in crashes are restrained and in the back seat; those most likely to be injured are unrestrained and are in the front seat. Unrestrained children in the front right seat have the highest injury rate. (2) More than 90% of the children in the surveyed crashes were found unprotected by restraints—paralleling earlier findings for those in cars in general. (3) Back seat location reduced the injury rate by 28% among unrestrained children and 18% among restrained children. Use of restraints reduced the injury rate by 39% in the front seat and 31% in back. (4) Among unrestrained children, back seat location is advantageous for both males and females, for both younger and older children, and in automobiles of various sizes. The advantage of back seat location is most pronounced in frontal impacts.     

The growth and development of research in the field of ecology

This study assesses the growth, the patterns of development and the complexity of research in the field of ecology from 1976 to 1993 in Spain and the five Spanish speaking countries of the Caribbean. Using as a yardstick of research and development in that field, the dissertation titles were counted for each region. The total length, the key words per title were recorded and analysed statistically. Results show that the growth of research in ecology is greater in Spain and peaked earlier than in the Caribbean countries. However, the titles in the latter region were more complex than those in Spain.     

The under-representation of women in information technology and computing in the Middle East: A perspective from Jordan

This paper presents the results of a study on the participation of women in computing and information technology (IT) in Jordan. It investigates the percentages of women at all levels of education—from the secondary level through the graduate level—and their participation in the IT workforce. Women in Jordan are still under-represented in the computing and IT fields, and my study explores possible reasons for the under-representation and what can be done to increase women's participation. Despite the fact that the worldwide participation of women in computing has been declining steadily to very low levels, that is not the case in Jordan. This study found that the percentage of Jordanian women in the IT field is rising and far exceeds that of women in the U.S. and Canada. Indeed, increasing women's participation in computing in Jordan is vital to the economy and to the country's sustainable development.     

Arsenic, lead and nickel accumulation in Rubus ulmifolius growing in contaminated soil in Portugal

This work investigates the potential of Rubus ulmifolius, indigenous to a metal contaminated site--Esteiro de Estarreja--for phytoremediation purposes. The site has a long history of metal contamination. The accumulation of lead (Pb), arsenic (As) and nickel (Ni) in different sections--roots, stems and leaves - of the plant was assessed and compared to the levels of those metals in the soil and in the available fraction. The distribution of metals throughout the area was quite heterogeneous, presenting levels of As, Pb and Ni of up to 3078, 1400 and 135 mg kg(-1), respectively, and the metal content in the sections of R. ulmifolius collected in the banks of the stream varied among sites of collection. Levels of metals were higher in the plant roots: As levels (mgkg(-1)) ranged from 277 to 1721 in the roots, 30 to 110 in the stems, and 60 to 265 in the leaves; Pb concentrations (mgkg(-1)) ranged from 248 to 1178 in the roots, 35 to 133 in the stems, and 25 to 149 in the leaves; and Ni (mgkg(-1)) ranged from 48 to 151 in the roots. Significant correlations were found between the total levels of Pb and As in the soil and the levels in the roots of the plant; further correlations between total and available levels in the soil and metals in other plant tissues were generally found as non-significant. According to the metal accumulation patterns of R. ulmifolius, this species seems to be valuable for application in phytostabilisation strategies.     

食品活性包装与智能标签的研究及应用进展

目的综述活性包装材料和智能标签在食品包装中的应用进展情况。方法针对我国食品包装安全领域存在的问题,介绍近年来国内外活性包装材料与智能标签的研究进展,并对其在食品包装领域的一些典型应用进行综述。结论研究成果对于推进食品包装的功能化、信息化和智能化,促进活性与智能包装标签在我国食品生产、流通和消费全过程中的有效应用,提升包装安全与管理水平均具有重要的现实意义。     

短纤维增强金属基复合材料弹性模量和屈服强度不对称性的解释

运用文献[1]中的变形模型和应力计算结果, 推导出了存在热残留应力时的拉伸和压缩弹性模量和屈服强度表达式, 表达式与试验吻合很好。分析表明, 纤维根区域的压缩残留应力造成弹性模量的不对称性, 基体拉伸残留应力和纤维的压缩残留应力造成屈服强度的不对称性。     

The 55 mph limits and front-to-rear collisions involving autos and large trucks

The effects of the establishment of 55 mph limits on front-to-rear crashes involving automobiles and trucks were examined. Since the establishment of 55 mph limits resulted in a reduction in the difference between the reported average speed of automobiles and large trucks, it provided an opportunity to examine the effects of speed differences on the. frequency of crash involvement of these vehicles. Principal results of the study were as follows: In 1974, the year of the introduction of 55 mph speed limits, a substantial reduction in the number of front-to-rear crashes involving an automobile and tractor trailer on higher speed roads occurred in the states whose experience was examined. A substantial decline in the number of front-to-rear crashes involving an auto and single body truck on higher speed roads also occurred in 1974 in these states. The decline in the number of front-to-rear crashes involving an automobile and tractor trailer on higher speed roads was primarily the result of a major decline in the number of crashes in which an auto struck a tractor trailer in the rear. The number of crashes in which a tractor trailer struck an auto in the rear declined by a much smaller percentage. The decline in the number of front-to-rear crashes involving an automobile and single body truck on higher speed roads resulted from comparable decreases in the number of crashes in which an auto struck a single body truck in the rear and those in which a single body truck struck an auto in the rear. Prior to the establishment of 55 mph limits, tractor trailers struck automobiles in the rear in more than half of the front-to-rear crashes involving these vehicles on both higher and lower speed roads. Because the major decline in the number of crashes in which autos struck tractor trailers in the rear following the introduction of the new limits was not matched by as large a decline in the number of crashes in which tractor trailers struck autos in the rear, there was a significant increase in the proportion of front-to-rear crashes involving an automobile and tractor trailer in which the tractor trailer struck the automobile in the rear on higher speed roads. Prior to the establishment of 55 mph limits, single body trucks struck automobiles in the rear in more than half of the front-to-rear crashes involving these vehicles on both higher and lower speed roads. However, single body trucks struck autos in the rear in a lower proportion of their front-to-rear crashes with autos than did tractor trailers. The proportion of front-to-rear crashes involving an automobile and single body truck in which an auto was struck in the rear by a single body truck was not significantly affected by the establishment of 55 mph limits.     

Surface-seeking radionuclides in the skeleton: current approach and recent developments in biokinetic modelling for humans and beagles

In the last decade, the biokinetics of surface-seeking radionuclides in the skeleton has been the object of several studies. Investigations were carried out to determine the kinetics of plutonium and americium in the skeleton of humans and beagles. As a result of these investigations, in recent years the models presented by ICRP in Publication 67 for humans were partially revised, particularly the skeletal part. The aim of the present work is to present recent developments in the biokinetic modelling of surface-seeking radionuclides (plutonium and americium) in beagles and humans. Various assumptions and physiological interpretations of the different approaches to the biokinetic modelling of the skeleton are discussed. Current ICRP concepts and skeleton modelling of plutonium and americium in humans are compared to the latest developments in biokinetic modelling in beagles.     

Unconventional fractional quantum Hall effect in monolayer and bilayer graphene

The commensurability condition is applied to determine the hierarchy of fractional fillings of Landau levels in monolayer and in bilayer graphene. The filling rates for fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) in graphene are found in the first three Landau levels in one-to-one agreement with the experimental data. The presence of even denominator filling fractions in the hierarchy for FQHE in bilayer graphene is explained. Experimentally observed hierarchy of FQHE in the first and second Landau levels in monolayer graphene and in the zeroth Landau level in bilayer graphene is beyond the conventional composite fermion interpretation but fits to the presented nonlocal topology commensurability condition.     

关于中国设计境界说的美学思考

目的探讨设计从"有我之境"到"无我之境"的过程中,物境、情境、意境理论在现代设计中的价值认知与应用策略。方法通过对设计中"三层境界"的研究,明确其与设计本质的关系;通过追寻"物境"、"情境"和"意境"的层阶关系,及其在设计中的运用和体现,从物境下的"有我之境"至情境下的"物我观照"、再到意境下的"无我之境"。结论当今时代设计的消费浪潮背景下,寻求设计的意境,主张从设计的"有我之境"到"无我之境"升华,具有设计伦理意义。这种设计思想与实践对于今后设计发展具有超前性和先验性。从"境界说"概念、以及物境"用思"、情境"驰思"、意境"而思之于心,则得其真矣"的研究,寻求设计中"有我之境"到"无我之境"的启示。